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In the later seventeenth century Indian naval power observed remarkable revival. The alliance of the [[Mughals|Moghuls]] and the [[Janjira State|Sidis of Janjira]] was marked as a major power on the west coast. On the southern front, the 1st Sovereign of the [[Maratha Empire]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], started creating his own fleet. His fleet was commanded by notable admirals like [[Sidhoji Gujar]] and [[Kanhoji Angre]]. The Maratha Navy under the leadership of Angre kept the English, Dutch and Portuguese away from the Konkan coast. However, the Marathas witnessed remarkable decline in their naval capabilities following the death of Angre in 1729.<ref name="Early History of Indian Navy - IN" />
In the later seventeenth century Indian naval power observed remarkable revival. The alliance of the [[Mughals|Moghuls]] and the [[Janjira State|Sidis of Janjira]] was marked as a major power on the west coast. On the southern front, the 1st Sovereign of the [[Maratha Empire]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], started creating his own fleet. His fleet was commanded by notable admirals like [[Sidhoji Gujar]] and [[Kanhoji Angre]]. The Maratha Navy under the leadership of Angre kept the English, Dutch and Portuguese away from the Konkan coast. However, the Marathas witnessed remarkable decline in their naval capabilities following the death of Angre in 1729.<ref name="Early History of Indian Navy - IN" />
In 1892 the Marine was rechristened the Royal Indian Marine, and by the end of the 19th century it operated over fifty ships. The Marine participated in World War I with a fleet of patrol vessels, troop carriers, and minesweepers. In 1928, D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission, in the rank of an Engineer [[Sub-lieutenant]]. Also in 1928, the RIM was accorded combatant status, which entitled it to be considered a true fighting force and to fly the [[White Ensign]] of the Royal Navy.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=45–46}} In 1934, the Marine was upgraded to a full naval force, thus becoming the Royal Indian Navy (RIN), and was presented the King's colours in recognition of its services to the British Crown.<ref name="Genesis of Indian Navy" />
In 1892 the Marine was rechristened the Royal Indian Marine, and by the end of the 19th century it operated over fifty ships. The Marine participated in World War I with a fleet of patrol vessels, troop carriers, and minesweepers. In 1928, D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission, in the rank of an Engineer [[Sub-lieutenant]]. Also in 1928, the RIM was accorded combatant status, which entitled it to be considered a true fighting force and to fly the [[White Ensign]] of the Royal Navy.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=45–46}} In 1934, the Marine was upgraded to a full naval force, thus becoming the Royal Indian Navy (RIN), and was presented the King's colours in recognition of its services to the British Crown.<ref name="Genesis of Indian Navy" />


===1612 origins to independence===
===1612 origins to independence===
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[[File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg|thumb|{{HMIS|Bombay|J249|6}} of Royal Indian Navy in Sydney Harbour during [[World War II]]]]
[[File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg|thumb|{{HMIS|Bombay|J249|6}} of Royal Indian Navy in Sydney Harbour during [[World War II]]]]


When hostilities ceased in August 1945, the Royal Indian Navy had expanded to a personnel strength of over 25,000 officers and sailors. Its fleet comprised seven sloops, four [[frigate]]s, four [[corvette]]s, fourteen [[minesweeper]]s, sixteen [[Naval trawler|trawlers]], two [[depot ship]]s, thirty auxiliary vessels, one hundred and fifty landing craft, two hundred harbour craft and several offensive and defensive motor launches.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=37}} During [[World War II]] the Navy suffered two hundred and seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings killed in action, two ratings missing in action and a further 14 officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings wounded. {{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=142–143}} For their role in the war, the officers and ratings of the Navy received the following honours and decorations—a KBE (Mil.), a knighthood, a CB (Mil.), 10 CIEs, two DSOs, a CBE, 15 DSCs, an OBE, 28 DSMs, eight OBIs, two IOMs, 16 BEMs, 10 Indian Defence Service Medals, a Royal Humane Society Medal, 105 mentions in dispatches and 118 assorted commendations.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=142}} Immediately after the war, the navy underwent a rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel.
When hostilities ceased in August 1945, the Royal Indian Navy had expanded to a personnel strength of over 25,000 officers and sailors. Its fleet comprised seven sloops, four [[frigate]]s, four [[corvette]]s, fourteen [[minesweeper]]s, sixteen [[Naval trawler|trawlers]], two [[depot ship]]s, thirty auxiliary vessels, one hundred and fifty landing craft, two hundred harbour craft and several offensive and defensive motor launches.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=37}} During [[World War II]] the Navy suffered two hundred and seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings killed in action, two ratings missing in action and a further 14 officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings wounded. {{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=142–143}} For their role in the war, the officers and ratings of the Navy received the following honours and decorations—a KBE (Mil.), a knighthood, a CB (Mil.), 10 CIEs, two DSOs, a CBE, 15 DSCs, an OBE, 28 DSMs, eight OBIs, two IOMs, 16 BEMs, 10 Indian Defence Service Medals, a Royal Humane Society Medal, 105 mentions in dispatches and 118 assorted commendations.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=142}} Immediately after the war, the navy underwent a rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel.
 
