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{{Short description|King of Portugal | {{Short description|King of Portugal from 1640 to 1656}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = John IV | | name = John IV | ||
| image = Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c. 1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png | | image = Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c. 1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| caption = Portrait | | caption = Portrait, {{circa|1628}} | ||
| succession = [[King of Portugal]] | | succession = [[King of Portugal]] | ||
| moretext = ([[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|more...]]) | | moretext = ([[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|more...]]) | ||
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1656|11|6|1604|03|19|df=y}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1656|11|6|1604|03|19|df=y}} | ||
| death_place = [[Ribeira Palace]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal | | death_place = [[Ribeira Palace]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal | ||
| burial_date = | | burial_date = | ||
| burial_place = [[Pantheon of the House of Braganza|Pantheon of the Braganzas]] | | burial_place = [[Pantheon of the House of Braganza|Pantheon of the Braganzas]] | ||
| spouse = [[Luisa de Guzmán]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1633) | | spouse = [[Luisa de Guzmán]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1633) | ||
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| father = [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza]] | | father = [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza]] | ||
| mother = [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]] | | mother = [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]] | ||
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] | | religion = [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholicism]] | ||
| signature = Assinatura D. João IV.svg | | signature = Assinatura D. João IV.svg | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''John IV''' ({{lang | ''[[Dom (honorific)|Dom]]'' '''John IV''' ({{lang|pt|João|italic = no}};<ref>Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese</ref><ref>{{IPA|pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w|pron}}</ref> 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), also known by the Portuguese as '''John the Restorer''' ({{lang|pt|João, o Restaurador}}), was the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] from 1640 until his death in 1656. He [[Portuguese Restoration War|restored the independence of Portugal]] from [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg Spanish]] rule<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> by terminating the 60-year-old [[Iberian Union]] in which Portugal and Spain [[personal union|shared the same monarch]], and by establishing the [[House of Braganza]] on the Portuguese throne. | ||
Before becoming king, he was '''John II''', 8th [[Duke of Braganza]]. He was the grandson of [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal#History|display=Portugal § History|volume=22|page=148|first=Kingsley Garland|last=Jayne}}</ref> a claimant to the crown during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]. On the eve of his death in 1656, the [[Portuguese Empire]] was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.<ref name="Brading1993">{{cite book|author=[[David Brading|D.A. Brading]]|title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdyHIKrqJYC&pg=PA213|date= 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44796-6|page=213}}</ref> | Before becoming king, he was '''John II''', the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]]. He was the grandson of [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal#History|display=Portugal § History|volume=22|page=148|first=Kingsley Garland|last=Jayne}}</ref> a claimant to the crown during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]. On the eve of his death in 1656, the [[Portuguese Empire]] was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.<ref name="Brading1993">{{cite book|author=[[David Brading|D.A. Brading]]|title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdyHIKrqJYC&pg=PA213|date= 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44796-6|page=213}}</ref> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
[[File:Pedro Américo - Retrato de Dom João IV, infante, duque de Bragança.jpg|thumb|140px|left| | [[File:Pedro Américo - Retrato de Dom João IV, infante, duque de Bragança.jpg|thumb|140px|left|John as an infant; [[Pedro Américo]], 1879.]] | ||
John IV was born at [[Vila Viçosa]] and succeeded his father [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]] as [[Duke of Braganza]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Dyer|first=Thomas Henry|title=1593–1721|year=1877|page=340|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref> when the latter died insane in 1630. He married [[Luisa de Guzmán]] (1613–66), eldest daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia]], in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair | John IV was born at [[Vila Viçosa]] and succeeded his father [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]] as [[Duke of Braganza]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Dyer|first=Thomas Henry|title=1593–1721|year=1877|page=340|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref> when the latter died insane in 1630. He married [[Luisa de Guzmán]] (1613–66), the eldest daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia]], in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height.{{sfn |Sousa 1741, Vol VII|p= 238}} | ||
== Reign == | == Reign == | ||
=== Accession === | === Accession === | ||
