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| ''Chadra'' | T.Anders. (orth. var.)
| ''Chadra'' | T.Anders. (orth. var.)
| ''Charadra'' | Scop. (orth. var.)
| ''Charadra'' | Scop. (orth. var.)
| ''Eleutherostylis'' | Burret
| ''Fallopia'' | Lour. (''non'' [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]: [[Fallopia|preoccupied]])
| ''Fallopia'' | Lour. (''non'' [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]: [[Fallopia|preoccupied]])
| ''Graevia'' | Neck.
| ''Graevia'' | Neck.
| ''Greuia'' | Stokes. (orth. var.)
| ''Greuia'' | Stokes. (orth. var.)
| ''Grevia'' | L. (orth. var.)
| ''Grevia'' | L. (orth. var.)
| ''Inodapnhis''{{Verify source|date=June 2008}} | Miq.
| ''Mallococca'' | J.R.Forster & G.Forster
| ''Mallococca'' | J.R.Forster & G.Forster
| ''Sasali'' | Adans.
| ''Syphomeris'' | Steud
| ''Tridermia'' | Rafin.
| ''Tridermia'' | Rafin.
| ''Vincentia'' | Boj.
| ''Vincentia'' | Bojer
| ''Vinticena'' | Steud.
| ''Vinticena'' | Steud.
| ''Viticena'' | Benth. (orth. var.)
| ''Viticena'' | Benth. (orth. var.)
}}<ref>Hinsley (2008a)</ref>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Grewia'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30123138-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref>Hinsley (2008a)</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:Grewia damine in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9430.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia damine]]'' flowers in [[Hyderabad]], India]]
[[File:Grewia damine in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9430.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia damine]]'' flowers in [[Hyderabad]], India]]
[[Image:Grewia flavescens (G pilosa)- Khatkhati in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9130.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia flavescens]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
[[Image:Grewia flavescens (G pilosa)- Khatkhati in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9130.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia flavescens]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
[[File:Grewia tiliaefolia flowers & leaves in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9422.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia tiliaefolia]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
[[File:Grewia tiliaefolia flowers & leaves in Hyderabad W2 IMG 9422.jpg|thumb|''[[Grewia tiliaefolia]]'' flowers in Hyderabad]]
'''''Grewia''''' {{IPAc-en|'|g|r|u:|i|@}} is a large [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] in the mallow [[family (biology)|family]] [[Malvaceae]], in the expanded sense as proposed by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]]. Formerly, Grewia was placed in either the family [[Tiliaceae]] or the [[Sparrmanniaceae]]. However, these were both not [[monophyletic]] with respect to other [[Malvales]] - as already indicated by the uncertainties surrounding placement of ''Grewia'' and similar genera - and have thus been merged into the [[Malvaceae]]. Together with the bulk of the former [[Sparrmanniaceae]], ''Grewia'' is in the [[subfamily]] [[Grewioideae]] and therein the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Grewieae]], of which it is the [[type genus]].<ref>Heywood ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>
'''''Grewia''''' {{IPAc-en|'|g|r|u:|i|@}} is a large [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] in the mallow [[family (biology)|family]] [[Malvaceae]], in the expanded sense as proposed by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]]. Formerly, ''Grewia'' was placed in either the family [[Tiliaceae]] or the [[Sparrmanniaceae]]. However, these were both not [[monophyletic]] with respect to other [[Malvales]] - as already indicated by the uncertainties surrounding placement of ''Grewia'' and similar genera - and have thus been merged into the [[Malvaceae]]. Together with the bulk of the former [[Sparrmanniaceae]], ''Grewia'' is in the [[subfamily]] [[Grewioideae]] and therein the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Grewieae]], of which it is the [[type genus]].<ref>Heywood ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>