From the inception of India's naval force, some senior Indian politicians had voiced concerns about the degree of "Indianisation" of the Navy and its subordination to the [[Royal Navy]] in all important aspects.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=46–47}} On the eve of WWII, the RIN had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer.<ref name="The_Navy_List_39">{{cite book|pages=620–622|title=The Navy List for August 1939|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1939}}</ref> Even by the war's end, the Navy remained a predominantly British-officered service; in 1945, no Indian officer held a rank above engineer commander and only a few Indian officers in the executive branch held substantive senior line officer rank.<ref name="The_Navy_List_July45">{{cite book|pages=2098–2101|title=The Navy List for August 1939|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1939}}</ref> This situation, coupled with inadequate levels of training and discipline, poor communication between officers and ratings, instances of racial discrimination and the ongoing trials of ex-[[Indian National Army]] personnel ignited the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] by Indian ratings in 1946.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=105–110}} A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the strike, which spread over much of India.


== Aircraft carriers ==
== Aircraft carriers ==

Revision as of 12:49, 4 May 2021

Flag of the Indian Navy

The Indian Navy is the naval part of the Indian Armed Forces.

In 2010, the Indian Navy had 58,350 personnel, around 170 ships and 180 aircraft.[1] It is the world's fourth largest navy in terms of personnel.

The Indian Navy traces its origins back to the East India Company's Marine which was founded in 1612 to protect British merchant shipping in the region. In 1793, the British East India Company established its rule over eastern part of the Indian subcontinent i.e. Bengal, but it was not until 1830 that the colonial navy was titled as His Majesty's Indian Navy. When India became a republic in 1950, the Royal Indian Navy as it had been named since 1934 was renamed to Indian Navy.

The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation's maritime borders, and in conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace. Through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions, including disaster relief, Indian Navy promotes bilateral relations between nations.

As of June 2019, Indian Navy has 67,252 active[2] and 55,000 reserve personnel in service and has a fleet of 150 ships and submarines, and 300 aircraft.[3][4]As of October 2020, the operational fleet consists of 1 aircraft carrier active and 1 more on sea trials, 1 amphibious transport dock, 8 landing ship tanks, 10 destroyers, 14 frigates, 1 nuclear-powered attack submarine, 1 ballistic missile submarine, 15 conventionally-powered attack submarines and more on sea trials, 24 corvettes, one mine countermeasure vessel, 4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary vessels, small patrol boats and sophisticated ships. It is considered as a multi-regional power projection blue-water navy.[5][6]

History

Early maritime history

Three-mast sailship, c. 5th century

The maritime history of India dates back to 6,000 years with the birth of art of the navigation and navigating during the Indus Valley Civilisation.[7] A Kutch mariner's log book from 19th century recorded that the first tidal dock India has been built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation, near the present day harbour of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast. The Rig Veda, credits Varuna, the Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean,[8] with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes the use of ships having hundred oars in the naval expeditions by Indians. There are also references to the side wings of a ship called Plava, which stabilizes the vessel during storms. Plava is considered to be the precursor of modern-day stabilizers.[9] The first use of mariner's compass, called as Matsya Yantra, was recorded in 4 and 5 AD.[10]

Chola territories during Rajendra Chola I, c. 1030

Alexander the Great during his conquest over India, built a harbour at Patala. His army retreated to Mesopotamia on the ships built at Sindh. In the later of his conquest, records show that the Emperor of Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya, as a part of war office, established an Admiralty Division under the Superintendent of Ships. Many historians from ancient India recorded the Indian trade relations with many countries, and even with countries as far as Java and Sumatra. There were also references to the trade routes of countries in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. India also had trade relations with the Greeks and the Romans. At one instance Roman historian Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned of Indian traders carrying away large masses of gold and silver from Rome, in payment for skins, precious stones, clothes, indigo, sandalwood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.[9]