[[File: | [[File:JoaoIV Google Arts Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|John as king of Portugal by [[José de Avelar Rebelo]], {{circa|1640s}}.]] | ||
[[ | When [[Philip II of Portugal]] (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]] (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power. | ||
This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the ''[[bourgeoisie]]'',<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of [[Philip II of Spain]] to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the [[Forty Conspirators]], who killed the [[Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)|Secretary of State]], [[Miguel de Vasconcelos]], and imprisoned the king's cousin, [[Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal|Margaret of Savoy]], the [[Vicereine]] of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip III's troops were at the time fighting the [[Thirty Years' War]] and also dealing with a [[Reapers' War|revolution in Catalonia]], which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion. | |||
Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]], was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> (as the legend goes, with the persuasion of [[Luisa de Guzman|his wife]]), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Frances Gardiner|title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648|year=2004|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=978-1584774228|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&q=john+iv+King+philip+iv&pg=PA324}}</ref> The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income. | |||
Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]], was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> (as legend goes, with the persuasion of [[Luisa de Guzman|his wife]]) claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Frances Gardiner|title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648|year=2004|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=978-1584774228|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&q=john+iv+King+philip+iv&pg=PA324}}</ref> The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income. | |||
=== Restoration War === | === Restoration War === | ||
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring [[Spain]], a conflict known as the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=John IV. of Portugal|volume=15|page=444}}</ref> Portugal signed lengthy alliances with [[France]] (1 June 1641) and [[Sweden]] (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the [[Thirty Years' War]] were in the field against Spain and against [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] encroachments on the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]]. | {{main|Portuguese Restoration War}} | ||
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring [[Spain]], a conflict known as the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=John IV. of Portugal|display=John IV.|volume=15|page=444}}</ref> Portugal signed lengthy alliances with [[France]] (1 June 1641) and [[Sweden]] (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the [[Thirty Years' War]] were in the field against Spain and against [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] encroachments on the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]]. | |||
The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the [[Thirty Years' War]] until 1648 and the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at [[Battle of Montijo|Montijo]], near [[Badajoz]], in 1644. | The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the [[Thirty Years' War]] until 1648 and the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at [[Battle of Montijo|Montijo]], near [[Badajoz]], in 1644. | ||
=== Imperial Recovery === | === Imperial Recovery === | ||
Abroad, the Dutch took [[Portuguese Malacca]] (January 1641), and the [[List of rulers of Oman#List of imams (1406–1749)|Imam of Oman]] captured [[Muscat]] (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil and Africa, managed to [[Recapture of Angola|retake Luanda]], in [[Portuguese Angola]], from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered [[Dutch Brazil|northern Brazil]], which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (present day [[Sri Lanka]]) to the Dutch, who took [[Colombo]] in 1656. | Abroad, the Dutch took [[Portuguese Malacca]] (January 1641), and the [[List of rulers of Oman#List of imams (1406–1749)|Imam of Oman]] captured [[Muscat]] (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to [[Recapture of Angola|retake Luanda]], in [[Portuguese Angola]], from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered [[Dutch Brazil|northern Brazil]], which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (present day [[Sri Lanka]]) to the Dutch, who took [[Colombo]] in 1656. | ||
==Death and legacy== | ==Death and legacy== | ||
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]. His daughter, [[Catherine of Braganza]], married King [[Charles II of England]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English. | King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]. His daughter, [[Catherine of Braganza]], married King [[Charles II of England]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English. | ||
