Santoshgad
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Santoshgad (also referred to as Tathavade, the name of the closest village) is a fort in Phaltan taluka of Satara district in Maharashtra, India. Tathavade or Santoshgad hill fort (Phaltan T; 17� 57' N, 74� 20' E; RS. Lonand, 2.9 m.) lies in the north-west corner of the Phaltan taluka, about 12 miles south-west of Phaltan.[1] A recently-constructed road runs to the fort from Tathavade at the foot of the northern side of the hill. The village population of 1,001 people are nearly Ramoshi and Maratha farmers.
| Santoshgad Fort | |
|---|---|
संतोषगड | |
| Satara District, Maharashtra, India | |
  Santoshgad Fort | |
| Coordinates | 17°51′29″N 74°19′19″E / 17.8581715°N 74.3218821°E |
| Height | 884m(2900 ft) |
| Site information | |
| Owner |  Government of India |
| Open to the public | Yes |
The roughly triangular fort stands on a hill a little lower than the main range. The defences consist of three walls. The top wall goes all the way around the hill and forms what may be called the citadel. It surmounts a perpendicular scarp of black rock about thirty feet high, and is itself about fifteen feet higher. Twenty feet thick, it originally had a parapet about six feet high and three feet thick, now in ruins. It is made of laterite blocks or one or two cubic feet each, solidly set in mortar, lined with small stones and mud. It was carefully provided at intervals with secret escape doors for the garrison, should the fort be successfully taken.
It is especially strong at the three angles from which project triangular outworks about sixty feet lower than the citadel. The outworks are of unequal size, but built of the same materials and even more strongly than the citadel. The sides of the south-west outwork are no more than thirty yards long but is the most solid of the three; the sides of the north-east outwork are about fifty yards, and those of the north-west outwork about seventy yards long. The first two outworks communicated with the citadel by a small door not more than two feet wide built through the walls, which led on to the steps cut in the scarp. The citadel wall has a gap at the north-west angle which formed the communication with the north-west out-work. North-east of this, the main gateway, about five feet wide, of beautifully cut massive laterite masonry. It faced, and was sheltered by a projecting bastion. The north side of the hill was partly protected for about a hundred feet by two lower walls or terraces, one below the other, with bastions at intervals. They are of much lighter workmanship than the blocks in rough mortar and the lining of uncut stones and mud. These walls both run east and west along the entire length of the northern face of the hill. They then turn through an angle of over 90 degrees, and are taken up the hill to meet the walls above them. The upper of the two is broken by a gateway of trap facing east, like the upper gateway, similarly sheltered, and otherwise like it, but far less strong, and of much rougher workmanship. The lowest wall is divided by a 30-foot gap in the centre, flanked by two strong bastions, but no gateway. The ascent between these three entrances and from the north-west outwork to the citadel is by a winding path with steps at intervals, broken nearly everywhere, and generally blocked with prickly pear.
The hill was unprotected below the citadel and its outworks on the south-west and south-east sides, and elaborate care was taken to protect the north side. There seems to be no special reason for this difference except that the entrance and therefore the weakest point of the citadel was on the north side. By making the two gateways face east and protecting them with projections of the wall, their assault was impeded while it was impossible to hit them directly with cannon shot from the plain below, which, according to tradition, was a special point in the fortification of the day. In sieges it was apparently the fashion to first direct a cannonade against the gate and to provide a force to rush through if the besiegers succeeded in bursting it. The difficulties of elsewhere penetrating or escalading hill forts such as these, were probably and not wrongly thought insuperable, bribery and stratagem apart. The citadel is not more than 600 yards round and its area not much more than twenty acres. There were originally but few buildings. The headquarters or sadar was a building about fifty feet by thirty feet including its two otas or verandahs. It opened to the north and besides accommodating the treasury, was used as a sort of court-house for the subhedar in charge of the fort. Next to it on the west was a stone building about forty feet by twenty, with walls three feet thick, and a roof on the south side made of brick coated with cement. It contained three chambers to store grain, treasure and gunpowder. The east chamber still remains. Immediately south of the east chamber is the great pond, cut some sixty to seventy feet down into the rock, with sides smoothed off with great care. It holds a tolerable supply of water, but is not fed by a spring. It is about twenty-five to thirty feet square, and on the eastern side steps lead down to the water. Halfway down, at a landing and turn of the steps, is a small temple of Tatoba Mahadev, from which the fort takes its name. This large pond was apparently the only water supply of the citadel. It is choked with silt, and said to hold much less water than before. Much probably seeped down through the laterite. The rest of the citadel is so covered with prickly pear that no other buildings can be distinguished. The hill top has room for very few buildings, but one is a mosque.
