->TrangaBellam m WP:DE |
EloyNoble34 (talk | contribs) formatting fix |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ | {{Short description|Politician (1884 - 1958)}} | ||
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2023}} | |||
{{ | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023 }} | ||
}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | |||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
|name = Mohammad Ismail Khan | |name = Mohammad Ismail Khan | ||
| Line 26: | Line 24: | ||
|office10 = President of the Unity Board | |office10 = President of the Unity Board | ||
|otherparty = [[Central Legislative Assembly]], [[Indian Constituent Assembly]], [[Indian National Congress]] | |otherparty = [[Central Legislative Assembly]], [[Indian Constituent Assembly]], [[Indian National Congress]] | ||
|birth_date = {{birth date|1884|08|}} | |birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1884|08|}} | ||
|birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]] | |birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]] | ||
|death_date = {{death date|1958|06|28|1884|08}} | |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1958|06|28|1884|08}} | ||
|death_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India | |death_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India | ||
|alma_mater = [[Inns of Court School of Law]] | |alma_mater = [[Inns of Court School of Law]] | ||
| Line 36: | Line 34: | ||
|signature = Nawab Ismail Khan's signature seal.jpg | |signature = Nawab Ismail Khan's signature seal.jpg | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Nawab]] '''Mohammad Ismail Khan''' ( | [[Nawab]] '''Mohammad Ismail Khan''' (August 1884 – 28 June 1958) was an eminent Muslim politician and a leading activist of the [[All-India Muslim League]], who stood in the forefront of the [[Khilafat Movement]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] due to the roles that he fulfilled for the cause of it. His position was described as only second to that of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name=IC/> | ||
This is also evident through the letters that were actively exchanged between the leaders. After the creation of [[Pakistan]], he decisively chose to remain in India to serve the interests of underprivileged in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name=IC/> | |||
'How can I leave my brethren here behind me?' –- he is reported to have told one of his close associates and admirers, Mr. Hassan Riaz, former editor, Manshoor, Delhi. | 'How can I leave my brethren here behind me?' –- he is reported to have told one of his close associates and admirers, Mr. Hassan Riaz, former editor, Manshoor, Delhi. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
[[File:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan.]] | [[File:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan.]] | ||
Mohammad Ismail Khan was born in August 1884 in [[Meerut]], a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. He was born to Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan of Jehangirabad and was the grandson of the Urdu and Persian poet, [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta]] (sometimes spelled as 'Shaifta') –- 'Shaifta/Shefta' being his Urdu pen-name. Upon completing his early schooling in India, he proceeded to England, at the age of twelve to continue his studies as a full-time boarder at [[Tonbridge School]] in Tonbridge, Kent. He went on from there to attain his undergraduate credentials from [[St John's College, Cambridge]] to thereafter become a [[ | Mohammad Ismail Khan was born in August 1884 in [[Meerut]], a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref name=IC>[https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2820427 Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile] Indian Culture, Government of India website, Retrieved 29 August 2023</ref> He was born to Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan of Jehangirabad and was the grandson of the Urdu and Persian poet, [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta]] (sometimes spelled as 'Shaifta') –- 'Shaifta/Shefta' being his Urdu pen-name. Upon completing his early schooling in India, he proceeded to England, at the age of twelve to continue his studies as a full-time boarder at [[Tonbridge School]] in Tonbridge, Kent. He went on from there to attain his undergraduate credentials from [[St John's College, Cambridge]] to thereafter become a [[barrister]] of the [[Honourable Society of the Inner Temple]] ([[Inns of Court School of Law]]).<ref name=IC/> | ||
In those days travel to the Great Britain was by ship from Bombay and around the Cape of Good Hope, consuming in excess of a month to reach. He returned to India at the age of 24 in 1908 and opted for a career in law. His father, as a career [[Civil Services of India|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) (Indian Civil Servant) officer, had become a Judge in [[Allahabad]] and was a founding member of the Muslim League; in addition to being a close friend of [[Motilal Nehru|Pundit Motilal Nehru's]]. On this job as District and Session Judge, he was greatly impressed by the eminence of [[Motilal Nehru|Pundit Motilal Nehru]] as a lawyer. When M. Ismail Khan returned from England in 1906, after becoming a barrister at law, his father Nawab M. Ishak Khan arranged for him to commence his legal practice as assistant lawyer to [[Motilal Nehru|Pundit Motilal Nehru]] -– who prevailed upon Nawab M. Ishak Khan to permit his son to stay with him as his guest. Hence, M. Ismail Khan was sent to live with the [[Nehru-Gandhi family|Nehru]] family in [[Anand Bhavan|Anand Bhawan]] for a few years. Whilst practicing law in [[India]], he befriended [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], with whom he entered politics.<ref name=IC/> | |||