John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake of 1755]]. Among his writings | John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake of 1755]]. Among his writings are a defence of [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], and a ''Defence of Modern Music'' (Lisbon, 1649).<ref>{{cite book |last= John IV |first= King of Portugal |author-link= John IV of Portugal |editor-last= Ribeiro |editor-first= Mário de Sampayo |year= 1965 |orig-year= 1649 |title= Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco |language= Spanish |trans-title= Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop [[Bernardino Cirillo|Cyrilo Franco]] |edition= reprint |series= Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis |publisher= [[University of Coimbra]] |location= [[Portugal]] |isbn= 9789726160564 |oclc= 258290532 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQLAAAAMAAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-TN0Vf9GwSMC 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book']</ref> One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the ''[[Crux fidelis]]'', a work that remains highly popular during [[Holy Week]] amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in [[France]]. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.<ref>Grove Dictionary of Music: ''Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)''</ref> | ||
In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the [[Patronages of the Immaculate Conception|Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza]]. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."<ref>Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", ''The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art'', Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.</ref> Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on ''Revelation XII:1''.<ref>Anna Jameson, ''Legends of the Madonna'', Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.</ref> | In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the [[Patronages of the Immaculate Conception|Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza]]. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."<ref>Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", ''The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art'', Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.</ref> Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on ''Revelation XII:1''.<ref>Anna Jameson, ''Legends of the Madonna'', Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.</ref> | ||
==Marriages and descendants== | ==Marriages and descendants== | ||
John married [[Luisa de Guzmán]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourn|first=Thomas|title=A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc.|year=1815|page=413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrdCAAAAcAAJ&q=john+iv+of+portugal+married+louisa&pg=PA413}}</ref> daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán]], 8th [[Duke of Medina-Sidonia]]. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered [[infante]]s or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal. | John married [[Luisa de Guzmán]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourn|first=Thomas|title=A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc.|year=1815|page=413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrdCAAAAcAAJ&q=john+iv+of+portugal+married+louisa&pg=PA413}}</ref> daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán]], 8th [[Duke of Medina-Sidonia]]. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king, they are not considered [[infante]]s or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 70: | Line 69: | ||
|colspan=4|'''By [[Luisa de Guzmán]]''' (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633) | |colspan=4|'''By [[Luisa de Guzmán]]''' (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil|Infante Teodósio]]|| 8 February 1634|| 13 May 1653||[[Prince of Brazil]] and 9th [[Duke of Braganza]]. Died | |[[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil|Infante Teodósio]]|| 8 February 1634 || 13 May 1653 || [[Prince of Brazil]] and 9th [[Duke of Braganza]]. Died at the age of 19. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635|| 21 January 1635|| | |Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635 || 21 January 1635 || Stillborn. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Joana, Princess of Beira|Infanta Joana]] (Joan)|| 18 September 1635|| 17 November 1653|| | |[[Joana, Princess of Beira|Infanta Joana]] (Joan) || 18 September 1635 || 17 November 1653 || Died at the age of 18. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Catherine of Braganza|Infanta Catherine]] (Catarina)|| 25 November 1638|| 31 December 1705||Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. [[Queen consort]] through marriage to [[Charles II of England]]. | |[[Catherine of Braganza|Infanta Catherine]] (Catarina) || 25 November 1638 || 31 December 1705 || Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. [[Queen consort]] through marriage to [[Charles II of England]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Manuel de Bragança|| 6 September 1640|| 6 September 1640|| | |Manuel de Bragança || 6 September 1640 || 6 September 1640 || Stillborn. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Infante Afonso]]|| 21 August 1643|| 12 September 1683||Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, [[King of Portugal]]. | |[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Infante Afonso]]|| 21 August 1643 || 12 September 1683 || Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, [[King of Portugal]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Peter II of Portugal|Infante Peter]] (Pedro)|| 26 April 1648|| 9 December 1706||Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the [[Casa do Infantado]] and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, [[King of Portugal]]. | | [[Peter II of Portugal|Infante Peter]] (Pedro) || 26 April 1648 || 9 December 1706 || Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the [[Casa do Infantado]] and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, [[King of Portugal]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=4|'''Illegitimate offspring''' | |colspan=4|'''Illegitimate offspring''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Maria de Bragança]]|| 30 April 1644|| 7 February 1693||Natural daughter. | |[[Maria de Bragança]] || 30 April 1644 || 7 February 1693 || Natural daughter. | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; | |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; | ||