The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in honor of the botanist [[Nehemiah Grew]] (1641-1712) from England. Grew was one of the leading plant [[anatomist]]s and [[microscope]] researchers of his time, and his study of [[pollen]] laid the groundwork for modern-day [[palynology]].
The genus was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]], in honor of the botanist [[Nehemiah Grew]] (1641-1712) from England. Grew was one of the leading plant [[anatomist]]s and [[microscope]] researchers of his time, and his study of [[pollen]] laid the groundwork for modern-day [[palynology]].
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Several species, namely phalsa, are known for their edible fruit, which are of local commercial importance. The [[astringent]] and refreshing ''Grewia'' [[drupe]]s are particularly popular in summertime. [[Folk medicine]] makes use of some species, which are reputed to cure upset stomachs and some skin and intestinal infections, and seem to have mild [[antibiotic]] properties. ''[[Grewia mollis|G. mollis]]'' is reputed to contain [[beta-Carboline|β-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s,<ref>Brown (2001)</ref> though whether such compounds occur in other species too and whether they are produced in quantities to render the plants [[psychoactive]] has not been thoroughly studied.
Several species, namely phalsa, are known for their edible fruit, which are of local commercial importance. The [[astringent]] and refreshing ''Grewia'' [[drupe]]s are particularly popular in summertime. [[Folk medicine]] makes use of some species, which are reputed to cure upset stomachs and some skin and intestinal infections, and seem to have mild [[antibiotic]] properties. ''[[Grewia mollis|G. mollis]]'' is reputed to contain [[beta-Carboline|β-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s,<ref>Brown (2001)</ref> though whether such compounds occur in other species too and whether they are produced in quantities to render the plants [[psychoactive]] has not been thoroughly studied.


In [[Myanmar]], the bark of the ''Grewia'' tree is mixed with the soapy ''[[senegalia rugata|kinpun]]'' (''Senegalia rugata'') fruit and sometimes [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] to make the traditional shampoo ''[[tayaw kinpun]]'',<ref>{{cite news | author=Yadu | title=မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ | url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | work=The Myanmar Times | date=31 August 2019 | language=my-MM | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | url-status=live }}</ref> which remains widely used by the Burmese people and commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Shampoo |url=https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |work=www.myanmars.net |date=13 November 2018 |language=en-gb |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo |url=http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |work=THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) |date=16 April 2011 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In [[Myanmar]], the bark of the tree of ''Grewia polygama'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: တရော်) or ''Grewia eriocarpa'' ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: ပင်တရော်) is mixed with the soapy ''[[Senegalia rugata|kinpun]]'' (''Senegalia rugata'') fruit and sometimes [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] to make the traditional shampoo ''[[tayaw kinpun]]'',<ref>{{cite news | author=Yadu | title=မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ | url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | work=The Myanmar Times | date=31 August 2019 | language=my-MM | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220213119/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/video/127851 | url-status=live }}</ref> which remains widely used by the Burmese people and commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Shampoo |url=https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |work=www.myanmars.net |date=13 November 2018 |language=en-gb |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015406/https://www.myanmars.net/culture/myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo |url=http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |work=THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) |date=16 April 2011 |language=my-MM |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908094555/http://www.thithtoolwin.com/2011/04/yan-win-taung-da-gar-myanmar-shampoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Explorer [[Ludwig Leichhardt]] described preparing a refreshing drink from the seeds of native Australian species ''G. polygama''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maiden|first=Joseph H.|title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania|publisher=Turner and Henderson, Sydney|year=1889|page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45057#page/52/mode/1up 34]|author-link=Joseph Maiden}}</ref>
Explorer [[Ludwig Leichhardt]] described preparing a refreshing drink from the seeds of native Australian species ''G. polygama''.<ref name="MAIDEN">{{cite book |last=Maiden |first=J. H. |title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=The Technological Museum of New South Wales |location=Sydney |page=34 |access-date=20 December 2025 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453214 }}</ref>


