Slavery in the 21st century: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:55, 24 March 2026

The prevalence of modern slavery as percentage of the population, by country, according to Global Slavery Index by the Walk Free Foundation.

Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to slavery that continues to exist in the 21st century. As of 2022, the International Labour Organization (ILO) reports there is an estimate of 50 million people living under the circumstances of modern slavery, specifically 28 million in forced labour and 22 million in forced marriages.^[1] Nonetheless, it is difficult to agree on an estimated number of enslaved people, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;^[2] those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.

The International Labour Organization estimates that number based on their definition of modern slavery, which includes human trafficking, sexual exploitation, child labour, forced marriage, and the involuntary recruitment of children for armed conflict.^[3] Based on their concept, they claim that from the 50 million people exposed to slavery today, 17.3 million are exploited in the private sector which includes domestic work, construction or agriculture; 6.3 million people face forced sexual exploitation, and 3.9 million individuals are exposed to forced labour imposed by state authorities.^[4]

Definition[edit | edit source]

The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, an agency of the United States Department of State, says that Template:"'modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and 'human trafficking' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion".^[5] Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor".^[6]

According to American professor Kevin Bales, co-founder and former president of the non-governmental organization and advocacy group Free the Slaves, modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation".^[7] The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Walk Free Foundation, "Modern slavery includes forced labour, forced or servile marriage, debt bondage, forced commercial sexual exploitation, human trafficking, slavery-like practices, and the sale and exploitation of children." With this definition as the basis of its research, Walk Free's Global Slavery Index in 2021 estimated that there were about 49.6 million slaves around the world.^[8]^[9]

As mentioned above, the definitions used by different organizations have notable variation in approaches and purposes. On one hand, the U.S. Government definition by the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons employs a legal definition, focusing more on the different types of trafficking mechanisms and coercion with the goal of providing an explanation on how and when each situation should be treated as a criminal offense.^[10] By contrast, the concept under the non-governmental organization Free the Slaves, has more of an advocacy approach designed to raise awareness about the problematic with a persuasive tone, emphasizing more on the conditions of exploitation and the lack of autonomy, including a wider range of practices that can fall under this terminology.^[11]

Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from NGOs.^[7]

Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice for enslavers, despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the disposability of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.^[12]

Causes[edit | edit source]

Since traditional slavery such as chattel slavery has been officially abolished in every country on Earth and is illegal, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labor, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labor is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such transactions do still occur, in contemporary situations people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.^[13]

Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of poverty. In countries that lack education and effectively implemented rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.^[14]

In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter.^{[according to whom?]}

Modern slavery can be quite profitable,^[15] and some governing bodies tacitly allow it, despite being outlawed by international treaties such as the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery and local laws. Total annual revenues from human trafficking was estimated in 2014 to be over $150 billion,^[16] although profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of US$40,000 in 2017 money.^[17]^[18] In 2017, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.^[18]

Bales explains, in the context of modern slavery, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave others to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."^[19]

Types[edit | edit source]

Slavery by descent and chattel slavery[edit | edit source]

Slavery by descent, also called chattel slavery, is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the personal property (chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the Roman Empire or Ottoman Empire, or from slave trading, as in the Saharan or Atlantic slave trades.^[20]

Since the 2014 Civil War in Libya, and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants being sold in public, including open slave markets in the country.^[21]

Mauritania has a long history with slavery. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely unenforced. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves.^[22]

Debt bondage can also be passed down to descendants, like chattel slavery.

Those trapped in the system of sexual slavery in the modern world are often effectively chattel, especially when they are forced into prostitution.

Government-forced labor[edit | edit source]

Government-forced labor, also known as state-sponsored labor, is defined by the International Labor Organization as situations where people "are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities".^[23]

In Eritrea, an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an indefinite military service program which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.^[24]

In North Korea, the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country.^[25] The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$975 million, with dulgyeokdae (youth workers) forced to undertake dangerous construction work, and inminban (women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in sweatshops. The workers are often unpaid.^[26] Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite.^[26] The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad.^[27]

In Uzbekistan, for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a main exporter, every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process.^[28] In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that child labor is also prominent.^[29] Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the forced labor in recent years, and in March 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost eliminated.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Prison labor[edit | edit source]

In 1865, the United States ratified the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted",^[33] providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country.^[34] Historically, this led to the system of convict leasing which still primarily affects African-Americans. The Prison Policy Initiative, an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals,^[35] and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion.

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Map of US states where prison labor is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022^[36]

permitted

forbidden

no mention in constitution

In Texas, Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas, prisoners are not paid at all for their work.^[37] In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour (as of 2013).^[38] Federal Prison Industries paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017.^[34] Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into solitary confinement,^[39] or have family visitation revoked.^[40] From 2010 to 2015^[41] and again in 2016^[42] and in 2018,^[43] some prisoners in the US refused to work, protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement.^[44]^[45]

Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and private prisons. CoreCivic and GEO Group constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015.^[46] The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions.^[47] In California in 2018, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for $1 per hour through the CDCR's Conservation Camp Program, which saved the state as much as $100 million a year.^[48]

