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Rock music: Difference between revisions
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Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including [[mod (subculture)|mods]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the United Kingdom and the [[hippie]] counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], [[Punk subculture|punk]], and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[consumerism]] and [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}} | Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including [[mod (subculture)|mods]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the United Kingdom and the [[hippie]] counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], [[Punk subculture|punk]], and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[consumerism]] and [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}} | ||
==Characteristics== | |||
{{quote box|quoted=1|quote=A good definition of rock, in fact, is that it's popular music that to a certain degree doesn't care if it's popular.|source=—[[Bill Wyman]] in ''[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]'' (2016)<ref name="wymanberry">{{cite web |url=http://www.vulture.com/2016/12/chuck-berry-invented-the-idea-of-rock-and-roll.html |date=20 December 2016 <!-- March 18, 2017 ?! update? field for it? --> | |||
|title = Chuck Berry Invented the Idea of Rock and Roll | |||
|publisher = New York Media, LLC |work=[[Vulture.com]] |author-link=Bill Wyman |last=Wyman |first=Bill}}</ref>|width=18%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} | |||
[[File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=A photograph of four members of The Red Hot Chili Peppers performing on a stage|[[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist)]] | |||
The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the [[guitar amplifier|amplified]] electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularity of rock and roll.<ref>J.M. Curtis, ''Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, pp. 68–73.</ref> Also, it was influenced by the sounds of [[electric blues]] guitarists.<ref name=campbell>{{cite book|last1=Campbell |first1=Michael |last2=Brody |first2=James |title=Rock and Roll: An Introduction |year=2007 |edition=2nd |publisher=Thomson Schirmer |location=Belmont, CA |isbn=978-0-534-64295-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80 80–81]}}</ref> The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered in jazz music in the same era,<ref>{{source in source |author=R.C. Brewer |title=Bass Guitar |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=56}}</ref> and percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals.<ref>{{source in source |author=R. Mattingly |title=Drum Set |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=361}}</ref> This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, the [[Hammond organ]], and the [[Synthesizer|synthesizer.]]<ref>P. Théberge, ''Any Sound you can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology'' (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-8195-6309-9}}, pp. 69–70.</ref> The basic rock instrumentation was derived from the basic [[blues]] band instrumentation (prominent lead guitar, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums).<ref name=campbell/> A group of musicians performing rock music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists of between three (the [[power trio]]) and five members. Classically, a rock band takes the form of a [[quartet]] whose members cover one or more roles, including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and often [[keyboard player]] or other instrumentalist.<ref>{{source in source |author=D. Laing |title=Quartet |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=56}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Characteristic rock drum pattern.png|thumb|right|A simple {{music|time|4|4}} drum pattern common in rock music {{Audio|Simple duple drum pattern.mid|Play}}]] | |||
Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a {{music|time|4|4}} [[Meter (music)|meter]], with a repetitive snare drum [[Backbeat (music)|back beat]] on beats two and four.<ref name=Ammer2004>C. Ammer, ''The Facts on File Dictionary of Music'' (New York: Infobase, 4th edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-8160-5266-2}}, pp. 251–52.</ref> Melodies often originate from older [[musical modes]] such as the [[Dorian mode|Dorian]] and [[Mixolydian]], as well as [[Major scale|major]] and [[Minor mode|minor]] modes. Harmonies range from the common [[Triad (music)|triad]] to parallel [[perfect fourth]]s and [[Perfect fifth|fifths]] and dissonant harmonic progressions.<ref name=Ammer2004/> Since the late 1950s,<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Brody|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA117 117]}}</ref> and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, rock music often used the [[Verse-chorus form|verse-chorus structure]] derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model.<ref>J. Covach, "From craft to art: formal structure in the music of the Beatles", in K. Womack and Todd F. Davis, eds, ''Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four'' (New York: SUNY Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7914-6715-5}}, p. 40.</ref> Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock.<ref>T. Gracyk, ''Rhythm and Noise: an Aesthetics of Rock'', (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), {{ISBN|1-86064-090-7}}, p. xi.</ref> Because of its complex history and its tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that "it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition."<ref>P. Wicke, ''Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), {{ISBN|0-521-39914-9}}, p. x.</ref> | |||
Revision as of 23:04, 27 May 2021
Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles in the mid-1960s and later, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom.[1][page needed] It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style that drew directly from the blues and rhythm and blues genres of African-American music and from country music. Rock music also drew strongly from a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical, and other musical styles. For instrumentation, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass, drums, and one or more singers. Usually, rock is song-based music with a [[Time signature|Template:Time signature time signature]] using a verse–chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political.
