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The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.</ref> (1006 AD) of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]].<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.</ref><ref name=":18"/> An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by [[Krishna III]] and prince [[Butuga II]] (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] family.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101 and 113-114.</ref> Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of [[Vellan Kumaran]], a Kerala commander in the Chola army.<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.</ref>
The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.</ref> (1006 AD) of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]].<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.</ref><ref name=":18"/> An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by [[Krishna III]] and prince [[Butuga II]] (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] family.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101 and 113-114.</ref> Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of [[Vellan Kumaran]], a Kerala commander in the Chola army.<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'' 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.</ref>
== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Rajaditya was the son of the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], the [[Chera Perumal]] princess, and the Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955 AD).<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 99-100.</ref> King Parantaka I is known to have married two distinct Chera princesses, Ko Kizhan Adigal and Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya Chola).<ref>George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of Ganga king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.<ref name=":03">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.</ref>
Rajaditya was the son of the [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Atikal]], the [[Chera Perumal]] princess, and the Chola king [[Parantaka I]] (r. 907–955 AD).<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 99-100.</ref> King Parantaka I is known to have married two distinct Chera princesses, Ko Kizhan Adigal and Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya Chola).<ref>George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref><ref name=":18"/> The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of Ganga king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.<ref name=":03">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.</ref><ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.</ref>
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It seems that Chola king [[Parantaka I]] anticipated a climactic battle with the [[Rashtrakuta]]s and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu. Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD,<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.</ref> prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) in Tirumunaippati Nadu (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state<ref name=":05">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.</ref>).<ref name=":18"/> The prince was joined at Rajadityapura by his mother (the Chera princess [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Adikal]]) in the mid-930s<ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-01.</ref> and his half-brother Arinjaya.<ref name=":18"/> Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms in Tirumunaippati Nadu.<ref name=":18"/>
It seems that Chola king [[Parantaka I]] anticipated a climactic battle with the [[Rashtrakuta]]s and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu. Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD,<ref>''South Indian Inscriptions'' 7 (1932), No. 1009.</ref> prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) in Tirumunaippati Nadu (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state<ref name=":05">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.</ref>).<ref name=":18"/> The prince was joined at Rajadityapura by his mother (the Chera princess [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ko Kizhan Adikal]]) in the mid-930s<ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-01.</ref> and his half-brother Arinjaya.<ref name=":18"/> Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from [[Kerala]] (Chera) chiefdoms in Tirumunaippati Nadu.<ref name=":18"/>


==Battle of Takkolam==
==Chola–Rashtrakuta conflict==
 
According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Parantaka I had taken measures to strengthen the Chola forces along the north-western frontier in response to the Rashtrakuta threat. These arrangements appear to have enabled the Cholas to resist Rashtrakuta advances for several years. During this period, the Rashtrakuta ruler suffered a defeat at the hands of Parantaka and his son Rajaditya. Sastri notes that the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna, whose dominions extended across much of the western Deccan and who had the Gangas and other southern rulers as allies, subsequently increased his efforts against the Cholas.
 
A later Kanyakumari inscription of the Chola king Vīrarājendra states that Parantaka acquired the title Vīra-Chola after defeating the “unconquered Krishnarāja”. This Krishnarāja has been identified by historians with the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III, although the identification and chronology of this earlier encounter have been discussed in scholarship. Sastri considered it likely that Rajaditya had participated in this victory. By about 948 CE, Rajaditya had served his father for more than twelve years and was stationed at Tirumunaippadi-nadu with a large army that included elephants and cavalry. This frontier force subsequently became important in the Chola resistance to the Rashtrakuta invasion.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Nilakanta Sastri
|first=K. A.
|title=The Cholas
|volume=1
|publisher=University of Madras
|year=1935
|pages=154–160
|url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n178/mode/1up
}}</ref>
===Battle of Takkolam===
[[Battle of Takkolam]], Takkolam is a town in [[Arakkonam]] taluk of the [[Vellore]] district, northern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":18"/>
[[Battle of Takkolam]], Takkolam is a town in [[Arakkonam]] taluk of the [[Vellore]] district, northern [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":18"/>