In China's system of labor prisons (formerly called laogai), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners.^[49] In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller re-education through labor system of prisons up until 2013.^[50] In addition to both of these, China is also reportedly operating forced labor camps in Xinjiang, imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of Uyghurs, as well as a smaller number of Tibetans and political dissidents.^[51]^[52]

In the UK, there are three key types of prison labour. First, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery.^[53] A 2013 report suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.^[54]

In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory. Some prisoners work for private companies. As of 2017, in NSW some are paid as little as $0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $16 per hour (compared to $35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job).^[55]^[56]

Bonded labor[edit | edit source]

Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage and peonage, occurs when people give themselves into slavery as a security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative.^[57] The cycle begins when people take extreme loans under the condition that they work off the debt. The "loan" is designed so that it can never be paid off, and is often passed down for generations. People become trapped in this system working ostensibly towards repayment though they are often forced to work far past the original amount they owe. They work under the force of threats and abuse. Sometimes the debts last a few years, and sometimes the debts are even passed onto future generations.^[58]

Bonded labor is used across a variety of industries in order to produce products for consumption around the world.^[57] It is most common in India, Pakistan and Nepal.

In India, the majority of bonded laborers are Dalits (Untouchables) and Adivasis (tribal people).^[58] Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop."^[59] In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past. ^{[citation needed]}

Forced migrant labor[edit | edit source]

People may be enticed to migrate with the promise of work, only to have their documents seized and be forced to work under the threat of violence to them or their families.^[60] Undocumented immigrants may also be taken advantage of, as without legal residency they often have no legal recourse. Along with sex slavery, this is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy countries such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East.

In the United Arab Emirates, some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local Emirati citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of the constructive workforce.^[61] The country has a kafala system, which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking.^[62] As of 2017, the UAE is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.^[63]

Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the Qatar FIFA 2022 World Cup.^[61] There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums.^[64] Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour.^[61] Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour.^[65]

In October 2019 Qatar abolished Kafala system and introduced basic minimum wage and wage protection system for migrant workers. Under these reforms workers can change jobs without employer's permission and are now paid basic minimum wage regardless of their nationality. The basic minimum wage is set to 1,000 QAR and allowances for food and accommodation must be provided by employers which is 300 QAR and 500 QAR respectively. Moreover, Qatar introduced a wage protection system to ensure the employers are complying with the reforms. The wage protection system monitors the workers in the private sector. This new system has reduced wage abuses and disputes among migrant labours.^[66]

Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilty of trafficking six Lithuanian men.^[67] They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted that the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S.^[67] Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the United Kingdom and forced to work in illegal cannabis farms. When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.^[68]^[69]

In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 New York State Fair, 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico were forced to work in a food truck and essentially enslaved by their employer.^[70] The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they quit their job, as this would be a violation of their visas.^[71] A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed Operation Blooming Onion revealed that a years-long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern Georgia. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water.^[72]

Reports of migrant abuse and neglect surfaced in Kenya in early September 2022, when pictures of a frail looking young Kenyan worker from Saudi Arabia, Diana Chepkemoi went viral. Following growing pressure from the public, the government repatriated Chepkemoi along with a few other domestic workers facing a similar fate in the Kingdom. Among those rescued was Joy Simiyu, who went to Saudi Arabia to work as a domestic help, but within months returned to Kenya with a harrowing but known tale of abuse by her employer. According to reports, migrant housekeepers complained of being subjected to physical, mental as well as sexual abuse while working in the Gulf state.^[73]

Sex slavery[edit | edit source]

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The Slave Market, by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many child sex slaves are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East. An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry.^[74] Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.^[75]

In 2005, the Gulf Times reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation (castration).^[76]

Many of those who become victims of sex slavery initially do so willingly under the guise that they will be performing traditional sex work, only to become trapped for extended periods of time, such as those involved in Nigeria's human trafficking circuit.^[77]

Forced marriage and child marriage[edit | edit source]

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Illustration from the book The Child Slaves of Britain. Child slavery and forced labor continues to be a problem in the 21st century

Early or forced marriage is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and sexual abuse.

The regions most affected by this problematic are usually those ruled by patriarchal systems with strict social norms, and countries with high poverty rates since marriage is seen as an efficient way to gain financial security for the girls and their families.^[78]

Forced marriages also happen in developed nations. In the United Kingdom there were 3,546 reports to the police of forced marriage over three years from 2014 to 2016.^[79]

In the United States over 200,000 minors were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults.^[80] Currently 48 US states, as well as D.C. and Puerto Rico, allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant.^[81]^[82] In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage^[83]^[84]^[85] or ban it altogether.^[86]

Bride-buying is the act of purchasing a bride as property, in a similar manner to chattel slavery. It can also be related to human trafficking.

Child labor[edit | edit source]

Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today.^[when?]^[74] Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education.^[87] Forced begging is a common way that children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in cocoa, cotton or fishing industries.^[88] Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in Haiti.^[89]

In war-torn countries, children have been kidnapped and sold to political parties to use as child soldiers.^[90] Child soldiers are children who may be trafficked from their homes and forced or coerced by armed forces. The armed forces could be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. While in these groups the children may be forced to work as cooks, guards, servants or spies.^[91] It is common for both boys and girls to be sexually abused while in these groups.

