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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name          = Valli
| image          = Valli film poster.jpg
| image          = Valli poster.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director      = [[K. Natraj]]
| director      = [[K. Natraj]]
| writer        = [[Rajinikanth]]
| writer        = [[Rajinikanth]]
| producer      = Rajinikanth
| producer      = [[Rajinikanth]]
| starring      = Rajinikanth<br>Hariraj<br>[[Priya Raman]]<br>[[Vadivelu]]<br>Dilip
| starring      = Rajinikanth<br />[[Priya Raman]]<br />[[Hariraj]]<br />Sanjay
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing        = Ganesh Kumar
| editing        = Ganesh Kumar
| music          = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| music          = [[Ilayaraja]]
| studio        = [[Rajini Arts]]
| studio        = Rajini Arts
| distributor    = Rajini Arts
| released      = {{film date|1993|8|20|df=y}}
| released      = 20 August 1993
| runtime        =  
| country        = India
| country        = India
| language      = Tamil
| language      = Tamil
}}
}}


'''''Valli''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Natraj]], written and produced by [[Rajinikanth]], who also stars in extended guest lead role. It stars Hariraj and [[Priya Raman]] as the main leads, with [[Vadivelu]] playing the comedian and newcomer Sanjay as the main antagonist. The film's music was scored by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Rajinikanth scripted the film, wrote the dialogues and appeared in an extended guest role. The movie was a box office disaster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rajinikanths-10-biggest-flops/20140528.htm|title=Rajinikanth's 10 Biggest FLOPS|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416100117/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rajinikanths-10-biggest-flops/20140528.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''''Valli''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Natraj]], written and produced by [[Rajinikanth]], who also stars in extended guest role. It stars [[Priya Raman]], [[Hariraj]] and newcomer Sanjay. The film's music was scored by [[Ilayaraja]]. Rajinikanth scripted the film, wrote the dialogues and appeared in an extended guest role.


==Plot==
== Plot ==
Valli ([[Priya Raman]]) returns to her village after studying for 15 years in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Her cousin (Hariraj) celebrates her arrival back to the village. He was in love with Valli since childhood days, but she has changed after she went to study in the city. She is no more in love with him. She falls in love with a city guy called Shekar (Sanjay), who comes to the village with his friends for hunting. Shekar has slept with Valli promising to marry her, but cheats her and he escapes to the city. It is then found out that he is the only son of the chief minister of the state. Later, after widespread protests, Shekar is brought back by Valli's cousin. Instead of marrying Shekar, she kills him for cheating her. She is put in jail for 10 years. Finally when she returns home, she finds her wedding hall ready with pomp and fun for her marriage with her cousin. Her marriage is arranged by Veeraiya Valliyappan ([[Rajinikanth]]) and Shiva ([[Vadivelu]]), who know her terrible past. She thanks them for wholeheartedly helping her.
{{more plot|date=October 2023}}
Valli returns to her village after studying for 15 years in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Her cousin Velu celebrates her arrival back to the village. He was in love with Valli since childhood days, but she changed after she went to study in the city. She is no more in love with him. She falls in love with a city man called Shekar, who comes to the village with his friends for hunting. Shekar has slept with Valli promising to marry her, but cheats her and he escapes to the city. It is then found out that he is the only son of the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] of the state. Later, after widespread protests, Shekar is brought back by Velu. Instead of marrying Shekar, she kills him for cheating her. She is put in jail for 10 years. Finally when she returns home, she finds her wedding hall ready with pomp and fun for her marriage with Velu. Her marriage is arranged by Veeraiyan and Shiva, who know her terrible past. She thanks them for wholeheartedly helping her.


