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{{Infobox militant organization | {{Infobox militant organization | ||
|name = Khalistan Commando Force | |name = Khalistan Commando Force | ||
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The '''Khalistan Commando Force''' ('''KCF''') is a [[Khalistani | The '''Khalistan Commando Force''' ('''KCF''') is a [[Khalistani]] organisation operating in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] with prominent members based in Canada, the United Kingdom and Pakistan.<ref name="Martin">{{Cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdXpn6NH2GcC&q="Khalistan+Commando+Force"+%2B+"Terrorist"&pg=PA201 |title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues |last=Martin |first=Gus |date=17 February 2006 |access-date=8 January 2019 |publisher=SAGE |language=en |isbn=9781412927222|quote=Included among the many Sikh terrorist groups are Dal Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force, Saheed Khalsa Force, the Khalistan Liberation Front, and the Khalistan Commando Force.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Martha Crenshaw|title=Terrorism in Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&pg=PA394|year=2010|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04442-2|page=394|quote=in the early 1992, Khalistan Commando force had 63 subgroups... for a total of 167 terrorist groups}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/books/media-and-terrorism/n10.xml |title=South Asia and the Frontline of the 'War on Terror' |last=Thussu |first=Daya Kishan |date=2012 |access-date=8 January 2019 |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |pages=167–183 |doi=10.4135/9781446288429.n10|isbn=9781446201589 |quote=...was led by such terrorist organizations as the Khalistan Commando Force.}}</ref> Its objective is the creation of a Sikh independent state of [[Khalistan]] through armed struggle. According to the US State Department,<ref name="KCFconvict">{{cite web|url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr122106b.html |title=U.S. Court Convicts Khalid Awan for Supporting Khalistan Commando Force |date=20 December 2006 |publisher=[[Embassy of the United States in New Delhi]], India |access-date=30 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211043630/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr122106b.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 }}</ref> and the Assistant Inspector General of the Punjab Police Intelligence Division,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2008/vol2/html/101353.htm|title=Law Enforcement Cases: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs|date=March 2008|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> the KCF was responsible for many assassinations in India, including the 1995 assassination of Punjab [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Chief Minister Beant Singh]].<ref name="KCFconvict" /> [[India]] has declared and banned KCF as a [[terrorist]] organisation.<ref name="MHA_BanList"/> | ||
==Objective== | ==Objective== | ||
The creation of a [[Sikh]] [[independent state]] of [[Khalistan]] through armed struggle is their primary goal. KCF primarily targeted Indian security forces including [[CRPF]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]] and other police forces. It targeted Hindus who were against | The creation of a [[Sikh]] [[independent state]] of [[Khalistan]] through armed struggle is their primary goal. KCF primarily targeted Indian security forces including [[CRPF]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]] and other police forces. It targeted Hindus who were against the Khalistan movement. The primary source of funding of KCF is looting, bank robbery and extortion. It is also involved in large scale smuggling of weapons from Pakistan to India across the International border.<ref name="Christine_KCF">{{cite book|author1=C. Christine Fair|author2=Sumit Ganguly|title=Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971189-5|page=42}}</ref> | ||
== Formation and leadership == | == Formation and leadership == | ||
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The group later broke into multiple factions. The rump of the organisation was retained by KCF (Zaffarwal). The small splinters joined different militant alliances.<ref name="FairGanguly2008">{{cite book|last1=Fair|first1=C. Christine|last2=Ganguly|first2=Šumit|title=Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA41|date=September 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-534204-8|page=41}}</ref> | The group later broke into multiple factions. The rump of the organisation was retained by KCF (Zaffarwal). The small splinters joined different militant alliances.<ref name="FairGanguly2008">{{cite book|last1=Fair|first1=C. Christine|last2=Ganguly|first2=Šumit|title=Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA41|date=September 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-534204-8|page=41}}</ref> | ||
On 8 August 1986, Punjab Police arrested Manbir Singh Chaheru ("Hari Singh"), and he was eventually killed<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZnAAAAMAAJ|title=The Journal of Commonwealth & comparative politics by Taylor & Francis |date=12 June 2008 | | On 8 August 1986, Punjab Police arrested Manbir Singh Chaheru ("Hari Singh"), and he was eventually killed<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZnAAAAMAAJ|title=The Journal of Commonwealth & comparative politics by Taylor & Francis |date=12 June 2008 |access-date=9 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ihro.in/?q=node/41|title=The Killings In Sangrur Jail|publisher=Ihro|date=June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008063115/https://www.ihro.in/?q=node%2F41|archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref> or disappeared<ref>{{cite book|last=Mahmood|first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1997|edition=illustrated|page=314|isbn=978-0-8122-1592-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QufTc6fAocC}}</ref> while in police custody. After Chaheru was arrested, former [[police officer]] Sukhdev Singh, also known as Sukha Sipahi, took command of the KCF. Sukhdev Singh changed his name to [[Labh Singh]] and assumed the title of "General". | ||
