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'''Rock music''' is a broad genre of [[popular music]] that originated as "[[rock and roll]]" in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles in the mid-1960s and later, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name=studwell>W. E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan, ''The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7890-0151-9}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}} It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style that drew directly from the [[blues]] and [[rhythm and blues]] genres of [[African-American music]] and from [[country music]]. Rock music also drew strongly from a number of other genres such as [[electric blues]] and [[folk music|folk]], and incorporated influences from [[jazz]], classical, and other musical styles. For instrumentation, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with [[Bass guitar|electric bass]], drums, and one or more singers. Usually, rock is song-based music with a [[Time signature|{{music|time|4|4}} time signature]] using a [[verse–chorus form]], but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. | '''Rock music''' is a broad genre of [[popular music]] that originated as "[[rock and roll]]" in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing into a range of different styles in the mid-1960s and later, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name=studwell>W. E. Studwell and D. F. Lonergan, ''The Classic Rock and Roll Reader: Rock Music from its Beginnings to the mid-1970s'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7890-0151-9}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}} It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style that drew directly from the [[blues]] and [[rhythm and blues]] genres of [[African-American music]] and from [[country music]]. Rock music also drew strongly from a number of other genres such as [[electric blues]] and [[folk music|folk]], and incorporated influences from [[jazz]], classical, and other musical styles. For instrumentation, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with [[Bass guitar|electric bass]], drums, and one or more singers. Usually, rock is song-based music with a [[Time signature|{{music|time|4|4}} time signature]] using a [[verse–chorus form]], but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. | ||
Beginning with [[the Beatles]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|year=2003|title=Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002|publisher=[[Record Research]]|isbn=9780898201550|page=xxiii}}</ref> rock musicians in the 1960s advanced the [[album]] ahead of the [[single (music)|single]] as the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption, initiating a rock-informed [[album era]] in the music industry for the next several decades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Pareles|date=January 5, 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html|title=All That Music, and Nothing to Listen To|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 10, 2020|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227043520/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/arts/all-that-music-and-nothing-to-listen-to.html|archive-date=December 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By the late 1960s "[[classic rock]]"<ref name=studwell/> period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like [[blues rock]], [[folk rock]], [[country rock]], [[southern rock]], [[raga rock]], and [[jazz rock]], many of which contributed to the development of [[psychedelic rock]], which was influenced by the [[counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] [[psychedelia|psychedelic and hippie scene]]. New genres that emerged included [[progressive rock]], which extended the artistic elements, [[glam rock]], which highlighted showmanship and visual style, and the diverse and enduring subgenre of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, [[punk rock]] reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on [[New wave music|new wave]], [[post-punk]] and eventually [[alternative rock]]. | |||
From the 1990s, alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of [[grunge]], [[Britpop]], and [[indie rock]]. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including [[pop punk]], [[electronic rock]], [[rap rock]], and [[rap metal]], as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the [[garage rock]]/[[post-punk revival|post-punk]] and [[techno-pop]] revivals in the early 2000s. The late 2000s and 2010s saw a slow decline in rock music's mainstream popularity and cultural relevancy, with [[hip hop music|hip hop]] surpassing it as the most popular genre in the United States. | |||
Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including [[mod (subculture)|mods]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the United Kingdom and the [[hippie]] counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], [[Punk subculture|punk]], and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[consumerism]] and [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}} | |||