Situations where young people work in unpaid internships have been likened to modern slavery.^[92]

Fishing industry[edit | edit source]

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A Thai fishing vessel. Workers can be kept on the ships for years.^[93]

According to Human Rights Watch, Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry.^[94] Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry.^[95]

Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.^[96] Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed.^[97] This is commonplace because of the disposability of unfree laborers.

Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much^[98] since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".^[99]

Forced begging[edit | edit source]

Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers.^[100] It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.^[101]

Forced fraud[edit | edit source]

There are significant reports of forced fraud in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, or Laos). Currently, forced fraud activities are mainly found in fraud factories or fraud parks, notably in Southeast Asian countries, which involve human trafficking and typically run by Chinese criminal gangs. Fraud factory victims are forced to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies or withdrawing cash, via social media and online dating apps. Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ harvesting or forced prostitution if they do not earn enough from scamming.^[102]^[103]

Occupations[edit | edit source]

In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include:

Small-scale building work, such as laying driveways, and other labor.^[104]
Car washing by hand^[104]
Domestic servitude, sometimes with sexual exploitation.^[104]
Nail salons (cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work.^[104]
Fishing, mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry.^[105]^[106]
Manufacturing – Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour.^[107]
Agriculture and forestry – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to undertake farming and forestry work. See prison farm.
In North Korea, dulgyeokdae (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and inminban (women workers) are forced to work in clothing sweatshops.^[26]

Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK, people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.^[104]

The European Parliament condemned, 386 – 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the COVID-19 pandemic around the world as human trafficking and modern slavery.^[108]

Trafficking[edit | edit source]

The United Nations have defined human trafficking as follows:

The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.^[109]

According to United States Department of State data, as of 2013, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children [are] trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation."^[110] However, "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries, is a form of human trafficking that can be hard to track from afar". It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked every year in the United States.^[111]

In recent years, the internet and popular social networking sites have become tools that traffickers use to find vulnerable people who they can then exploit. A 2017 Reuters report discusses how a woman is suing Facebook for negligence as she speculated that executives were aware of a situation that occurred back in 2012 where she was sexually abused and trafficked by someone posing as her "friend".^[112] Social media and smartphone apps are also used to sell the slaves.^[113]

In 2016, a Washington Post article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers.^[114] It was shown that they failed to perform adequate background checks of the adults who claimed the children, allowing sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio.

Organizational efforts against slavery[edit | edit source]

Government actions[edit | edit source]

In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US State Department's annual Trafficking In Persons Report assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".^[115]

The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Portugal, Croatia, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Norway.^[116]

In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the Modern Slavery Act 2015, supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the Criminal Finances Act 2017, effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law.^[117] Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information.^[118]

The British government has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government supply chains.^[119]^[120] The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign.^[121]

In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are North Korea, China, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Hong Kong, Central African Republic, Papua New Guinea, Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan.^[116]

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.^[122]^[123]

Private initiatives[edit | edit source]

In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the Legatum Foundation, Humanity United and the Walk Free Foundation founded the Freedom Fund. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.^[124]^[125]^[126] BT also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners free the unseen.

Statistics[edit | edit source]

Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US$150 billion each year.^[127] The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.^[128]^[129] As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).^[130]

Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,^[131] UK,^[132] Australia^[133]). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".^[134] In March 2020, released British police records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.^[135]

There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.^[87]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery[edit | edit source]

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in Malaysia providing PPE to the NHS in the UK, and an influx of online clothing shopping, which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand.^[136] A result, this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic, putting them at risk of contracting the disease.^[136] The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe.^[137]

Creation of new risks and abuses for victims[edit | edit source]

Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people being vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family.^[137] Ordinarily some Quranic schools in West Africa practice forced begging.^[137] Since many of the pupils began to reside within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.^[137]

Wealthy families in Mauritania have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing Haratine domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition that they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the Haratine people, since if they do not take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave their families without resources.^[137]

Increased susceptibility to slavery[edit | edit source]

The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down.^[138] By March 2020 over 1 million workers in Bangladesh were fired or suspended.^[137] Workers in Cambodia, India, Myanmar and Vietnam have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking^[139] as a result of people turning to bonded labor for survival.^[137]

Increase in risk for migrant workers[edit | edit source]

Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalized, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.^[137] This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.^[137]

Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns[edit | edit source]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries adopted lockdowns, which hindered the operations of anti-slavery organisations as people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres were also shut down as a result of the lockdown.^[137]

Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK[edit | edit source]

The Home Office has stated the number of suspected modern slavery victims in the UK has fallen for the first time in 4 years, as a result of the pandemic.^[140] Officials say this is due to the restrictions implemented in the UK and an increase of self-isolation and businesses shutting.^[140]

The national referral mechanism has recorded 2,871 referrals of potential modern day slavery victims in the 1st quarter of 2020, which is a 14% fall from the previous 3 months.^[140] There has been an increase of child victims "partially driven"^[140] by an increase of county lines.