==Political career== | ==Political career== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 52: | ||
It was about the same time—December 1906—that the Muslim League came into being through the efforts of Nawab Vaqarul Mulk and [[Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah]] at a meeting in [[Dacca]]—which was attended by some of the leading Muslim leaders from all over the Subcontinent. Limited as the aim of the organisation was then, it included the advancement of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and prevention of the rise amongst themselves of any feeling of animosity towards other communities. | It was about the same time—December 1906—that the Muslim League came into being through the efforts of Nawab Vaqarul Mulk and [[Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah]] at a meeting in [[Dacca]]—which was attended by some of the leading Muslim leaders from all over the Subcontinent. Limited as the aim of the organisation was then, it included the advancement of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and prevention of the rise amongst themselves of any feeling of animosity towards other communities. | ||
Nawab M. Ismail Khan actively associated himself with the [[All India Muslim League]] and became a member of its Working Committee in 1910 –- a position which he held for more than four decades. Nawab M. Ismail Khan would also contest and win the election to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], therefore having presided over the [[All India Khilafat Committee]]. He was a member of the foundation committee of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], but was opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]]'s campaign for ''[[Swaraj]]'' through [[civil disobedience]]. In the 1930s, Nawab M. Ismail Khan would lead the [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and served as the Chairman of the All India Muslim Civil Defence Association. In 1934 and again in 1947, he rendered his services as [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh University]]. | Nawab M. Ismail Khan actively associated himself with the [[All India Muslim League]] and became a member of its Working Committee in 1910 –- a position which he held for more than four decades.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1592673 |title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1945: Seventy-five years ago: Sind crisis over? |newspaper=Dawn Delhi newspaper (this newspaper was still based in Delhi in 1945)|date=27 November 2020|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=findpk>{{cite web|url=https://www.findpk.com/cybercity/pof/nawab_mohammad_ismail_khan.html |title=Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile|website=Findpk.com website|author=Zia-ur-Rahman Zabeeh|date=2001|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=IC/> | ||
Nawab M. Ismail Khan would also contest and win the election to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], therefore having presided over the [[All India Khilafat Committee]]. He was a member of the foundation committee of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], but was opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]]'s campaign for ''[[Swaraj]]'' through [[civil disobedience]]. In the 1930s, Nawab M. Ismail Khan would lead the [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and served as the Chairman of the All India Muslim Civil Defence Association. In 1934 and again in 1947, he rendered his services as [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh University]]. | |||
==Khilafat movement== | ==Khilafat movement== | ||
{{main|Khilafat movement}} | {{main|Khilafat movement}} | ||
After the first [[World War I|World War]] –- in which India had aided the British with the men and | After the first [[World War I|World War]] –- in which India had aided the British with the men and material -– the people of the [[Indian subcontinent|Subcontinent]] expected the initiation of an execution to meet their demands by means of home rule or a reasonable share in the Government. However, these expectations were not met. Instead, they were greeted with atrocities in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] with the notorious "Crawling Order". | ||
In this movement -– which is an important landmark in the freedom struggle -– Nawab M. Ismail Khan played an active part. He toured a large portion of the country preaching the Khilafat viewpoint to the masses of people. During these tours, he never claimed or desired any special privileges and worked akin to an ordinary worker | In this movement -– which is an important landmark in the freedom struggle -– Nawab M. Ismail Khan played an active part.<ref name=IC/> He toured a large portion of the country preaching the Khilafat viewpoint to the masses of people. During these tours, he never claimed or desired any special privileges and worked akin to an ordinary worker. | ||
During the movement, he was working in close contact with [[Indian Congress|Congress]] leaders, but never for once did he feel enamoured of the so-called nationalist creed. Whenever there arose the question of Muslim interest or the nationalist interest, he only supported the cause which served the disdained Muslims best. | During the movement, he was working in close contact with [[Indian Congress|Congress]] leaders,<ref name=IC/> but never for once did he feel enamoured of the so-called nationalist creed. Whenever there arose the question of Muslim interest or the nationalist interest, he only supported the cause which served the disdained Muslims best. | ||