After his death the KCF was headed by Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabheritage.org/content/view/448/31/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802063014/http://www.punjabheritage.org/content/view/448/31/ |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2 August 2009 |title=800 years of Sultanwind |publisher=Punjab Heritage |date=28 July 2006 | | After his death the KCF was headed by Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabheritage.org/content/view/448/31/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802063014/http://www.punjabheritage.org/content/view/448/31/ |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2 August 2009 |title=800 years of Sultanwind |publisher=Punjab Heritage |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=9 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpb1mbaHjGQC&pg=PA94|date=September 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24011-7|page=94}}</ref> | ||
On 18 October 1989, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind,<ref name="terrorinmind"/> and another two KCF members were arrested by police near [[Jalandhar]]. While one member managed to escape, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind, then 23 years old, swallowed a [[cyanide]] capsule to avoid giving information about the group.<ref name="terrorinmind">{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpb1mbaHjGQC&pg=PA95|edition=3rd|date=September 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24011-7|page=95}}</ref> | On 18 October 1989, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind,<ref name="terrorinmind"/> and another two KCF members were arrested by police near [[Jalandhar]]. While one member managed to escape, Kanwarjit Singh Sultanwind, then 23 years old, swallowed a [[cyanide]] capsule to avoid giving information about the group.<ref name="terrorinmind">{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpb1mbaHjGQC&pg=PA95|edition=3rd|date=September 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24011-7|page=95}}</ref> | ||
== Decline == | == Decline == | ||
[[Operation Black Thunder]] against the Sikh militants in [[Golden Temple]] greatly degraded the capability of KCF to conduct operations.<ref name="Christine_KCF"/> Police killed [[Labh Singh]] on 12 July 1988.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9GG4__JJNwC&q=general+labh+singh&pg=PA399 |title=Terrorism in context - Page 399 |date= November 2010|isbn=9780271044422|last1=Crenshaw |first1=Martha }}</ref> | [[Operation Black Thunder]] against the Sikh militants in [[Golden Temple]] greatly degraded the capability of KCF to conduct operations.<ref name="Christine_KCF"/> Police killed [[Labh Singh]] on 12 July 1988.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9GG4__JJNwC&q=general+labh+singh&pg=PA399 |title=Terrorism in context - Page 399 |date= November 2010|isbn=9780271044422|last1=Crenshaw |first1=Martha }}</ref> | ||
His loss damaged the organisation. After his death, the Khalistan Commando Force split into factions including those led by Wassan Singh Zaffarwal, Paramjit Singh Panjwar and Gurjant Singh Rajasthani.<ref>{{cite book|author=Juan Sanchez|title=Terrorism & | His loss damaged the organisation. After his death, the Khalistan Commando Force split into factions including those led by Wassan Singh Zaffarwal, Paramjit Singh Panjwar and Gurjant Singh Rajasthani.<ref>{{cite book|author=Juan Sanchez|title=Terrorism & {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} Effects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK6QA_WotRYC&pg=PT161|year=2007|publisher=Global Media|isbn=978-81-89940-93-5|page=161}}</ref> | ||
Another result of Labh Singh's death was the failure of the Khalistan Commando Force - [[Babbar Khalsa]] alliance, as the relationship established by Labh Singh and [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] was lost.<ref name="genterror">{{cite book|author=Satyapal Dang|title=Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nhuAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Patriot|quote=...(KCF) which is headed by General Labh Singh alias Sukhdev Singh alias Sukha Sipahi. Perhaps he continued to maintain his links with the Babbar Khalsa also}}</ref> | Another result of Labh Singh's death was the failure of the Khalistan Commando Force - [[Babbar Khalsa]] alliance, as the relationship established by Labh Singh and [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] was lost.<ref name="genterror">{{cite book|author=Satyapal Dang|title=Genesis of terrorism: an analytical study of Punjab terrorists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nhuAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Patriot|quote=...(KCF) which is headed by General Labh Singh alias Sukhdev Singh alias Sukha Sipahi. Perhaps he continued to maintain his links with the Babbar Khalsa also}}</ref> | ||
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A September 1993 bombing in [[New Delhi]] targeting [[Indian Youth Congress]] president [[Maninderjeet Singh Bitta]] that killed eight people.<ref>Three Sikh militant factions claim Delhi blast, ''[[Agence France-Presse]]'' 13 September 1993.</ref> | A September 1993 bombing in [[New Delhi]] targeting [[Indian Youth Congress]] president [[Maninderjeet Singh Bitta]] that killed eight people.<ref>Three Sikh militant factions claim Delhi blast, ''[[Agence France-Presse]]'' 13 September 1993.</ref> | ||