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The [[Battle of Takkolam]] fought in 948-49 CE resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.<ref name=":18"/> According to the Atakur inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince [[Butuga II]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref> The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.<ref name=":18"/> The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire.<ref name=":05"/>
The [[Battle of Takkolam]] fought in 948-49 CE resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.<ref name=":18"/> According to the Atakur inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince [[Butuga II]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Epigraphia Indica'' 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.</ref> The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.<ref name=":18"/> The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire.<ref name=":05"/>


Here is an excerpt from Atakur inscription :
Here is an excerpt from Atakur inscription:


{{Cquote|{{center|
{{Cquote|{{center|

Revision as of 20:28, 11 September 2026

List of Chola kings and emperors
Early Cholas
Interregnum (c. 200 – c. 848)
Medieval Cholas
Vijayalaya 848–871(?)
Aditya I 871–907
Parantaka I 907–950
Gandaraditya 950–957
Arinjaya 956–957
Sundara (Parantaka II) 957–970
Aditya II (co-regent)
Uttama 970–985
Rajaraja I 985–1014
Rajendra I 1012–1044
Rajadhiraja 1044–1054
Rajendra II 1054–1063
Virarajendra 1063–1070
Athirajendra 1070–1070
Later Cholas
Kulothunga I 1070–1120
Vikrama 1118–1135
Kulothunga II 1133–1150
Rajaraja II 1146–1173
Rajadhiraja II 1166–1178
Kulothunga III 1178–1218
Rajaraja III 1216–1256
Rajendra III 1246–1279
Related dynasties
Telugu Chodas of Andhra
Chodagangas of Kalinga
Nidugal Cholas of Karnataka
Rajahnate of Cebu
Chola society
Rajaditya Chola
BornPazhayarai, chola empire
Died949 CE
Takkolam
DynastyChola
FatherParantaka I
MotherKo kizhan adigal
ReligionHinduism

Rajaditya Chola (fl. mid-10th century AD) was a Chola prince, son of king Parantaka I (r. 907–955) and a Chera/Kerala princess (the Ko Kizhan Adigal[1]), known for commanding the Chola troops in the battle of Takkolam (948–949).[2]

Sculptures in Atakur inscription (showing a hound and a boar fighting each other)

The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant[3] (1006 AD) of Rajaraja I and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of Rajendra Chola.[4][2] An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by Krishna III and prince Butuga II (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the Western Ganga family.[5][2] The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.[6] Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of Vellan Kumaran, a Kerala commander in the Chola army.[7]

Early life

Rajaditya was the son of the Ko Kizhan Atikal, the Chera Perumal princess, and the Chola king Parantaka I (r. 907–955 AD).[8] King Parantaka I is known to have married two distinct Chera princesses, Ko Kizhan Adigal and Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya Chola).[9][2] The marriage between a Chera princess and Parantaka, c. 910 CE, is mentioned in the Udayendiram plates of Ganga king Prthivipati II Hastimalla.[10][11]

It seems that Chola king Parantaka I anticipated a climactic battle with the Rashtrakutas and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu. Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD,[12] prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to Rajadityapura (Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur) in Tirumunaippati Nadu (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state[13]).[2] The prince was joined at Rajadityapura by his mother (the Chera princess Ko Kizhan Adikal) in the mid-930s[14] and his half-brother Arinjaya.[2] Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from Kerala (Chera) chiefdoms in Tirumunaippati Nadu.[2]

Chola–Rashtrakuta conflict

According to K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Parantaka I had taken measures to strengthen the Chola forces along the north-western frontier in response to the Rashtrakuta threat. These arrangements appear to have enabled the Cholas to resist Rashtrakuta advances for several years. During this period, the Rashtrakuta ruler suffered a defeat at the hands of Parantaka and his son Rajaditya. Sastri notes that the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna, whose dominions extended across much of the western Deccan and who had the Gangas and other southern rulers as allies, subsequently increased his efforts against the Cholas.