Media[edit | edit source]

The documentary film 13th explores the "intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;"^[141] It is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude. But slavery has been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior, and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen, forcing them to work for the states plus the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by for profit prison corporations that have created the current carceral capitalism in the United States.^[142]
The documentary film A Woman Captured follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.
There have been a number of documentaries that highlight worker abuse and other human rights issues in Arab states of the Persian Gulf, for example Qatar. There were also calls to boycott the 2022 FIFA World cup in Qatar.^[143]

References[edit | edit source]

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External links[edit | edit source]

Statistics[edit | edit source]

Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, 2016, including means of oppression – International Labour Organization and Walk Free Foundation
Global Slavery Index reports – Walk Free Foundation

[1] "50 million people in modern slavery: No justification for 'fundamental' human rights abuse". UN News. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 29 July 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2026.

[2] Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "Badges of Modern Slavery". The Modern Law Review. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[3] Nations, United. "International Day for the Abolition of Slavery". United Nations. Retrieved 24 February 2026.

[auto4-4] "Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.

[5] "What is modern slavery? | Australian Human Rights Institute". www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 21 August 2025.

[6] "What is Modern Slavery?". Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2016.

[NRC-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Maral Noshad Sharifi (8 June 2016). "Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven" [There are 45.8 million modern slaves]. NRC Handelsblad (in Nederlands). Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.

[8] "Walk Free Global Slavery Index".

[9] Barber, Harriet (24 May 2023). "There are 50 million modern slaves in the world – this is how they're exploited". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 July 2025.

[10] "What is Modern Slavery?". 2009-2017.state.gov. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[11] "Slavery Today Overview". Free the Slaves. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

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Slavery in the 21st century: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:55, 24 March 2026

Contents

Definition[edit | edit source]

Causes[edit | edit source]

Types[edit | edit source]

Slavery by descent and chattel slavery[edit | edit source]

Government-forced labor[edit | edit source]

Prison labor[edit | edit source]

Bonded labor[edit | edit source]

Forced migrant labor[edit | edit source]

Sex slavery[edit | edit source]

Forced marriage and child marriage[edit | edit source]

Child labor[edit | edit source]

Fishing industry[edit | edit source]

Forced begging[edit | edit source]

Forced fraud[edit | edit source]

Occupations[edit | edit source]

Trafficking[edit | edit source]

Organizational efforts against slavery[edit | edit source]

Government actions[edit | edit source]

Private initiatives[edit | edit source]

Statistics[edit | edit source]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery[edit | edit source]

Creation of new risks and abuses for victims[edit | edit source]

Increased susceptibility to slavery[edit | edit source]

Increase in risk for migrant workers[edit | edit source]

Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns[edit | edit source]

Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK[edit | edit source]