On 9 October 1992, [[Harjinder Singh Jinda]] and [[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]], alleged assassins of General [[Arun Vaidya]], were hanged until death in Pune jail.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/protests-after-hanging-of-sikhs-1556488.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Tim | last=McGirk | title=Protests after hanging of Sikhs | date=10 October 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081010/punjab1.htm#11 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |publisher=Tribuneindia.com | | On 9 October 1992, [[Harjinder Singh Jinda]] and [[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]], alleged assassins of General [[Arun Vaidya]], were hanged until death in Pune jail.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/protests-after-hanging-of-sikhs-1556488.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Tim | last=McGirk | title=Protests after hanging of Sikhs | date=10 October 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081010/punjab1.htm#11 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> | ||
Police also killed thousands of suspects in staged shootouts and burned thousands of dead bodies to cover up the murders.<ref name=sbs>{{cite web|url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive&daysum=3%30April%202002|title=India: Who killed the Sikhs|publisher=World News Australia|date=3 April 2002|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019210302/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive|archive-date=19 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/india__who_killed_the_sikhs_130052 Special Broadcasting Service :: Dateline - presented by George Negus<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828164401/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/india__who_killed_the_sikhs_130052|date=28 August 2008}}</ref> | Police also killed thousands of suspects in staged shootouts and burned thousands of dead bodies to cover up the murders.<ref name=sbs>{{cite web|url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive&daysum=3%30April%202002|title=India: Who killed the Sikhs|publisher=World News Australia|date=3 April 2002|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019210302/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive|archive-date=19 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/india__who_killed_the_sikhs_130052 Special Broadcasting Service :: Dateline - presented by George Negus<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828164401/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/india__who_killed_the_sikhs_130052|date=28 August 2008}}</ref> | ||
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=== 2000s === | === 2000s === | ||
In June 2006 a member of the Panjwar faction of the KCF, Kulbir Singh Barapind was extradited from the [[US]] to [[India]]. He was deported to India for belonging to a terrorist organisation and for entering the United States with a false passport. He was wanted in India for thirty-two cases, but was arrested for three murders in the early 1990s.<ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-20/india/27808547_1_police-custody-mahim-mehra-khalistani Kulbir Singh sent to police custody], ''The Times of India'', 19 June 2006.</ref> After his arrest, he stated that he would renew the Khalistan movement through peaceful means.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=309064&sid=REG Zee News, India, "Judicial remand of Khalistan militant extended till 27 July"] 14 July 2006</ref> | In June 2006 a member of the Panjwar faction of the KCF, Kulbir Singh Barapind was extradited from the [[US]] to [[India]]. He was deported to India for belonging to a terrorist organisation and for entering the United States with a false passport. He was wanted in India for thirty-two cases, but was arrested for three murders in the early 1990s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-20/india/27808547_1_police-custody-mahim-mehra-khalistani Kulbir Singh sent to police custody], ''The Times of India'', 19 June 2006.</ref> After his arrest, he stated that he would renew the Khalistan movement through peaceful means.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=309064&sid=REG Zee News, India, "Judicial remand of Khalistan militant extended till 27 July"] 14 July 2006</ref> | ||
The investigation began in 2003, when Khalid Awan, jailed at the time for [[credit card fraud]], bragged of his relationship with Paramjeet Singh Panjwar, leader of the KCF.<ref name="KCFconvict"/> Awan was given a 14-year prison sentence in 2007 on terrorism charges.<ref>[http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/pak-canadian-jailed-for-aiding-khalistan-ultras/117/32769/ Pak-Canadian jailed for aiding Khalistan ultras] The Sunday Indian, 4 April 2012</ref> | The investigation began in 2003, when Khalid Awan, jailed at the time for [[credit card fraud]], bragged of his relationship with Paramjeet Singh Panjwar, leader of the KCF.<ref name="KCFconvict"/> Awan was given a 14-year prison sentence in 2007 on terrorism charges.<ref>[http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/pak-canadian-jailed-for-aiding-khalistan-ultras/117/32769/ Pak-Canadian jailed for aiding Khalistan ultras] The Sunday Indian, 4 April 2012</ref> | ||