|1= 1. '''John IV of Portugal''' | |1= 1. '''John IV of Portugal''' | ||
|2= 2. [[Teodósio | |2= 2. [[Teodósio, 7th Duke of Braganza]] | ||
|3= 3. [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]] | |3= 3. [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]] | ||
|4= 4. [[João | |4= 4. [[João, 6th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |title=The story of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |access-date=11 July 2018 |year=1903 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |pages=125, 279, 303|isbn=9780722224731 }}</ref> | ||
|5= 5. [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza| | |5= 5. [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|Catherine of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | ||
|6= 6. [[Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías|Juan, 5th Duke of Frías]] | |6= 6. [[Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías|Juan, 5th Duke of Frías]] | ||
|7= 7. [[María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán]] | |7= 7. [[María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán]] | ||
|8= 8. [[Teodósio | |8= 8. [[Teodósio, 5th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | ||
|9= 9. [[Isabel | |9= 9. [[Isabel of Lencastre]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | ||
|10= 10. [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)| | |10= 10. [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Edward, Duke of Guimarães]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | ||
|11= 11. [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | |11= 11. [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/> | ||
|12= 12. [[Íñigo Fernández de Velasco y Girón, 4th Duke of Frías|Íñigo, 4th Duke of Frías]] | |12= 12. [[Íñigo Fernández de Velasco y Girón, 4th Duke of Frías|Íñigo, 4th Duke of Frías]] | ||
| Line 121: | Line 120: | ||
| last = Sousa | | last = Sousa | ||
| first = António Caetano de | | first = António Caetano de | ||
| year = | | year = | ||
| language = Portuguese | | language = Portuguese | ||
| title = História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa | | title = História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa | ||
| Line 127: | Line 126: | ||
| publisher = Silviana | | publisher = Silviana | ||
| location = Lisbon | | location = Lisbon | ||
| isbn = | | isbn = | ||
| ref = {{sfnRef|Sousa 1741, Vol VII}} | | ref = {{sfnRef|Sousa 1741, Vol VII}} | ||
}}{{ISBN?}} | }}{{ISBN?}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{commons category|John IV of Portugal}} | |||
* {{ChoralWiki|John IV of Portugal}} | * {{ChoralWiki|John IV of Portugal}} | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEU3VXiAqY ''Crux fidelis''] Recording of John IV's best-known choral work | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEU3VXiAqY ''Crux fidelis''] Recording of John IV's best-known choral work | ||
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{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarves]]}}|years=1640–1656}} | {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarves]]}}|years=1640–1656}} | ||
{{s-aft|after=[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]}} | ||
{{s-reg|pt}} | |||
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]]}} | |||
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Barcelos]]|years=1630–1640}} | |||
{{S-non|reason=Merged with the Crown}} | |||
{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
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[[Category:1604 births]] | [[Category:1604 births]] | ||
[[Category:1656 deaths]] | [[Category:1656 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century classical composers]] | [[Category:17th-century Portuguese classical composers]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs]] | [[Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]] | [[Category:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]] | ||
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[[Category:Portuguese monarchs]] | [[Category:Portuguese monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]] | [[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Rebel princes]] | ||
[[Category:Royal reburials]] | [[Category:Royal reburials]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:52, 2 February 2026
| John IV | |
|---|---|
.png) Portrait, c. 1628 | |
| King of Portugal (more...) | |
| Reign | 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656 |
| Coronation | 15 December 1640 |
| Predecessor | Philip III |
| Successor | Afonso VI |
| Born | 19 March 1604 Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, Vila Viçosa, Portugal |
| Died | 6 November 1656 (aged 52) Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Luisa de Guzmán (m. 1633) |
| Issue Detail | Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Joana, Princess of Beira Catherine, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland Afonso VI, King of Portugal Peter II, King of Portugal |
| House | Braganza[1] |
| Father | Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza |
| Mother | Ana de Velasco y Girón |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Signature |  |
Dom John IV (João;[2][3] 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), also known by the Portuguese as John the Restorer (João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal from 1640 until his death in 1656. He restored the independence of Portugal from Habsburg Spanish rule[1] by terminating the 60-year-old Iberian Union in which Portugal and Spain shared the same monarch, and by establishing the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne.