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
{{Main|List of Grewia species}}
{{Main|List of Grewia species}}
275 species are accepted.<ref name = powo/> Selected species include:
* ''[[Grewia abutifolia]]'' (= ''G. sclerophylla'' <small>Roxb. ex G. Don</small>, ''Sterculia tiliacea'' <small>Leveille</small>)
* ''[[Grewia abutifolia]]'' (= ''G. sclerophylla'' <small>Roxb. ex G. Don</small>, ''Sterculia tiliacea'' <small>Leveille</small>)
* ''[[Grewia afra]]'' <small>[[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]</small> (= ''G. fruticetorum'' <small>J.R.Drummond ex Baker f.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia asiatica]]'' &ndash; phalsa, falsa
* ''[[Grewia asiatica]]'' &ndash; phalsa, falsa
* ''[[Grewia avellana]]'' <small>Hiern.</small> (= ''G. calycina'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''G. hydrophila'' <small>K.Schum.</small>, ''G. perennans'' <small>K.Schum.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia avellana]]'' <small>Hiern.</small> (= ''G. calycina'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''G. hydrophila'' <small>K.Schum.</small>, ''G. perennans'' <small>K.Schum.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia bicolor]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (= ''G. disticha'' <small>Dinter & Burret</small>, ''G. grisea'', ''G. kwebensis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''G. miniata'' <small>Mast. ex Hiern.</small>, ''G. mossambicensis'')
* ''[[Grewia bicolor]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (= ''G. disticha'' <small>Dinter & Burret</small>, ''G. grisea'', ''G. kwebensis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''G. miniata'' <small>Mast. ex Hiern.</small>, ''G. mossambicensis'')
* ''[[Grewia biloba]]'' <small>G.Don</small> &ndash; [[Bilobed Grewia]] (= ''G. biloba'' var. ''glabrescens'' <small>(Benth.) Rehder</small>, ''G. glabrescens'' <small>Benth.</small>, ''G. parviflora'' var. ''glabrescens'' <small>(Benth.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson</small>)
* ''[[Grewia biloba]]'' <small>G.Don</small> &ndash; bilobed Grewia (= ''G. biloba'' var. ''glabrescens'' <small>(Benth.) Rehder</small>, ''G. glabrescens'' <small>Benth.</small>, ''G. parviflora'' var. ''glabrescens'' <small>(Benth.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson</small>)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''microphylla'' <small>(Maxim) Hand.-Mazz.</small> (= ''G. parviflora'' var. ''microphylla'' <small>Maxim.</small>)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''microphylla'' <small>(Maxim) Hand.-Mazz.</small> (= ''G. parviflora'' var. ''microphylla'' <small>Maxim.</small>)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''parviflora'' <small>(Bunge) Hand.-Mazz.</small> (= ''G. chanetii'' <small>H.Lév.</small>, ''G. parviflora'' <small>Bunge</small>, ''G. parviflora'' var. ''velutina'' <small>Pampanini</small>)
** ''Grewia biloba'' var. ''parviflora'' <small>(Bunge) Hand.-Mazz.</small> (= ''G. chanetii'' <small>H.Lév.</small>, ''G. parviflora'' <small>Bunge</small>, ''G. parviflora'' var. ''velutina'' <small>Pampanini</small>)
* ''[[Grewia bilocularis]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
* ''[[Grewia bilocularis]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
* ''[[Grewia caffra]]'' <small>[[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]</small> (= ''G. fruticetorum'' <small>J.R.Drummond ex Baker f.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia calymmatosepala]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Grewia calymmatosepala]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Grewia celtidifolia]]'' Juss. (= ''G. asiatica'' var. ''celtidifolia'' <small>(Jussieu) L.F.Gagnepain</small>, ''G. simaoensis'' <small>Y.Y.Qian</small>, ''G. yunnanensis'' <small>H.T.Chang</small>)
* ''[[Grewia celtidifolia]]'' Juss. (= ''G. asiatica'' var. ''celtidifolia'' <small>(Jussieu) L.F.Gagnepain</small>, ''G. simaoensis'' <small>Y.Y.Qian</small>, ''G. yunnanensis'' <small>H.T.Chang</small>)
* ''[[Grewia ciclea]]'' ''andilambarika'' ([[Malagasy (language)|Malagasy]])