In 2008, [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] announced they had foiled a KCF effort to kill [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], head of [[Dera Sacha Sauda]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Plot to kill Sikh Dera chief foiled: Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/plot-to-kill-sikh-dera-chief-foiled-police-33126-2008-11-09 |publisher=India Today |date=9 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCF_Gurmeet">{{cite news |title=Punjab police sniff out major KCF plan to kill Dera chief - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Punjab-police-sniff-out-major-KCF-plan-to-kill-Dera-chief/articleshow/3690452.cms | | In 2008, [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] announced they had foiled a KCF effort to kill [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], head of [[Dera Sacha Sauda]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Plot to kill Sikh Dera chief foiled: Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/plot-to-kill-sikh-dera-chief-foiled-police-33126-2008-11-09 |publisher=India Today |date=9 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCF_Gurmeet">{{cite news |title=Punjab police sniff out major KCF plan to kill Dera chief - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Punjab-police-sniff-out-major-KCF-plan-to-kill-Dera-chief/articleshow/3690452.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2008}}</ref> | ||
== Status == | == Status == | ||
Paramjeet Singh Panjwar remained the head of the remaining faction of the KCF as of 2008, and was listed at that time as one of the top 10 most wanted criminals in India.<ref name="MostWanted2008">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/24slide8.htm|title=8) Paramjit Singh Panjwar|date=24 June 2008| | Paramjeet Singh Panjwar remained the head of the remaining faction of the KCF as of 2008, and was listed at that time as one of the top 10 most wanted criminals in India.<ref name="MostWanted2008">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/24slide8.htm|title=8) Paramjit Singh Panjwar|date=24 June 2008|work=rediff.com|access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> As per the released statement of Khalid Awan - a Canadian citizen - who served 14-year sentence in the U.S. prisons for transferring money to KCF, Panjwar is a VIP in Pakistan and has the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency. On the other hand, the U.S prosecutors have claimed that Awan admitted of transferring money to Panjwar despite knowing the fact that the money will be used to carry out attacks against India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6574295/canadian-comes-home-after-imprisoned-abroad/|title=Canadians are coming home after being imprisoned abroad for terrorism-related crimes|website=Global News|language=en|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> | ||
The [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]] beta version of the "Global Terrorism Database" has recorded 2 attacks on military targets, 9 attacks on police or other government targets, and 9 attacks against civilian, religious, transportation or educational entities, in both India and Pakistan, as of June 2009.<ref name="UMTDBeta">{{cite web|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&perpetrator=445&count=100&charttype=line&chart=casualties&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes#results-table|title=Khalistan Commando Force search at Beta UM terrorism database|publisher=University of Maryland| | The [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]] beta version of the "Global Terrorism Database" has recorded 2 attacks on military targets, 9 attacks on police or other government targets, and 9 attacks against civilian, religious, transportation or educational entities, in both India and Pakistan, as of June 2009.<ref name="UMTDBeta">{{cite web|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&perpetrator=445&count=100&charttype=line&chart=casualties&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes#results-table|title=Khalistan Commando Force search at Beta UM terrorism database|publisher=University of Maryland|access-date=20 June 2009}}</ref> | ||
The KCF remains [[List of terrorist organisations in India|banned in India]] under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] and designated as [[terrorist]] organisation by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India| | The KCF remains [[List of terrorist organisations in India|banned in India]] under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] and designated as [[terrorist]] organisation by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=IndiaTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=292 |title=Terrorism Act 2000 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928115333/http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |archive-date=28 September 2010 }}</ref> | ||
A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed a person associated with this group was imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]] in the US.<ref name=npr2>[https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units], page 8/15. Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, [[NPR]], 3 March 2011, retrieved 4 March 2011 from npr.org</ref> | A 2011 [[NPR]] report claimed a person associated with this group was imprisoned in a highly restrictive [[Communication Management Unit]] in the US.<ref name=npr2>[https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units], page 8/15. Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, [[NPR]], 3 March 2011, retrieved 4 March 2011 from npr.org</ref> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
{{India separatist movements}} | |||
{{Terror outfits}} | |||
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]] | [[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]] | ||
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[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]] | [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]] | ||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia]] | [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia]] | ||
[[Category:1986 establishments in Punjab, India]] | |||