During 5–10 AD, the Kalinga Empire conquered Western Java, Sumatra and Malaya. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands served as an important halt point for trade ships en route to these nations and as well as China. During 844–848 AD the daily revenue from these nations was expected to be around 200 maunds (8 tonnes (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons)) of gold. During 984–1042 AD, under the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I and Kulothunga Chola I, the naval expedition by Chola dynasty captured lands of Burma, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, and Malaya, and simultaneously repressing pirate activities by Sumatran warlords.[9][11]

Marco Polo's remark on Indian ships (1292 AD)
... built of fir timber, having a sheath of boards laid over the planking in every part, caulked with oakum and fastened with iron nails. The bottoms were smeared with a preparation of quicklime and hemp, pounded together and mixed with oil from a certain tree which is a better material than pith

[9]

During 14th and 15th centuries, Indian shipbuilding skills and their maritime ability was sophisticated enough to produce ships with a capacity to carry over hundred men. Ships also had compartments included in their design, so that even if one compartment was damaged, the ship would remain afloat. These features of were developed by Indians even before Europeans were aware of the idea.[9]

However, by the end of thirteenth century Indian naval power had started to decline, and had reached its low by the time the Portuguese entered India. Soon after they set foot in India, the Portuguese started to hunt down all Asian vessels not permitting their trade. Amidst this, in 1529, a naval war at Bombay Harbour resulted in the surrender of Thane, Karanja, and Bandora. By 1534, the Portuguese took complete control over the Bombay Harbour. The Zamorin of Calicut challenged the Portuguese trade when Vasco da Gama refused to pay the customs levy as per the trade agreement. This resulted in two major naval wars, the first one—Battle of Cochin, was fought in 1504, and the second engagement happened four years later off Diu. Both these wars, exposed the weakness of Indian maritime power and simultaneously helped the Portuguese to gain mastery over the Indian waters.[9]

In the later seventeenth century Indian naval power observed remarkable revival. The alliance of the Moghuls and the Sidis of Janjira was marked as a major power on the west coast. On the southern front, the 1st Sovereign of the Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, started creating his own fleet. His fleet was commanded by notable admirals like Sidhoji Gujar and Kanhoji Angre. The Maratha Navy under the leadership of Angre kept the English, Dutch and Portuguese away from the Konkan coast. However, the Marathas witnessed remarkable decline in their naval capabilities following the death of Angre in 1729.[9] In 1892 the Marine was rechristened the Royal Indian Marine, and by the end of the 19th century it operated over fifty ships. The Marine participated in World War I with a fleet of patrol vessels, troop carriers, and minesweepers. In 1928, D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission, in the rank of an Engineer Sub-lieutenant. Also in 1928, the RIM was accorded combatant status, which entitled it to be considered a true fighting force and to fly the White Ensign of the Royal Navy.[12] In 1934, the Marine was upgraded to a full naval force, thus becoming the Royal Indian Navy (RIN), and was presented the King's colours in recognition of its services to the British Crown.[13]

1612 origins to independence

File:Mahratta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; end of the action RMG BHC1085.tiff

The origins of the Indian Navy date to 1612, when an English vessel under the command of Captain Best encountered the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese were defeated, this incident along with the trouble caused by the pirates to the merchant vessels, forced the British to maintain fleet near Surat, Gujarat. East India Company (HEIC) formed a naval arm, and the first squadron of fighting ships reached the Gujarat coast on 5 September 1612. Their objective was to protect British merchant shipping off the Gulf of Cambay and up the Narmada and Tapti rivers. As the HEIC continued to expand its rule and influence over different parts of India, the responsibility of Company's Marine increased too.[13]

Over time, the British predominantly operated from Bombay, and in 1686, the HEIC's naval arm was renamed the Bombay Marine. At times the Bombay Marine engaged Dutch, French, Maratha, and Sidi vessels. Much later, it was also involved in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824. In 1834, the Bombay Marine became Her Majesty's Indian Navy. The Navy saw action in the First Opium War of 1840 and in the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. Due to some unrecorded reasons, the Navy's name reverted to the Bombay Marine from 1863 to 1877, after which it was named Her Majesty's Indian Marine. At that time, the Marine operated in two divisions—the Eastern Division at Calcutta under the Superintendent of Bay of Bengal, and the Western Division at Bombay Superintendent of Arabian Sea.[13]