==Aligarh Muslim University== | |||
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan served as [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] from 1934 to 1936 and again in 1947 to 1948.<ref name=findpk/><ref>[https://www.nazariapak.info/Mashaheer/index.php Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile (in Urdu language) (click on the desired picture to see profile, when the pictures appear)] Nazariapak.info website</ref><ref name=IC/> | |||
==Sole leadership== | ==Sole leadership== | ||
Nawab M. Ismail Khan was credited for his wisdom, sagacity, and above all his sincerity that had won him a place in the [[All-India Muslim League]] and its Working Committee. In the void of [[M. A. Jinnah|M. A. Jinnah's]] absence from the country to attend the famous Round Table Conference in London, the sole leadership of the Indian Muslims fell in the hands of Nawab Sahib; who was the President of the All Parties Muslim Conference. Upon [[M.A. Jinnah|M.A. Jinnah's]] return from London, he decided to re-organise the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. During his programmes of re-organisation, Nawab M. Ismail Khan was his closest counsellor. | Nawab M. Ismail Khan was credited for his wisdom, sagacity, and above all his sincerity that had won him a place in the [[All-India Muslim League]] and its Working Committee. In the void of [[M. A. Jinnah|M. A. Jinnah's]] absence from the country to attend the famous Round Table Conference in London, the sole leadership of the Indian Muslims fell in the hands of Nawab Sahib; who was the President of the All Parties Muslim Conference. Upon [[M.A. Jinnah|M.A. Jinnah's]] return from London, he decided to re-organise the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. During his programmes of re-organisation, Nawab M. Ismail Khan was his closest counsellor. | ||
It was a known fact that Nawab M. Ismail Khan was an independent opinionated leader who never hesitated to speak his mind even if it meant disagreeing with Mr. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]. There was an instance where Mr. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] took exception to Nawab M. Ismail | It was a known fact that Nawab M. Ismail Khan was an independent opinionated leader who never hesitated to speak his mind even if it meant disagreeing with Mr. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]. There was an instance where Mr. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] took exception to Nawab M. Ismail Khan's correspondence with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] -– Nawab Sahib's response was an immediate resignation from the Working Committee. It was something which the [[Quaid-i-Azam|Quaid]] had not expected and was thus taken aback by. After much persuasion by [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], Nawab M. Ismail Khan agreed to meet [[M. A. Jinnah|Mr. Jinnah]]—not at his personal residence but elsewhere. In fact, they rendezvoused at Gul-e-Rana, so that the [[Quaid-i-Azam|Quaid]] could appease the Nawab. This episode would make very interesting reading for scholars of the [[Pakistan Movement]]. Many such letters addressed to Mr. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] as well as those written to Nawab M. Ismail Khan reveal his true position in the [[All-India Muslim League]] and the pivotal role that he played in the creation of [[Pakistan]]. | ||
==Pakistan resolution== | |||
According to Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, "The facts are that the resolution was drafted by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan, Sir Sikander Hayat Khan and Malik Barkat Ali on the evening of March 21, at the residence of Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Mamdot in Lahore. It was presented to the Subject Committee on March 22 by Liaquat Ali Khan and was approved thereby".<ref name=Dawn2/> | |||
It was the Nawab Sahib who with his band of colleagues, like | Through Nawab Ismail's renovation the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] received a new shape, a new life and a new programme which was both appealing and revolutionary –- revolutionary because it now demanded drastic reforms and, more particularly, because it soon passed (23 March 1940) the epoch-making [[Pakistan Resolution]].<ref name=Dawn2>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1345602 |title=Pakistan resolution |date=16 July 2017|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
It was the Nawab Sahib who with his band of colleagues, like [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] and [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], kept the Muslim banner aloft in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. | |||
==Simla Conference== | ==Simla Conference== | ||
| Line 80: | Line 90: | ||
==Life after the independence and death== | ==Life after the independence and death== | ||
[[File:Pioneers of Freedom (Series I).jpg|thumb|right|"The Pioneers of Freedom" (Series I) official stamps of Pakistan. Nawab M. Ismail Khan depicted on the third row.]] | [[File:Pioneers of Freedom (Series I).jpg|thumb|right|"The Pioneers of Freedom" (Series I) official stamps of Pakistan. Nawab M. Ismail Khan depicted on the third row at bottom left.<br/>([[Pakistan Movement]] personalities)]] | ||