==Cast==
== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Veeraiyan (Extended guest appearance)
* [[Priya Raman]] as Valli
* [[Priya Raman]] as Valli
* [[Hariraj]] as Velu
* Sanjay Bhargav as Shekar
* [[Vadivelu]] as Shiva
* [[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|R. Dilip]]
* [[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|R. Dilip]]
* [[Vadivelu]] as Shiva
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as a wrestler<ref name="Valli" />
* Hariraj as Velu
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as the wrestling champion<ref name="Valli" />
* Sanjay as Shekar
*[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Shekar's father
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
* Raj Bahadur (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. J. |date=13 June 2007 |title=Meet the bus driver Rajni worked with |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/13ssraj.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106150541/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/13ssraj.htm |archive-date=6 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]]
}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Valliyappan Veeraiya (Extended cameo appearance)


==Production==
== Production ==
K. Natraj, Rajinikanth's friend from university, who earlier directed ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'', was approached by Rajinikanth to take part as an assistant director in ''[[Annamalai (film)|Annamalai]]'', to which Natraj gladly accepted. Then Rajinikanth approached his friends and announced that he would like to make a film for them. The script of "Valli" was written by Rajinikanth himself. Rajinikanth revealed that the first thing came to his mind while scripting the film was the climax. He imagined that the girl should kill the boy who destroyed her life, as opposed to the typical cliche of Tamil films where the rape victim is made to marry the rapist, he also revealed that he had finished writing the screenplay within 7 days.<ref name = "Rajini">{{Cite web |url=http://rajinifans.com/interview/vikatan1993.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229150725/http://rajinifans.com/interview/vikatan1993.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Priyaraman made her debut as heroine, while Hariraj and Sanjay were introduced in this film. Rajinikanth was not interested to appear in a cameo appearance, but with insistence of his friends, he accepted to do the small role and finished his portions within five days.<ref name = "Valli"/>


Shooting began in April 1993 and ended around June-July that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Dec31_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0050.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626164048/http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Dec31_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marked the acting debut of magician [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as actor. The filming was held at Chalakudy, Pollachi and Red Hills. [[Hari (director)|Hari]], director of ''[[Saamy]]'' and ''[[Singam]]'' was one of the assistants in this film.<ref name = "Valli">{{Cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028112843/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Development ===
[[K. Natraj]], [[Rajinikanth]]'s friend from university, who earlier directed ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'', was approached by Rajinikanth to take part as an assistant director in ''[[Annaamalai]]'', to which Natraj gladly accepted. Then Rajinikanth approached his friends and announced that he would like to make a film for them. The script of ''Valli'' was written by Rajinikanth himself. Rajinikanth revealed that the first thing came to his mind while scripting the film was the climax. He imagined that the girl should kill the boy who destroyed her life, as opposed to the typical cliche of Tamil films where the rape victim is made to marry the rapist, he also revealed that he had completed writing the screenplay within seven days.<ref name="vikatan1993">{{Cite magazine |date=12 September 1993 |title=புரட்சிதான் ஒரே வழி! |url=http://rajinifans.com/interview/vikatan1993.php |url-status=live |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229150725/http://rajinifans.com/interview/vikatan1993.php |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |via=Rajinifans.com}}</ref>


==Soundtrack==
=== Casting and filming ===
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The song "Ennulle Ennulle" remains one of the popular songs from this film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valli |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Valli-2017/IIbX,F20i00_ |website=Saavn |access-date=22 October 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232834/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Valli-2017/IIbX,F20i00_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Priya Raman]] made her debut as heroine, while [[Hariraj]] and Sanjay were introduced in this film. Rajinikanth was not interested in making a cameo appearance, but with insistence of his friends, he accepted and finished his portions within five days.<ref name="Valli" /> [[Principal photography]] began in April 1993 and ended around June-July that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2015 |title=சூப்பர்ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு |language=ta |pages=50 |work=Canada Uthayan |url=http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Dec31_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0050.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626164048/http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Dec31_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0050.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> The film marked the acting debut of magician [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as actor. [[K. R. Vatsala]] was offered the role of Raman's mother in the film, but she decided to give the role to her friend after she too was interested in the role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/thirumathi-selvam-serial-fame-actress-k-r-vatsala-talks-about-her-personal-life|title=`இந்தம்மா நினைச்சா வருவாங்க... நினைச்சா போவாங்கன்னு பேசினாங்க!' - கே ஆர் வத்சலா நேர்காணல்|language=ta|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|first=வெ.வித்யா|last=காயத்ரி|date=25 June 2023|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> The filming was held at Chalakudy, Pollachi and Red Hills. [[Hari (director)|Hari]] was one of the assistant directors in the film.<ref name="Valli">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=நண்பர்களுக்கு உதவ ரஜினி எடுத்த படம் வள்ளி: பிரியாராமன் அறிமுகம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028112843/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/07231703/valli-movie-rajini-get-to-help.html |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=4 January 2014 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>