Media[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

Statistics[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Contemporary slavery, also known as modern slavery or neo-slavery}}
+{{Short description|none}}
-[[File:Maps Global Slavery Index 2019.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Prevalence of modern slavery, as a percentage of the population, by country, as estimated by the [[Walk Free Foundation]].]]
+{{Redirect|Modern slavery|the song by Travis Scott and Quavo|Modern Slavery (song)}}
+{{use dmy dates |date=January 2023}}
 {{slavery|Contemporary}}
-'''Contemporary slavery''',  also  sometimes known as '''modern slavery''' or '''neo-slavery''', refers to institutional [[slavery]] that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm |title=Forced labour – Themes |publisher=Ilo.org |access-date=2015-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072059/http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=2010-02-09 }}</ref> to 46 million,<ref name=Guardian46>{{cite news |first=Annie |last=Kelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/01/46-million-people-living-as-slaves-latest-global-index-reveals-russell-crowe |title=46 million people living as slaves, latest global index reveals |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712025032/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/01/46-million-people-living-as-slaves-latest-global-index-reveals-russell-crowe |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ASI46m/> depending on the method used to form the estimate and the definition of slavery being used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minderoo.com.au/walk-free/|title=Walk Free|work=The Minderoo Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-date=2019-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428150909/https://www.minderoo.com.au/walk-free/|url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated number of enslaved people is debated, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paz-Fuchs|first=Amir|title=Badges of Modern Slavery|url=https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=The Modern Law Review|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114929/https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available. The [[International Labour Organization]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479/lang--en/index.htm|title=Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage|last=International Labour Organization|date=19 September 2017|website=International Labour Organization|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220204125/http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture;<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|title=Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.ilo.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422021606/http://www2.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 4.8 million persons in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million persons in forced labor imposed by state authorities.<ref name="auto4"/> An additional 15.4 million people are in forced marriages.<ref name="auto4"/>
+[[File:Maps Global Slavery Index 2024.svg|thumb|307x307px|The prevalence of modern slavery as percentage of the population, by country, according to [[Global Slavery Index]] by the [[Walk Free Foundation]].]]
+'''Contemporary slavery''', also sometimes known as '''modern slavery''' or '''neo-slavery''', refers to [[slavery]] that continues to exist in the 21st century. As of 2022, the [[International Labour Organization|International Labour Organization (ILO)]] reports there is an estimate of 50 million people living under the circumstances of modern slavery, specifically 28 million in forced labour and 22 million in forced marriages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-12 |title=50 million people in modern slavery: No justification for 'fundamental' human rights abuse |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126421 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250729235616/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126421 |archive-date=2025-07-29 |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, it is difficult to agree on an estimated number of enslaved people, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paz-Fuchs|first=Amir|title=Badges of Modern Slavery|url=https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=The Modern Law Review|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114929/https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/september-2016/badges-of-modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.
+The [[International Labour Organization]] estimates that number based on their definition of modern slavery, which includes human trafficking, sexual exploitation, child labour, forced marriage, and the involuntary recruitment of children for armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=International Day for the Abolition of Slavery |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/slavery-abolition-day |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Based on their concept, they claim that from the 50 million people exposed to slavery today, 17.3 million are exploited in the private sector which includes domestic work, construction or agriculture; 6.3 million people face forced sexual exploitation, and 3.9 million individuals are exposed to forced labour imposed by state authorities.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|title=Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.ilo.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422021606/http://www2.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Definition ==
-The [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]], an agency of the [[United States Department of State]], says that {{"'}}modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and '[[human trafficking]]' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion". Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal [[Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000]] and the [[United Nations]] [[Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children]], including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what |title=What is Modern Slavery? |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |work=Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]], an agency of the [[United States Department of State]], says that {{"'}}modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and '[[human trafficking]]' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion".<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is modern slavery? {{!}} Australian Human Rights Institute |url=https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/research/modern-slavery |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au |language=en}}</ref> Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal [[Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000]] and the [[United Nations]] [[Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children]], including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what |title=What is Modern Slavery? |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |work=Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+According to American professor [[Kevin Bales]], co-founder and former president of the [[non-governmental organization]] and [[advocacy group]] [[Free the Slaves]], modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation".<ref name="NRC">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-Slaven-1625640-a1507929 |title=Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven |author=Maral Noshad Sharifi |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016 |language=nl |trans-title=There are 45.8 million modern slaves |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014406/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-slaven-1625640-a1507929 |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
+According to the [[Walk Free]] Foundation, "Modern slavery includes forced labour, forced or servile marriage, debt bondage, forced commercial sexual exploitation, human trafficking, slavery-like practices, and the sale and exploitation of children." With this definition as the basis of its research, Walk Free's [[Global Slavery Index]] in 2021 estimated that there were about 49.6 million slaves around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walk Free Global Slavery Index |url=https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barber |first=Harriet |date=2023-05-24 |title=There are 50 million modern slaves in the world – this is how they're exploited |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/modern-slavery-human-trafficking-forced-labour/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
-According to American professor [[Kevin Bales]], co-founder and former president of the [[non-governmental organization]] and [[advocacy group]] [[Free the Slaves]], modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation".<ref name="NRC">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-Slaven-1625640-a1507929 |title=Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven |author=Maral Noshad Sharifi |work=[[NRC Handelsblad]] |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016 |language=nl |trans-title=There are 45.8 million modern slaves |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014406/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/06/08/er-zijn-458-miljoen-moderne-slaven-1625640-a1507929 |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children. According to this definition, research from the [[Walk Free]] Foundation based on its [[Global Slavery Index]] 2018 estimated that there were about 40.3 million slaves around the world.<ref name="NRC"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fudge|first=Judy|date=Fall 2018|title=Slavery and Unfree Labour: The Politics of Naming, Framing, and Blaming|journal=Labour|via=ProQuest}}</ref>  In another estimate that suggests the number is around 45.8 million, it is estimated that around 10 million of these contemporary slaves are children.<ref name=ASI46m>{{Cite news|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|title=What is modern slavery?|work=[[Anti-Slavery International]]|access-date=2017-10-21|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430142552/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and thus more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from [[NGO]]s.<ref name="NRC"/> Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the ''disposability'' of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/|title=Cost of slaves falls to historic low|date=7 March 2011|work=CNN Freedom Project|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024084041/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+As mentioned above, the definitions used by different organizations have notable variation in approaches and purposes. On one hand, the U.S. Government definition by the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons employs a legal definition, focusing more on the different types of trafficking mechanisms and coercion with the goal of providing an explanation on how and when each situation should be treated as a criminal offense.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Modern Slavery? |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref> By contrast, the concept under the non-governmental organization Free the Slaves, has more of an advocacy approach designed to raise awareness about the problematic with a persuasive tone, emphasizing more on the conditions of exploitation and the lack of autonomy, including a wider range of practices that can fall under this terminology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery Today Overview |url=https://freetheslaves.net/slavery-today-2/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Free the Slaves |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from [[NGO]]s.<ref name="NRC"/>
+Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice for enslavers, despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the ''disposability'' of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/|title=Cost of slaves falls to historic low|date=7 March 2011|work=CNN Freedom Project|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024084041/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/07/cost-of-slaves-falls-to-historic-low/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == Causes ==
-Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labour is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such basic transactions do still occur, in contemporary cases people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|title=Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)|isbn=9781742244631|access-date=2020-02-01|last1=Nolan|first1=Justine|last2=Boersma|first2=Martijn|date=September 2019|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025858/https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Since traditional slavery such as [[chattel slave]]ry has been officially abolished in every country on Earth and is illegal, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labor, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labor is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such transactions do still occur, in contemporary situations people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|title=Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)|isbn=9781742244631|access-date=2020-02-01|last1=Nolan|first1=Justine|last2=Boersma|first2=Martijn|date=September 2019|publisher=University of New South Wales Press |archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025858/https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of [[poverty]]. In countries that lack education and the rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery|title=Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211352/https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of [[poverty]]. In countries that lack education and effectively implemented [[rule of law]], poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery|title=Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211352/https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter. Slaves are more attractive for unpleasant work, and less for pleasant work.
+In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter.{{According to whom|date=December 2022}}
-Modern slavery can be quite profitable,<ref>Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).</ref> and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite its being outlawed by international treaties such as [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]] and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|title=Human Trafficking Numbers|date=December 7, 2017|website=Human Rights First|access-date=May 13, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|url-status=live}}</ref> though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of [[US$]]40,000 in today's money.<ref name="Economics and Slavery2">{{cite web|url=https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|title=Slavery Today|date=2013-05-19|website=Free The Slaves|access-date=2013-08-18|archive-date=2018-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033125/https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Batha|first=Emma|date=2017-11-16|title=How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|access-date=2021-04-22|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Modern slavery can be quite profitable,<ref>Siddarth Kara, ''Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)</ref> and some governing bodies tacitly allow it, despite being outlawed by international treaties such as the [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]] and local laws. Total annual revenues from human trafficking was estimated in 2014 to be over $150 billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|title=Human Trafficking Numbers|date=December 7, 2017|website=Human Rights First|access-date=May 13, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers|url-status=live}}</ref> although profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of [[US$]]40,000 in 2017 money.<ref name="Economics and Slavery2">{{cite web|url=https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|title=Slavery Today|date=2013-05-19|website=Free The Slaves|access-date=2013-08-18|archive-date=2018-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033125/https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In 2017, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Batha|first=Emma|date=2017-11-16|title=How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|access-date=2021-04-22|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Bales explains, “This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|title=Kevin Bales {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|last=Bales|first=Kevin|website=www.ted.com|language=en|date=March 2010|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2022-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Bales explains, in the context of modern slavery, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave others to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|title=Kevin Bales {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|last=Bales|first=Kevin|website=www.ted.com|language=en|date=March 2010|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-date=2022-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Types==
-{{More citations needed section|date=June 2013}}
 ===Slavery by descent and chattel slavery===
@@ Line 27: / Line 38: @@
 {{main|Chattel slavery|Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom}}
-Slavery by descent, also called '''chattel slavery''', is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the [[personal property]] (chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the [[Slavery in ancient Rome|Roman Empire]] or [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], or from slave raiding, as in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking|url=https://liluye.org/human-trafficking/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Liluye {{!}} by and for people with Great Spirit|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142823/https://liluye.org/human-trafficking/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Slavery by descent, also called '''chattel slavery''', is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the [[personal property]] (chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the [[Slavery in ancient Rome|Roman Empire]] or [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], or from slave trading, as in the [[Trans-Saharan slave trade|Saharan]] or [[Atlantic slave trade]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking|url=https://liluye.org/human-trafficking/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Liluye {{!}} by and for people with Great Spirit|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142823/https://liluye.org/human-trafficking/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Since the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|2014 Civil War]] in [[Libya]], and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants being sold in public, open slave markets in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration|title=Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=10 April 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520144206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Since the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|2014 Civil War]] in [[Libya]], and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants [[Libyan slave trade|being sold in public]], including open [[slave market]]s in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration|title=Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=10 April 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520144206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Mauritania]] has a [[Slavery in Mauritania|long history with slavery]]. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely unenforced. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania {{!}} Voice of America – English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.voanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Mauritania]] has a [[Slavery in Mauritania|long history with slavery]]. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely [[unenforced]]. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Voice of America|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.voanews.com/africa/unshackled-yet-far-free-former-slaves-struggle-mauritania|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 [[Debt bondage]] can also be passed down to descendants, like chattel slavery.
@@ Line 37: / Line 48: @@
 Those trapped in the system of [[sexual slavery]] in the modern world are often effectively chattel, especially when they are forced into prostitution.
-=== Government-forced labor and conscription ===
+=== Government-forced labor ===
-{{main|Conscription#By country}}