After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] in 1947, Nawab M. Ismail Khan remained a member of the Legislative Assembly of India. He accepted in 1947 to become the | After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] in 1947, Nawab M. Ismail Khan remained a member of the Legislative Assembly of India. He accepted in 1947 to become the vice-chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] for the second time, only to confront the challenge facing the very existence of the Muslim character of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] -– it was Nawab M. Ismail Khan who invited [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sarojini Naidu|Mrs. Sarojini Naidu]] to the convocations of the university whereby giving it the official recognition of the Indian government. The moment he sensed that the university might suffer on account of his presence, he resigned immediately and returned to Meerut in 1948. His association with the Aligarh University was deeply rooted due to his father, Nawab M. Ishak Khan, who had served the institution with passion and devotion as its trustee and secretary when it was the M.A.O. College. Nawab M. Ismail Khan also served the university for many years as its trustee. | ||
Several efforts were made to bring him to [[Pakistan]] but legend has it that when he first visited the country, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] offered him a carte blanche, but, as has been aptly said by [[Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan|Raja Amir Ahmed Khan of Mahmudabad]]: 'His self-respect and great nobility of character did not allow him to accept any such offer'. | |||
After withdrawing from politics, he visited Pakistan twice, once in 1951 and then in 1955–56. His three sons G.A. Madani, Ikram Ahmed Khan (Kaiser) and Iftikhar Ahmed Khan (Adani) were all members of the [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|Civil Service of Pakistan]]. G.A. Madani and I.A. Khan (Kaiser) started their careers in the Indian Civil Service in 1937 and 1939 respectively and rose to the highest civil offices in the bureaucracy. Dotingly known as 'Adani' was a literary figure and wrote books on [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]] and Urdu poetry. | |||
==Death== | |||
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan died on 28 June 1958 in [[Meerut]], India at age 73.<ref name=findpk/><ref name=IC/> It was Nawab M. Ismail Khan's grandfather, Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta,<ref name=findpk/> who had earmarked an area at the shrine of [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Nizamuddin]] for the family graveyard. This is where the prominent freedom fighter and a founding father of [[Pakistan]], lies buried alongside three of his preceding generations. His residence, the historical Mustafa Castle in Meerut, built in 1901 in memory of Nawab Shefta, was the headquarters of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] Muslim League and the center of bustling political activity for over four decades. | |||
The Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad further said that Nawab M. Ismail Khan was 'the product of the generation which had inherited all that was good and gracious in our culture'. | |||
==Commemorative postage stamp== | |||
[[Pakistan Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor him in appreciation for his services to [[Pakistan Movement]] in its 'Pioneers Of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net.seanic21.net/pof/nawab_mohammad_ismail_khan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2006|website=Cybercity-online.net website|title=Commemorative postage stamp issued by Pakistan Post in 1990 in its 'Pioneers Of Freedom' series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926011550/http://www.cybercity-online.net.seanic21.net/pof/nawab_mohammad_ismail_khan.html|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=findpk/> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 96: | Line 110: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
*{{cite book | *{{cite book | ||
|last=Ispahani | |last=Ispahani | ||
| Line 109: | Line 122: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160219203725/http://www.nawabismailkhan.com/ Official Website Archived] | |||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/ | |||
*[http://meerutup.tripod.com/mustafa.htm Mustafa Castle, Meerut (A letter from Mr. Iftikar Ahmad Khan Adani about the residence of Nawab Ismail Khan)] | *[http://meerutup.tripod.com/mustafa.htm Mustafa Castle, Meerut (A letter from Mr. Iftikar Ahmad Khan Adani about the residence of Nawab Ismail Khan)] | ||
| Line 133: | Line 144: | ||
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]] | [[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]] | [[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]] | ||
[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]] | [[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]] | ||
[[Category:Vice- | [[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]] | ||
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]] | [[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]] | ||
| Line 140: | Line 151: | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]] | ||
[[Category:People from Meerut]] | [[Category:People from Meerut]] | ||
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]] | |||
[[Category:All India Muslim League | |||
Latest revision as of 09:23, 12 November 2024
Mohammad Ismail Khan | |
|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: File missing | |
| President of the All-India Muslim League (U.P.) | |