A later Kanyakumari inscription of the Chola king Vīrarājendra states that Parantaka acquired the title Vīra-Chola after defeating the “unconquered Krishnarāja”. This Krishnarāja has been identified by historians with the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III, although the identification and chronology of this earlier encounter have been discussed in scholarship. Sastri considered it likely that Rajaditya had participated in this victory. By about 948 CE, Rajaditya had served his father for more than twelve years and was stationed at Tirumunaippadi-nadu with a large army that included elephants and cavalry. This frontier force subsequently became important in the Chola resistance to the Rashtrakuta invasion.[15]

Battle of Takkolam

Battle of Takkolam, Takkolam is a town in Arakkonam taluk of the Vellore district, northern Tamil Nadu.[2]

The Rashtrakuta contingent at Takkolam included a collection of feudal militias and royal soldiers (from Western Gangas, Banas and Vaidumbas among others).[2] Prince Rajaditya, in addition to the Chola warriors, was supported by a number of military personnel from Kerala (Chera) chiefdoms.[2]

The Battle of Takkolam fought in 948-49 CE resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.[2] According to the Atakur inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince Butuga II.[5] The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.[2] The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire.[13]

Here is an excerpt from Atakur inscription:

Hail! While the samvatsara named Saumya, the eight hundred and seventy second [in] the centuries of years that have gone by from the time of the Saka king, was current:-

Hail! When Krishnaraja [III]... having attacked the Muvadi Chola Rajaditya, and having fought and killed him in Takkola...

At the place where,-having followed and come up with Four-fold Forces of the Chola, which stood to confront us without wavering,-we were to come close quarters and pierce them, we certainly saw not any [others among our] valiant men who strode forward saying "We will meet the heros that oppose us; "but we did see how,-the Chola himself being the witness, -he [Manalera] came to close quarters and pierced...he [Manalera], the sole Sudraka in war...struck, like a lion, the forehead of the [Rajaditya's] elephant...

[5]

The subsidiary record engraved on the upper part of slab throws some more light on the incident:

Hail! While Butuga [II], having fought and killed Rachamalla, the son of the illustrious Ereyapa, was governing the [pronvince of] ninety six thousand:-

At the time when Kannaradeva was fighting against the Chola, Butuga [II] while embracing Rajaditya, treacherously stabbed him with a dagger, and thus fought and killed him....[16]

Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)

Cola-Cera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)

References

  1. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-100.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Ali, Daud. "The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India." Studies in History, vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 36–60.
  3. ↑ Epigraphia Indica 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.
  4. ↑ South Indian Inscriptions 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Epigraphia Indica 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56.
  6. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101 and 113-114.
  7. ↑ Epigraphia Indica 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.
  8. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 99-100.
  9. ↑ George Spencer, ‘Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period’, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
  10. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-101, 437, 442, 445 and 473.
  11. ↑ South Indian Inscriptions 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.
  12. ↑ South Indian Inscriptions 7 (1932), No. 1009.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-101.
  14. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 100-01.
  15. ↑ Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The Cholas. Vol. 1. University of Madras. pp. 154–160.
  16. ↑ Epigraphia Indica 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 57.

Further reading

  • George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound', P. F. I. S. A. S. (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
  • Daud Ali. 'The Death of a Friend'. Studies in History, vol. 33, no. 1, 2017, pp. 36–60.
  • M. G. S. Narayanan, Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013.
  • Epigraphia Indica
    • Epigraphia Indica 6 (1900–01), no. 6c: 53–56
    • Epigraphia Indica 22 (1933–34), no. 34: vv. 19–21.
    • Epigraphia Indica 27 (1947–48), no. 47: 293–96.
  • South Indian Inscriptions
    • South Indian Inscriptions 2 (1895), no. 76: v. 8.
    • South Indian Inscriptions 7 (1932), No. 1009.
    • South Indian Inscriptions 3 (1920), no. 205: v. 54.
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