+Government-forced labor, also known as ''state-sponsored labor,'' is defined by the International Labor Organization as situations where people "are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/lang--en/index.htm|title=The Meanings of Forced Labour|website=International Labour Organization|date=10 March 2014|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328110820/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Government-forced labor, also known as ''state-sponsored labor,'' is defined by the International Labour Organization as events "which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/lang--en/index.htm|title=The Meanings of Forced Labour|website=International Labour Organization|date=10 March 2014|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328110820/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> When the threats come from the government the threats can be much different. Many governments that participate in forced labor shut down their connections with the surrounding countries to prevent citizens from leaving.
-In [[North Korea]], the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/|title=North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828200707/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/|url-status=live}}</ref> The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$975 million, with ''dulgyeokdae'' (youth workers) forced to do dangerous construction work, and ''inminban'' (women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in [[sweatshops]]. The workers are often unpaid.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html |title=North Koreans perform $975 million worth of forced labor each year |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Steven |last=Borowiec |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020054319/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite.<ref name="auto" />  The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad.<ref>"Pyongyang’s overseas workforce once totaled more than 100,000 people" https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 |date=2019-12-21 }}</ref>
+In [[Eritrea]], an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an [[Conscription in Eritrea|indefinite military service program]] which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631|title=As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124004004/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In [[Eritrea]], an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an indefinite military service program which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631|title=As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates|work=CBC News|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124004004/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-eritrea-slavery-human-rights-1.3621631|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In [[North Korea]], the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/|title=North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828200707/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/19/north-korea-has-2-6-million-modern-slaves-new-report-estimates/|url-status=live}}</ref> The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$975 million, with ''dulgyeokdae'' (youth workers) forced to undertake dangerous construction work, and ''inminban'' (women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in [[sweatshops]]. The workers are often unpaid.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html |title=North Koreans perform $975 million worth of forced labor each year |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Steven |last=Borowiec |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020054319/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-forced-labor-20161006-snap-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite.<ref name="auto" /> The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=Dasl |date=2019-12-20 |title=North Korean Workers Flock Home as Sanctions Deadline Hits |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korean-workers-flock-home-as-sanctions-deadline-hits-11576837803 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In [[Uzbekistan]], for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a [[Economy of Uzbekistan|main exporter]], every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/|title=End Uzbek Cotton Crimes|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-28|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226121827/https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that [[Child labour|child labor]] is also prominent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhat|first=Bilal Ahmad|date=2011-05-01|title=Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia|journal=Problems of Economic Transition|volume=54|issue=1|pages=84–99|doi=10.2753/pet1061-1991540108|s2cid=153335200|issn=1061-1991}}</ref> Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the forced labor in recent years, and in March 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost eliminated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Imamova |first1=Navbahor |title=Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uzbek-cotton-industry-greets-end-of-13-year-global-boycott-/6568054.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |publisher=VOA News |date=May 11, 2022 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211215614/https://www.voanews.com/a/uzbek-cotton-industry-greets-end-of-13-year-global-boycott-/6568054.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Putz |first1=Catherine |title=The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2022 |publisher=The Diplomat |date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207083928/http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labor Organization |date=March 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207083928/http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-About 35–40 countries are currently enforcing military [[conscription]] of some sort, even if it is only temporary service.
-Government-forced labor comes in different forms, as governments have also been known to participate in forced-labor practices that do not include military service. In [[Uzbekistan]], for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a [[Economy of Uzbekistan|main exporter]], every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/|title=End Uzbek Cotton Crimes|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-28|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226121827/https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that [[Child labour|child labor]] is also prominent.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhat|first=Bilal Ahmad|date=2011-05-01|title=Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia|journal=Problems of Economic Transition|volume=54|issue=1|pages=84–99|doi=10.2753/pet1061-1991540108|s2cid=153335200|issn=1061-1991}}</ref> Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the force labor in recent years, and in March of 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost completely eliminated. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Imamova |first1=Navbahor |title=Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uzbek-cotton-industry-greets-end-of-13-year-global-boycott-/6568054.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |publisher=VOA News |date=May 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Putz |first1=Catherine |title=The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2022 |publisher=The Diplomat |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_838396/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labor Organization |date=March 2022 |publisher=International Labor Organization |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
 ===Prison labor===
 {{main|Penal labour}}
+[[File:Neixiang Yamen Jail - Forced Labor.jpg|thumb|Neixiang Yamen Jail – Forced Labor]]
 {{expand section|date=December 2019}}
-In 1865, the [[United States]] ratified the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]], which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|title=13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2011-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|url-status=live}}</ref> providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913035051/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates |url-status=live }}</ref> Historically, this led to the system of [[convict leasing]] which still primarily affects African-Americans. The [[Prison Policy Initiative]], an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Initiative|first1=Prison Policy|last2=Wagner|first2=Wendy Sawyer and Peter|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.prisonpolicy.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019020302/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion. In [[Texas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]] and [[Arkansas]], prisoners are not paid at all for their work.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Jason|date=September 6, 2016|title=Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery|url=https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/|work=[[Truthout]]|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814113951/https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time to Reckon with Prison Labor {{!}} Institution for Social and Policy Studies|url=https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well.|access-date=2021-05-28|website=isps.yale.edu|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205823/https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well.|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Federal Prison Industries]] paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017.