{{Infobox album
== Soundtrack ==
| name      = Valli
The music was composed by [[Ilayaraja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2017 |title=Valli |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/valli/IIbX,F20i00_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053000/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/valli/IIbX,F20i00_ |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Ennulle Ennulle" remains one of the popular songs from this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Arun |date=29 November 2022 |title="வள்ளி" படத்துக்கு மியூசிக் போட்டது கார்த்திக் ராஜாவா? இளையராஜாவா? குழப்பத்தை தீர்த்து வைத்த பிரபல தயாரிப்பாளர்… |url=https://cinereporters.com/valli-music-director-karthik-raja-or-ilaiyaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320134928/https://cinereporters.com/valli-music-director-karthik-raja-or-ilaiyaraaja/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref>
| type      = [[soundtrack]]
| artist    = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover      =
| alt        =
| released  = 1993
| recorded  = 1993
| venue      =
| studio    =
| genre      = [[Film Soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length    = 27:14
| label      = [[AVM Productions|AVM Audio]]<br>[[Aditya Music]]
}}


{{tracklist
{{Track listing
| headline       = Track list
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column   = Singer(s)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length   = 27:14
| total_length = 27:14
| title1         = Ding Dong
| title1 = Ding Dong
| lyrics1         = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1         = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| length1         = 5:03
| length1 = 5:03
| title2         = Enna Enna Kanavu
| title2 = Enna Enna Kanavu
| lyrics2         = Vaali
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2         = [[Ilaiyaraja]]
| extra2 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length2         = 5:05
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Ennulle Ennulle
| title3 = Ennulle Ennulle
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| extra3 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 6:54
| length3 = 6:54
| title4 = Ku Ku Koo
| title4 = Ku Ku Koo
| lyrics4 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra4 = Latha Rajinikanth
| extra4 = Latha Rajinikanth
| length4 = 5:09
| length4 = 5:09
| title5 = Santhanam Javathu...Valli Vara
| title5 = Santhanam Javathu...Valli Vara
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. N. Surendar]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. N. Surendar]]
| length5 = 5:03
| length5 = 5:03
}}
}}


==Reception==
== Reception ==
''The Indian Express'' wrote "The story has shades of ''16 Vayathinile'' but has a freshness in its neatly etched screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930827&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120230310/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930827&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The story has shades of ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' but has a freshness in its neatly etched screenplay".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 August 1993 |title=Rajni arrives with a bang |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A4JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=840%2C608126 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517064735/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A4JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=840%2C608126 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |page=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The profits of ''Valli'' were shared by Rajinikanth's friends including director Ravindranath and Kannada film actor [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]], who received 10 lakh rupees each.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 1998 |title=Rajnikanth does more than flex his muscles |url=http://cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/17629A30B23F926165256940004C8A8B?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014050854/http://cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/17629A30B23F926165256940004C8A8B?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><!-- https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-09-12/page/n65/mode/2up -->


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0140671|title=Valli (1993)}}
* {{IMDb title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Valli (Film)}}
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Natraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:1990s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=February 2024}}

Latest revision as of 10:26, 3 March 2026

Valli
Theatrical release poster
Directed byK. Natraj
Produced byRajinikanth
Written byRajinikanth
StarringRajinikanth
Priya Raman
Hariraj
Sanjay
Music byIlayaraja
CinematographyAjayan Vincent
Edited byGanesh Kumar
Production
company
Rajini Arts
Release date
  • 20 August 1993 (1993-08-20)
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Valli is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Natraj, written and produced by Rajinikanth, who also stars in extended guest role. It stars Priya Raman, Hariraj and newcomer Sanjay. The film's music was scored by Ilayaraja. Rajinikanth scripted the film, wrote the dialogues and appeared in an extended guest role.