* ''[[Grewia crenata]]'' <small>(J.R.Forst.) Schinz & Guillaumin</small> (= ''G. malococca, G. persicaefolia, G. prunifolia, Mallococca crenata'') &ndash; ''au‘ere'' ([[Cook Islands]]), ''fau ui'' ([[Samoa]]), ''fo ui'' ([[Tonga]])<!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Grewia crenata]]'' <small>(J.R.Forst.) Schinz & Guillaumin</small> (= ''G. malococca, G. persicaefolia, G. prunifolia, Mallococca crenata'') &ndash; ''au‘ere'' ([[Cook Islands]]), ''fau ui'' ([[Samoa]]), ''fo ui'' ([[Tonga]])<!-- Micronesica40:169. -->
* ''[[Grewia cyclea]]'' {{small|Baill.}} – ''andilambarika'' ([[Malagasy (language)|Malagasy]])
* ''Grewia damine'' <small>Gaertn.</small> (= ''G. tiliifolia'' <small>Vahl</small>)
* ''Grewia damine'' <small>Gaertn.</small> (= ''G. tiliifolia'' <small>Vahl</small>)
* ''[[Grewia eriocarpa]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (= ''G. boehmeriifolia'' <small>Kanehira & Sasaki</small>, ''G. elastica'' <small>Royle</small>, ''G. lantsangensis'' <small>Hu</small>)
* ''[[Grewia eriocarpa]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (= ''G. boehmeriifolia'' <small>Kanehira & Sasaki</small>, ''G. elastica'' <small>Royle</small>, ''G. lantsangensis'' <small>Hu</small>)
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* ''[[Grewia pachycalyx]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Grewia pachycalyx]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''[[Grewia picta]]'' (= ''G. aldabrensis'' <small>Baker </small>
* ''[[Grewia picta]]'' (= ''G. aldabrensis'' <small>Baker </small>
* ''[[Grewia renistipulata]]'' {{small|(Burret) Dorr}}
* ''[[Grewia retinervis]]'' <small>Burret</small> (= ''G. deserticola'' <small>Ulbr.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia retinervis]]'' <small>Burret</small> (= ''G. deserticola'' <small>Ulbr.</small>)
* ''[[Grewia retusifolia]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
* ''[[Grewia retusifolia]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
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{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{aut|Brown, Dan}} (2001): [http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/betacarbolines/bcarbfams.html Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines]. Version of 2001-OCT-04. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Brown, Dan}} (2001): [https://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/betacarbolines/bcarbfams.html Angiosperm Families Containing Beta-Carbolines]. Version of 2001-OCT-04. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A. & Seberg, O.}} (2007): ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. <small>{{ISBN|1-55407-206-9}}</small>
* {{aut|Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A. & Seberg, O.}} (2007): ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. <small>{{ISBN|1-55407-206-9}}</small>
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008a): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Grewia Partial Synonymy of ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008a): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Grewia Partial Synonymy of ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008b): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Dombeya Partial Synonymy of ''Dombeya'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|Hinsley, Stewart R.}} (2008b): [http://www.malvaceae.info/Synonymy/Synonymy.php?genus=Dombeya Partial Synonymy of ''Dombeya'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007a): Germplasm Resources Information Network - [https://web.archive.org/web/20001218092500/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5160 ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007a): Germplasm Resources Information Network - [https://web.archive.org/web/20001218092500/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5160 ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007b): [http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=GREWI USDA Plants Profile: ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
* {{aut|[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)}} (2007b): [https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=GREWI USDA Plants Profile: ''Grewia'']. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.