| In office 1930–1947 | |
| Honorary Treasurer, Aligarh Muslim University | |
| In office 1934–1935 | |
| Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University | |
| In office 1935–1937 | |
| Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University | |
| In office 1947–1948 | |
| Chairman of the All-India Muslim Civil Defence Association | |
| Chairman of the All-India Muslim League Committee of Action | |
| Chairman of the Parliamentary Board | |
| President of the All-India Khilafat Committee | |
| President of the All-Parties Muslim Conference | |
| President of the Unity Board | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 1884 Meerut, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India |
| Died | 28 June 1958 (aged 73) Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Resting place | Family graveyard at the shrine of Nizamuddin Auliya |
| Other political affiliations | Central Legislative Assembly, Indian Constituent Assembly, Indian National Congress |
| Residence | Mustafa Castle – No.210 West End Road, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Alma mater | Inns of Court School of Law |
| Profession | Politician, barrister, critic |
| Signature |  |
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan (August 1884 – 28 June 1958) was an eminent Muslim politician and a leading activist of the All-India Muslim League, who stood in the forefront of the Khilafat Movement and Pakistan Movement. Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan due to the roles that he fulfilled for the cause of it. His position was described as only second to that of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[1]
This is also evident through the letters that were actively exchanged between the leaders. After the creation of Pakistan, he decisively chose to remain in India to serve the interests of underprivileged in the Indian Subcontinent.[1]
'How can I leave my brethren here behind me?' –- he is reported to have told one of his close associates and admirers, Mr. Hassan Riaz, former editor, Manshoor, Delhi.
Early life[edit | edit source]
Mohammad Ismail Khan was born in August 1884 in Meerut, a part of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[1] He was born to Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan of Jehangirabad and was the grandson of the Urdu and Persian poet, Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta (sometimes spelled as 'Shaifta') –- 'Shaifta/Shefta' being his Urdu pen-name. Upon completing his early schooling in India, he proceeded to England, at the age of twelve to continue his studies as a full-time boarder at Tonbridge School in Tonbridge, Kent. He went on from there to attain his undergraduate credentials from St John's College, Cambridge to thereafter become a barrister of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple (Inns of Court School of Law).[1]
In those days travel to the Great Britain was by ship from Bombay and around the Cape of Good Hope, consuming in excess of a month to reach. He returned to India at the age of 24 in 1908 and opted for a career in law. His father, as a career Indian Civil Service (ICS) (Indian Civil Servant) officer, had become a Judge in Allahabad and was a founding member of the Muslim League; in addition to being a close friend of Pundit Motilal Nehru's. On this job as District and Session Judge, he was greatly impressed by the eminence of Pundit Motilal Nehru as a lawyer. When M. Ismail Khan returned from England in 1906, after becoming a barrister at law, his father Nawab M. Ishak Khan arranged for him to commence his legal practice as assistant lawyer to Pundit Motilal Nehru -– who prevailed upon Nawab M. Ishak Khan to permit his son to stay with him as his guest. Hence, M. Ismail Khan was sent to live with the Nehru family in Anand Bhawan for a few years. Whilst practicing law in India, he befriended Muhammad Ali Jinnah, with whom he entered politics.[1]
Political career[edit | edit source]
Nawab M. Ismail Khan entered politics at a very early age. As a young man, he had closely observed the agitation of the Muslims masses for a separate electorate and had seen how a delegation of the Muslims was sent (October 1906) to Lord Minto –- which secured the right of a separate representation for the Muslims.
It was about the same time—December 1906—that the Muslim League came into being through the efforts of Nawab Vaqarul Mulk and Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah at a meeting in Dacca—which was attended by some of the leading Muslim leaders from all over the Subcontinent. Limited as the aim of the organisation was then, it included the advancement of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and prevention of the rise amongst themselves of any feeling of animosity towards other communities.
Nawab M. Ismail Khan actively associated himself with the All India Muslim League and became a member of its Working Committee in 1910 –- a position which he held for more than four decades.[2][3][1]
Nawab M. Ismail Khan would also contest and win the election to the Central Legislative Assembly, therefore having presided over the All India Khilafat Committee. He was a member of the foundation committee of the Jamia Millia Islamia, but was opposed to the Indian National Congress's campaign for Swaraj through civil disobedience. In the 1930s, Nawab M. Ismail Khan would lead the Uttar Pradesh Muslim League and served as the Chairman of the All India Muslim Civil Defence Association. In 1934 and again in 1947, he rendered his services as Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh University.