Beginning with the Beatles,[2] rock musicians in the 1960s advanced the album ahead of the single as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, initiating a rock-informed album era in the music industry for the next several decades.[3] By the late 1960s "classic rock"[1] period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, southern rock, raga rock, and jazz rock, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock, which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic and hippie scene. New genres that emerged included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements, glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style, and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on new wave, post-punk and eventually alternative rock.
From the 1990s, alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including pop punk, electronic rock, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and techno-pop revivals in the early 2000s. The late 2000s and 2010s saw a slow decline in rock music's mainstream popularity and cultural relevancy, with hip hop surpassing it as the most popular genre in the United States.
Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including mods and rockers in the United Kingdom and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the goth, punk, and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of selling out.Template:Toclimit
Characteristics
—Bill Wyman in Vulture (2016)[4]
The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the amplified electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularity of rock and roll.[5] Also, it was influenced by the sounds of electric blues guitarists.[6] The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered in jazz music in the same era,[7] and percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals.[8] This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, the Hammond organ, and the synthesizer.[9] The basic rock instrumentation was derived from the basic blues band instrumentation (prominent lead guitar, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums).[6] A group of musicians performing rock music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists of between three (the power trio) and five members. Classically, a rock band takes the form of a quartet whose members cover one or more roles, including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and often keyboard player or other instrumentalist.[10]
Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a Template:Time signature meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four.[11] Melodies often originate from older musical modes such as the Dorian and Mixolydian, as well as major and minor modes. Harmonies range from the common triad to parallel perfect fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions.[11] Since the late 1950s,[12] and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, rock music often used the verse-chorus structure derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model.[13] Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock.[14] Because of its complex history and its tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that "it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition."[15]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 W. E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan, The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), ISBN 0-7890-0151-9
- ↑ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002. Record Research. p. xxiii. ISBN 9780898201550.
- ↑ Pareles, Jon (5 January 1997). "All That Music, and Nothing to Listen To". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ↑ Wyman, Bill (20 December 2016). "Chuck Berry Invented the Idea of Rock and Roll". Vulture.com. New York Media, LLC.
- ↑ J.M. Curtis, Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984 (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), ISBN 0-87972-369-6, pp. 68–73.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2007). Rock and Roll: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Schirmer. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-534-64295-2.
- ↑ Template:Source in source
- ↑ Template:Source in source
- ↑ P. Théberge, Any Sound you can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 1997), ISBN 0-8195-6309-9, pp. 69–70.
- ↑ Template:Source in source
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 C. Ammer, The Facts on File Dictionary of Music (New York: Infobase, 4th edn., 2004), ISBN 0-8160-5266-2, pp. 251–52.
- ↑ Campbell & Brody 2007, p. 117
- ↑ J. Covach, "From craft to art: formal structure in the music of the Beatles", in K. Womack and Todd F. Davis, eds, Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four (New York: SUNY Press, 2006), ISBN 0-7914-6715-5, p. 40.
- ↑ T. Gracyk, Rhythm and Noise: an Aesthetics of Rock, (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), ISBN 1-86064-090-7, p. xi.
- ↑ P. Wicke, Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), ISBN 0-521-39914-9, p. x.