Plot[edit | edit source]

Valli returns to her village after studying for 15 years in Madras. Her cousin Velu celebrates her arrival back to the village. He was in love with Valli since childhood days, but she changed after she went to study in the city. She is no more in love with him. She falls in love with a city man called Shekar, who comes to the village with his friends for hunting. Shekar has slept with Valli promising to marry her, but cheats her and he escapes to the city. It is then found out that he is the only son of the chief minister of the state. Later, after widespread protests, Shekar is brought back by Velu. Instead of marrying Shekar, she kills him for cheating her. She is put in jail for 10 years. Finally when she returns home, she finds her wedding hall ready with pomp and fun for her marriage with Velu. Her marriage is arranged by Veeraiyan and Shiva, who know her terrible past. She thanks them for wholeheartedly helping her.

Cast[edit | edit source]

Production[edit | edit source]

Development[edit | edit source]

K. Natraj, Rajinikanth's friend from university, who earlier directed Anbulla Rajinikanth, was approached by Rajinikanth to take part as an assistant director in Annaamalai, to which Natraj gladly accepted. Then Rajinikanth approached his friends and announced that he would like to make a film for them. The script of Valli was written by Rajinikanth himself. Rajinikanth revealed that the first thing came to his mind while scripting the film was the climax. He imagined that the girl should kill the boy who destroyed her life, as opposed to the typical cliche of Tamil films where the rape victim is made to marry the rapist, he also revealed that he had completed writing the screenplay within seven days.[3]

Casting and filming[edit | edit source]

Priya Raman made her debut as heroine, while Hariraj and Sanjay were introduced in this film. Rajinikanth was not interested in making a cameo appearance, but with insistence of his friends, he accepted and finished his portions within five days.[1] Principal photography began in April 1993 and ended around June-July that year.[4] The film marked the acting debut of magician Alex as actor. K. R. Vatsala was offered the role of Raman's mother in the film, but she decided to give the role to her friend after she too was interested in the role.[5] The filming was held at Chalakudy, Pollachi and Red Hills. Hari was one of the assistant directors in the film.[1]

Soundtrack[edit | edit source]

The music was composed by Ilayaraja.[6] The song "Ennulle Ennulle" remains one of the popular songs from this film.[7]

Track listing
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Ding Dong"VaaliMano, Latha Rajinikanth5:03
2."Enna Enna Kanavu"VaaliIlaiyaraaja5:05
3."Ennulle Ennulle"VaaliSwarnalatha6:54
4."Ku Ku Koo"PulamaipithanLatha Rajinikanth5:09
5."Santhanam Javathu...Valli Vara"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. N. Surendar5:03
Total length:27:14

Reception[edit | edit source]

Malini Mannath of The Indian Express wrote, "The story has shades of 16 Vayathinile but has a freshness in its neatly etched screenplay".[8] The profits of Valli were shared by Rajinikanth's friends including director Ravindranath and Kannada film actor Ashok, who received 10 lakh rupees each.[9]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "நண்பர்களுக்கு உதவ ரஜினி எடுத்த படம் வள்ளி: பிரியாராமன் அறிமுகம்". Maalai Malar (in தமிழ்). 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  2. Vijayasarathy, R. J. (13 June 2007). "Meet the bus driver Rajni worked with". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  3. "புரட்சிதான் ஒரே வழி!". Ananda Vikatan (in தமிழ்). 12 September 1993. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014 – via Rajinifans.com.
  4. "சூப்பர்ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு" (PDF). Canada Uthayan (in தமிழ்). 31 December 2015. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  5. காயத்ரி, வெ.வித்யா (25 June 2023). "`இந்தம்மா நினைச்சா வருவாங்க... நினைச்சா போவாங்கன்னு பேசினாங்க!' - கே ஆர் வத்சலா நேர்காணல்". Ananda Vikatan (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  6. "Valli". JioSaavn. 7 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  7. Prasad, Arun (29 November 2022). ""வள்ளி" படத்துக்கு மியூசிக் போட்டது கார்த்திக் ராஜாவா? இளையராஜாவா? குழப்பத்தை தீர்த்து வைத்த பிரபல தயாரிப்பாளர்…". CineReporters (in தமிழ்). Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  8. Mannath, Malini (27 August 1993). "Rajni arrives with a bang". The Indian Express. p. 6. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2023 – via Google News Archive.
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