Khilafat movement[edit | edit source]
After the first World War –- in which India had aided the British with the men and material -– the people of the Subcontinent expected the initiation of an execution to meet their demands by means of home rule or a reasonable share in the Government. However, these expectations were not met. Instead, they were greeted with atrocities in Punjab with the notorious "Crawling Order".
In this movement -– which is an important landmark in the freedom struggle -– Nawab M. Ismail Khan played an active part.[1] He toured a large portion of the country preaching the Khilafat viewpoint to the masses of people. During these tours, he never claimed or desired any special privileges and worked akin to an ordinary worker.
During the movement, he was working in close contact with Congress leaders,[1] but never for once did he feel enamoured of the so-called nationalist creed. Whenever there arose the question of Muslim interest or the nationalist interest, he only supported the cause which served the disdained Muslims best.
Aligarh Muslim University[edit | edit source]
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan served as Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University from 1934 to 1936 and again in 1947 to 1948.[3][4][1]
Sole leadership[edit | edit source]
Nawab M. Ismail Khan was credited for his wisdom, sagacity, and above all his sincerity that had won him a place in the All-India Muslim League and its Working Committee. In the void of M. A. Jinnah's absence from the country to attend the famous Round Table Conference in London, the sole leadership of the Indian Muslims fell in the hands of Nawab Sahib; who was the President of the All Parties Muslim Conference. Upon M.A. Jinnah's return from London, he decided to re-organise the Muslim League. During his programmes of re-organisation, Nawab M. Ismail Khan was his closest counsellor.
It was a known fact that Nawab M. Ismail Khan was an independent opinionated leader who never hesitated to speak his mind even if it meant disagreeing with Mr. Jinnah. There was an instance where Mr. Jinnah took exception to Nawab M. Ismail Khan's correspondence with Jawaharlal Nehru -– Nawab Sahib's response was an immediate resignation from the Working Committee. It was something which the Quaid had not expected and was thus taken aback by. After much persuasion by Liaquat Ali Khan, Nawab M. Ismail Khan agreed to meet Mr. Jinnah—not at his personal residence but elsewhere. In fact, they rendezvoused at Gul-e-Rana, so that the Quaid could appease the Nawab. This episode would make very interesting reading for scholars of the Pakistan Movement. Many such letters addressed to Mr. Jinnah as well as those written to Nawab M. Ismail Khan reveal his true position in the All-India Muslim League and the pivotal role that he played in the creation of Pakistan.
Pakistan resolution[edit | edit source]
According to Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, "The facts are that the resolution was drafted by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan, Sir Sikander Hayat Khan and Malik Barkat Ali on the evening of March 21, at the residence of Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Mamdot in Lahore. It was presented to the Subject Committee on March 22 by Liaquat Ali Khan and was approved thereby".[5]
Through Nawab Ismail's renovation the Muslim League received a new shape, a new life and a new programme which was both appealing and revolutionary –- revolutionary because it now demanded drastic reforms and, more particularly, because it soon passed (23 March 1940) the epoch-making Pakistan Resolution.[5]
It was the Nawab Sahib who with his band of colleagues, like Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman and Liaquat Ali Khan, kept the Muslim banner aloft in the United Provinces.
Simla Conference[edit | edit source]
In 1945, when the Simla Conference was held, Nawab M. Ismail Khan played a great part. Later, in June 1946, his name was proposed for the Interim Government along with eminent leaders such as the Quaid-i-Azam, Pandit Nehru, and Sardar Patel. But it was reported that Nawab Ismail Khan himself refused to join the Interim Government for undefined personal justifications.
Jinnah cap[edit | edit source]
In 1937, the 25th Annual Conference of the All-India Muslim League was held in Lucknow under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam (The Great Leader), Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Nearly seventy eminent people were summoned at Butler Palace. What was to ensue after that day would prove to be a decisive moment in the course of history. Prior to attending this historic session, Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan suggested that the day held an auspicious meaning. It was a day when the Indian Muslim population earnestly embraced and hailed Muhammad Ali Jinnah as their foremost leader. Perceiving it to be apt, Nawab M. Ismail Khan took his Samoor Cap and generously offered it to M. A. Jinnah insisting that it would suit him well. Jinnah accepted Nawab Sahib's offer, to thereafter wear a traditional Sherwani/Achkan along with it. The outcome was visually pleasing as it greatly added to his personality. When the Quaid appeared on the dais in his indigenous attire, the massive crowd, consisting of 50,000 people, burst into loud cheers. The slogans of "Allah-ho-Akbar" (God, The Great) dominated the atmosphere and the clapping continued for a long time.