Before becoming king, he was John II, the 8th Duke of Braganza. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza,[4] a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.[5]
Early life[edit | edit source]
John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza[6] when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzmán (1613–66), the eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height.[7]
Reign[edit | edit source]
Accession[edit | edit source]
When Philip II of Portugal (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son Philip III (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.
This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the bourgeoisie,[1] executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, who killed the Secretary of State, Miguel de Vasconcelos, and imprisoned the king's cousin, Margaret of Savoy, the Vicereine of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip III's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also dealing with a revolution in Catalonia, which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.
Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal[1] (as the legend goes, with the persuasion of his wife), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.[8] The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.
Restoration War[edit | edit source]
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain, a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).[9] Portugal signed lengthy alliances with France (1 June 1641) and Sweden (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies.
The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo, near Badajoz, in 1644.
Imperial Recovery[edit | edit source]
Abroad, the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca (January 1641), and the Imam of Oman captured Muscat (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to retake Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered northern Brazil, which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka) to the Dutch, who took Colombo in 1656.
Death and legacy[edit | edit source]
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI. His daughter, Catherine of Braganza, married King Charles II of England.[4] Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.
John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Among his writings are a defence of Palestrina, and a Defence of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649).[10] One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Holy Week amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in France. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.[11]
In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."[12] Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on Revelation XII:1.[13]
Marriages and descendants[edit | edit source]
John married Luisa de Guzmán,[14] daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king, they are not considered infantes or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Luisa de Guzmán (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633) | |||
| Infante Teodósio | 8 February 1634 | 13 May 1653 | Prince of Brazil and 9th Duke of Braganza. Died at the age of 19. |
| Ana de Bragança | 21 January 1635 | 21 January 1635 | Stillborn. |
| Infanta Joana (Joan) | 18 September 1635 | 17 November 1653 | Died at the age of 18. |
| Infanta Catherine (Catarina) | 25 November 1638 | 31 December 1705 | Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. Queen consort through marriage to Charles II of England. |
| Manuel de Bragança | 6 September 1640 | 6 September 1640 | Stillborn. |
| Infante Afonso | 21 August 1643 | 12 September 1683 | Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, King of Portugal. |
| Infante Peter (Pedro) | 26 April 1648 | 9 December 1706 | Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the Casa do Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, King of Portugal. |
| Illegitimate offspring | |||
| Maria de Bragança | 30 April 1644 | 7 February 1693 | Natural daughter. |
Ancestry[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Torgal, Luís Reis (1981). "A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política". Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração (in português). Vol. I. Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. pp. 69–85. hdl:10316/665. ISBN 9789726160823.
- ↑ Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese
- ↑ pt
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
- ↑ D.A. Brading (1993). The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-44796-6.
- ↑ Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877). 1593–1721. p. 340.
- ↑ Sousa 1741, Vol VII, p. 238.
- ↑ Davenport, Frances Gardiner (2004). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 324. ISBN 978-1584774228.
- ↑
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John IV.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444.
- ↑ John IV, King of Portugal (1965) [1649]. Ribeiro, Mário de Sampayo (ed.). Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco [Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop Cyrilo Franco]. Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis (in Spanish) (reprint ed.). Portugal: University of Coimbra. ISBN 9789726160564. OCLC 258290532.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book' - ↑ Grove Dictionary of Music: Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)
- ↑ Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.
- ↑ Anna Jameson, Legends of the Madonna, Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.
- ↑ Bourn, Thomas (1815). A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc. p. 413.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 125, 279, 303. ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Sousa, António Caetano de. História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa (in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Silviana.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)[ISBN missing]
External links[edit | edit source]
- Template:ChoralWiki
- Crux fidelis Recording of John IV's best-known choral work
John IV of Portugal Cadet branch of the House of Aviz Born: 19 March 1604 Died: 6 November 1656
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Philip III |
King of Portugal and the Algarves 1640–1656 |
Succeeded by Afonso VI |
| Portuguese nobility | ||
| Preceded by Teodósio II |
Duke of Barcelos 1630–1640 |
Merged with the Crown |
Template:Monarchs of Portugal Template:Dukes of Braganza Template:House of Braganza