{{AfricanPlants|Grewia}}
{{AfricanPlants|Grewia}}
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[[Category:Grewia| ]]
[[Category:Grewia| ]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 05:52, 20 December 2025


Grewia
Crossberry (Grewia occidentalis)
Scientific classification e
: [[Template:Taxonomy/Grewia]]
L.
Species

Numerous, see text or Complete list

Synonyms[1][2]

Template:Species list

Grewia damine flowers in Hyderabad, India
Grewia flavescens flowers in Hyderabad
Grewia tiliaefolia flowers in Hyderabad

Grewia /ˈɡruːiə/ is a large flowering plant genus in the mallow family Malvaceae, in the expanded sense as proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Formerly, Grewia was placed in either the family Tiliaceae or the Sparrmanniaceae. However, these were both not monophyletic with respect to other Malvales - as already indicated by the uncertainties surrounding placement of Grewia and similar genera - and have thus been merged into the Malvaceae. Together with the bulk of the former Sparrmanniaceae, Grewia is in the subfamily Grewioideae and therein the tribe Grewieae, of which it is the type genus.[3]

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus, in honor of the botanist Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) from England. Grew was one of the leading plant anatomists and microscope researchers of his time, and his study of pollen laid the groundwork for modern-day palynology.

Ecology and uses[edit | edit source]

Several Lepidoptera caterpillars are found to feed on Grewia species. These include the common nawab (Polyura athamas) and the swift moth Endoclita malabaricus. The Bucculatricidae leaf miner Bucculatrix epibathra is apparently only found on G. tiliaefolia.

The parasitic wasp Aprostocetus psyllidis of the Eulophidae occurs on and around phalsa (G. asiatica). Its larvae are parasitoids of other insects - possibly pests of the plant, but this is not known for sure.

Several species, namely phalsa, are known for their edible fruit, which are of local commercial importance. The astringent and refreshing Grewia drupes are particularly popular in summertime. Folk medicine makes use of some species, which are reputed to cure upset stomachs and some skin and intestinal infections, and seem to have mild antibiotic properties. G. mollis is reputed to contain β-carboline alkaloids,[4] though whether such compounds occur in other species too and whether they are produced in quantities to render the plants psychoactive has not been thoroughly studied.

In Myanmar, the bark of the tree of Grewia polygama (Burmese: တရော်) or Grewia eriocarpa (Burmese: ပင်တရော်) is mixed with the soapy kinpun (Senegalia rugata) fruit and sometimes lime to make the traditional shampoo tayaw kinpun,[5] which remains widely used by the Burmese people and commonly sold in the country's open-air markets, typically in plastic bags.[6][7]

Explorer Ludwig Leichhardt described preparing a refreshing drink from the seeds of native Australian species G. polygama.[8]

Selected species[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Grewia species

275 species are accepted.[1] Selected species include:

Formerly placed here[edit | edit source]

Some species once placed in Grewia (or genera synonymous with it) have since been moved elsewhere, particularly to Microcos:[12]

Kleinhovia hospita was formerly known as Grewia meyeniana

Footnotes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Grewia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  2. ↑ Hinsley (2008a)
  3. ↑ Heywood et al. (2007)
  4. ↑ Brown (2001)
  5. ↑ Yadu (31 August 2019). "မှေးမှိန်လာနေတဲ့ တရော်ကင်ပွန်းသုံးစွဲခြင်း အလေ့အထ". The Myanmar Times (in မြန်မာဘာသာ). Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  6. ↑ "Myanmar Shampoo". www.myanmars.net. 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  7. ↑ "Yan Win (Taung Da Gar) – Myanmar Shampoo". THIT HTOO LWIN (Daily News) (in မြန်မာဘာသာ). 16 April 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  8. ↑ Maiden, J. H. (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania). Sydney: The Technological Museum of New South Wales. p. 34. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
  9. ↑ Barrett, R. L. (2019). Three new species of Corchorus L. and Grewia L. (Sparmanniaceae / Malvaceae subfamily Grewioideae) from northern Australia, an earlier name in Grewia, and recircumscription of Triumfetta kenneallyi Halford Austrobaileya 10(3): 458–472 (2019).
  10. ↑ Kristy Sexton-McGrath (2019-09-09). "'Dog's balls' shrub to be recognised as a new species, but colloquial name to remain". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  11. ↑ Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2 22.
  12. ↑ Hinsley (2008a), USDA (2008a)
  13. ↑ Hinsley (2008b)

References[edit | edit source]

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