Since that fateful day, Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan's Samoor Cap was dubbed and came to be known as the iconic "Jinnah cap" all over the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere in the world. Over the active years of the All-India Muslim League, before eventually Pakistan was consummated, Nawab Sahib's cap would be lent to M. A. Jinnah on several occasions.
Life after the independence and death[edit | edit source]
.jpg)
(Pakistan Movement personalities)
After the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947, Nawab M. Ismail Khan remained a member of the Legislative Assembly of India. He accepted in 1947 to become the vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University for the second time, only to confront the challenge facing the very existence of the Muslim character of the Aligarh Muslim University -– it was Nawab M. Ismail Khan who invited Jawaharlal Nehru and Mrs. Sarojini Naidu to the convocations of the university whereby giving it the official recognition of the Indian government. The moment he sensed that the university might suffer on account of his presence, he resigned immediately and returned to Meerut in 1948. His association with the Aligarh University was deeply rooted due to his father, Nawab M. Ishak Khan, who had served the institution with passion and devotion as its trustee and secretary when it was the M.A.O. College. Nawab M. Ismail Khan also served the university for many years as its trustee.
Several efforts were made to bring him to Pakistan but legend has it that when he first visited the country, Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan offered him a carte blanche, but, as has been aptly said by Raja Amir Ahmed Khan of Mahmudabad: 'His self-respect and great nobility of character did not allow him to accept any such offer'.
After withdrawing from politics, he visited Pakistan twice, once in 1951 and then in 1955–56. His three sons G.A. Madani, Ikram Ahmed Khan (Kaiser) and Iftikhar Ahmed Khan (Adani) were all members of the Civil Service of Pakistan. G.A. Madani and I.A. Khan (Kaiser) started their careers in the Indian Civil Service in 1937 and 1939 respectively and rose to the highest civil offices in the bureaucracy. Dotingly known as 'Adani' was a literary figure and wrote books on Mirza Ghalib and Urdu poetry.
Death[edit | edit source]
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan died on 28 June 1958 in Meerut, India at age 73.[3][1] It was Nawab M. Ismail Khan's grandfather, Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta,[3] who had earmarked an area at the shrine of Nizamuddin for the family graveyard. This is where the prominent freedom fighter and a founding father of Pakistan, lies buried alongside three of his preceding generations. His residence, the historical Mustafa Castle in Meerut, built in 1901 in memory of Nawab Shefta, was the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh Muslim League and the center of bustling political activity for over four decades.
The Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad further said that Nawab M. Ismail Khan was 'the product of the generation which had inherited all that was good and gracious in our culture'.
Commemorative postage stamp[edit | edit source]
Pakistan Post issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor him in appreciation for his services to Pakistan Movement in its 'Pioneers Of Freedom' series in 1990.[6][3]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile Indian Culture, Government of India website, Retrieved 29 August 2023
- ↑ "From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1945: Seventy-five years ago: Sind crisis over?". Dawn Delhi newspaper (this newspaper was still based in Delhi in 1945). 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Zia-ur-Rahman Zabeeh (2001). "Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile". Findpk.com website. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ↑ Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan profile (in Urdu language) (click on the desired picture to see profile, when the pictures appear) Nazariapak.info website
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Pakistan resolution". Dawn newspaper. 16 July 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ↑ "Commemorative postage stamp issued by Pakistan Post in 1990 in its 'Pioneers Of Freedom' series". Cybercity-online.net website. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- Ispahani, M.A.H (1966). Qaid-e-Azam Jinnah as I knew him. Karachi: Din Muhammadi Press.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Official Website Archived
- Mustafa Castle, Meerut (A letter from Mr. Iftikar Ahmad Khan Adani about the residence of Nawab Ismail Khan)
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ross Masood |
Vice-Chancellor of AMU | Succeeded by Ziauddin Ahmad |
| History |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Faculty & departments | ||
| Colleges & schools | ||
| Libraries | ||
| Clubs & societies | ||
| Arts & culture | ||
| Halls | ||
| Campuses | ||
| People | ||
.jpg)