During the early stages of World War II, the tiny Royal Indian Navy consisted of five sloops, one survey vessel, one depot ship, one patrol vessel and numerous assorted small craft; personnel strength was at only 114 officers and 1,732 sailors.[14] The onset of war led to an expansion in numbers of vessels and personnel. By June 1940, the navy had doubled its number in terms of both personnel and material, and expanded nearly six times of its pre-war strength by 1942.[15] The navy was actively involved in operations during the war around the world and was heavily involved in operations around the Indian Ocean, including convoy escorts, mine-sweeping and supply, as well as supporting amphibious assaults.[13]

HMIS Bombay of Royal Indian Navy in Sydney Harbour during World War II

When hostilities ceased in August 1945, the Royal Indian Navy had expanded to a personnel strength of over 25,000 officers and sailors. Its fleet comprised seven sloops, four frigates, four corvettes, fourteen minesweepers, sixteen trawlers, two depot ships, thirty auxiliary vessels, one hundred and fifty landing craft, two hundred harbour craft and several offensive and defensive motor launches.[16] During World War II the Navy suffered two hundred and seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings killed in action, two ratings missing in action and a further 14 officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings wounded. [17] For their role in the war, the officers and ratings of the Navy received the following honours and decorations—a KBE (Mil.), a knighthood, a CB (Mil.), 10 CIEs, two DSOs, a CBE, 15 DSCs, an OBE, 28 DSMs, eight OBIs, two IOMs, 16 BEMs, 10 Indian Defence Service Medals, a Royal Humane Society Medal, 105 mentions in dispatches and 118 assorted commendations.[18] Immediately after the war, the navy underwent a rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel.

From the inception of India's naval force, some senior Indian politicians had voiced concerns about the degree of "Indianisation" of the Navy and its subordination to the Royal Navy in all important aspects.[19] On the eve of WWII, the RIN had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer.[20] Even by the war's end, the Navy remained a predominantly British-officered service; in 1945, no Indian officer held a rank above engineer commander and only a few Indian officers in the executive branch held substantive senior line officer rank.[21] This situation, coupled with inadequate levels of training and discipline, poor communication between officers and ratings, instances of racial discrimination and the ongoing trials of ex-Indian National Army personnel ignited the Royal Indian Navy mutiny by Indian ratings in 1946.[22] A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the strike, which spread over much of India.

Aircraft carriers

INS Viraat

Currently, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier. Two more are being built and will enter service by 2012 and 2015.

The carrier that the Indian Navy currently uses is called INS Viraat. INS Viraat was bought by India from the United Kingdom in 1986.[23]

References

  1. ↑ "India - Navy". www.globalsecurity.org.
  2. ↑ "Strength of Defence Forces". pib.gov.in. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  3. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2020-11-18). "Hit by budget crunch, Indian Navy now plans to buy 2 Landing Platform Docks instead of 4". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-11-27. [...] current strength of 150 ships and submarines.
  4. ↑ "FAQ | Department Of Defence". www.mod.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-11-27. Q 1. What are the current Force Levels of the Indian Navy? [...] Ans. The Indian Navy's present force level comprises about 150 ships and submarines. [...]
  5. ↑ Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9780275953102. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Kirchberger, Sarah (2015). Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications. Heidelberg: Springer. p. 60. ISBN 9783662471272. OCLC 911616881.
  7. ↑ "Interesting facts about India". India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  8. ↑ Sen 1999, p. 48.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 "Early History of the Indian Navy". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  10. ↑ "Ship Building & Navigation in Ancient India". Mystery of India. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  11. ↑ Findlay 2009, p. 67.
  12. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 45–46.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Genesis of Indian Navy". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  14. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 32–33.
  15. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 34.
  16. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 37.
  17. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 142–143.
  18. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 142.
  19. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 46–47.
  20. ↑ The Navy List for August 1939. HM Stationery Office. 1939. pp. 620–622.
  21. ↑ The Navy List for August 1939. HM Stationery Office. 1939. pp. 2098–2101.
  22. ↑ Singh 1986, pp. 105–110.
  23. ↑ Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.


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