The north-east outwork has some buildings and others inside the two lower wall are in ruins. Outside the lowest entrance is the side of the elephant-house, large enough for no more than two beasts.
On the saddleback between the southern angle and the main range of hills has been cut a gap with remains of buildings said to have been the grass stacks of the fort. The grass was supplied chiefly from lands on the plateau above the Mahadev range and brought for storage to this spot. It is more than two hundred yards from the fort and is hardly convenient than the village itself which is at least as accessible as the fort.
Immediately inside and directly facing the lowest entrance is a large cave pond. Its mouth has been almost wholly blocked with rubbish. A descent of some six feet is necessary to reach the water. The excavation is partly natural but evidently enlarged artificially. The exact size of the cave pond cannot be made out. Three massive pillars support the roof. The rock is laterite and no doubt the abundant supply of excellent water filters from above. The upper fort is nearly all made of laterite with no traces of quarrying nearby. It seems therefore not improbable that the ponds were excavated by the fort builders and the stone used for the fort walls. There are four other similar ponds, completely blocked up. Their stone and that of the big pond on the top would amply suffice for the external work, considerable as it is. The mildew of this laterite is used by the people as a tonic for women after child-birth. It probably contains some iron. It is a belief in the village that the large pond in the citadel and this cave pond are connected by a passage now choked up, and that a lemon thrown into the water of the one would in former times to appear on the surface of the other. These ponds show that the hill is made of laterite with an outer coating of trap, thin at the sides but some forty feet thick on top.
History
The name of this village, according to tradition, derives from Tatoba, a sage who took up his abode on the fort hill. He is said to have built the cave pond, and the small temple of Mahadev at the big pond is named after him.
Local tradition says that the fort was built by Shivaji the Great (1630–80). In 1666 it was in the hands of Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar. In the same year Chhatrapati Shivaji after the treaty of Purandhar served under Jaysing, the Rajput general of Aurangzeb's army, against Bijapur and with his Mavlas escaladed Tathavade.[2] The Bijapur Government again apparently got it back from the Moghals, probably by treaty. Chhatrapati Shivaji retook it in 1673,[3] and in 1676 he had to retake the open country in its neighbourhood, the estate-holders of which were always ready to rebel against him.[4] The fort was taken by the Mughals in 1689.[5] but was ceded to Shahu I in 1720 as part of the imperial grants made to him that year.[6] In a revenue statement of about 1790, Tathora appears as the head of a sub-division in the Nahisdurg sarkar with a revenue of Rs. 1,120.[7] The fort remained in the hands of the Marathas till 1818, when it was shelled by a detachment of General Pritzler's army from the plateau and a spur pointed out about half a mile to the west. A good many of the buildings and part of the walls are said to have been injured by the shelling. The commandant of the fort fled at the first few shots, the garrison followed, and the fort was taken.
Its elaborate design and considerable strength for the times in which it was built may be explained by the fact that it was close to the Nizam Shahi frontier and of some importance therefore to the Bijapur government, while the constant unrest in the neighbourhood in Chhatrapati Shivaji’s time would amply account for any additions he made to it.
A story is told that the famous dacoit Umaji Naik (1827) was resting at a spring in the ravine which leads down to the fort from the plateau and that a Brahmin on his way to Tathavad passed by with a little grain given him in charity. Umaji called on him to stand and give up what he had. But when he learnt that it was only grain sent him off in peace, entreated his blessings, and gave him Rs. 25.
References
External links
- A description of the fort from the Maharashtra state government gazetteer.