<ref name="Economist"/> Inmates that refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into [[solitary confinement]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=America's Slave Empire|url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094503/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> or have family visitation revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benns|first=Whitney|date=2015-09-21|title=American Slavery, Reinvented|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=2017-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027011230/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2010 to 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |date=June 22, 2015 |title=America's Slave Empire |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ |work=[[Truthdig]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |author-link=Chris Hedges |archive-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112534/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2016 U.S. prison strike|again in 2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/|title=The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week|first=Alice|last=Speri|date=16 September 2016|website=[[The Intercept]]|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160916204056/https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2018 U.S. prison strike|in 2018]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=German |date=August 22, 2018 |title=America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 |work=Vox |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217033720/https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> some prisoners in the US [[strike action|refused to work]], protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|date=August 21, 2018|title=US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912223642/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fryer|first=Brooke|date=September 5, 2018|title=US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/09/05/us-inmates-sent-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike|work=NITV News|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150131/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/09/05/us-inmates-sent-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike|url-status=live}}</ref> Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and [[private prisons in the United States|private prisons]]. [[CoreCivic]] and [[GEO Group]] constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Capitalizing on Mass Incarceration: U.S. Growth in Private Prisons|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/capitalizing-on-mass-incarceration-u-s-growth-in-private-prisons/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Sentencing Project|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606093311/https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/capitalizing-on-mass-incarceration-u-s-growth-in-private-prisons/|url-status=live}}</ref> The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Uncounted Workforce : The Indicator from Planet Money|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/29/884989263/the-uncounted-workforce|access-date=2021-05-28|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531005137/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/29/884989263/the-uncounted-workforce|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[California]], 2,500 incarcerated workers are fighting wildfires for only $1 per hour through the CDCR's [[California fire camps|Conservation Camp Program]], which saves the state as much as $100 million a year.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 12, 2018 |title=A New Form of Slavery? Meet Incarcerated Firefighters Battling California's Wildfires for $1 an Hour |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/9/12/a_new_form_of_slavery_meet |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165353/https://www.democracynow.org/2018/9/12/a_new_form_of_slavery_meet |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1865, the [[United States]] ratified the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]], which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|title=13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2011-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|url-status=live}}</ref> providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913035051/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates |url-status=live }}</ref> Historically, this led to the system of [[convict leasing]] which still primarily affects African-Americans. The [[Prison Policy Initiative]], an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Sawyer|first1=Wendy|last2=Wagner|first2=Peter|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.prisonpolicy.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019020302/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion.
+[[File:13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png|thumb|Map of US states where [[Penal labor in the United States|prison labor]] is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radde |first=Kaitlyn |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137398039/louisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115075642/https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137398039/louisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate |url-status=live }}</ref>{{legend|#FF0000;|permitted}}{{legend|#1AA7EE;|forbidden}}{{legend|#E8E8E8;|no mention in constitution}}]]
+In [[Texas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]] and [[Arkansas]], prisoners are not paid at all for their work.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Jason|date=September 6, 2016|title=Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery|url=https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/|work=[[Truthout]]|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814113951/https://truthout.org/articles/unpaid-labor-in-texas-prisons-is-modern-day-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour (as of 2013).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time to Reckon with Prison Labor {{!}} Institution for Social and Policy Studies|url=https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well.|access-date=2021-05-28|website=isps.yale.edu|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205823/https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2013/10/time-to-reckon-with-prison-labor-0#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Federal%20Bureau,for%20private%20companies%20as%20well.|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Federal Prison Industries]] paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017.<ref name="Economist"/> Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into [[solitary confinement]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=America's Slave Empire|url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists|date=22 June 2015 |language=en|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094503/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> or have family visitation revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Benns|first=Whitney|date=2015-09-21|title=American Slavery, Reinvented|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=2017-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027011230/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2010 to 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |date=June 22, 2015 |title=America's Slave Empire |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ |work=[[Truthdig]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |author-link=Chris Hedges |archive-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112534/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/americas-slave-empire-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2016 U.S. prison strike|again in 2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/|title=The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week|first=Alice|last=Speri|date=16 September 2016|website=[[The Intercept]]|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160916204056/https://theintercept.com/2016/09/16/the-largest-prison-strike-in-u-s-history-enters-its-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2018 U.S. prison strike|in 2018]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lopez |first=German |date=August 22, 2018 |title=America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 |work=Vox |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217033720/https://www.vox.com/2018/8/17/17664048/national-prison-strike-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> some prisoners in the US [[strike action|refused to work]], protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|date=August 21, 2018|title=US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912223642/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/aug/20/prison-labor-protest-america-jailhouse-lawyers-speak|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fryer|first=Brooke|date=September 5, 2018|title=US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/09/05/us-inmates-sent-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike|work=NITV News|access-date=September 13, 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150131/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/09/05/us-inmates-sent-solitary-confinement-over-prison-slavery-strike|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In [[People's Republic of China|China's]] system of labor prisons (formerly called [[laogai]]), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners,<ref name="LRF6">{{cite web | url=http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook05-06.pdf | title=Laogai Handbook | publisher=The Laogai Research Foundation | year=2006 | access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527202338/http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook05-06.pdf |archive-date = May 27, 2008}} p. 6.</ref> and to have caused tens of millions of deaths.<ref name="Jung Chang">Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]].'' [[Jonathan Cape]], London, 2005. p.&nbsp;338: {{quote|By the general estimate China's prison and labor camp population was roughly 10 million in any one year under Mao. Descriptions of camp life by inmates, which point to high mortality rates, indicate a probable annual death rate of at least 10 per cent.}}</ref> In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller [[re-education through labor]] system of prisons up until 2013.<ref name=telegraph2014>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=2014-01-09 |title=China abolishes its labour camps and releases prisoners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10561434/China-abolishes-its-labour-camps-and-releases-prisoners.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10561434/China-abolishes-its-labour-camps-and-releases-prisoners.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=2016-05-26 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In addition to both of these, China is also operating [[Xinjiang reeducation camps|forced labor camps in Xinjiang]], imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of [[Muslims]], [[Uyghurs]] and other ethnic minorities and political dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/11/cotton-china-uighur-labor-xinjiang-new-slavery/|title=Xinjiang's New Slavery|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173331/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/11/cotton-china-uighur-labor-xinjiang-new-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and [[private prisons in the United States|private prisons]]. [[CoreCivic]] and [[GEO Group]] constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Capitalizing on Mass Incarceration: U.S. Growth in Private Prisons|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/capitalizing-on-mass-incarceration-u-s-growth-in-private-prisons/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Sentencing Project|date=2 August 2018 |language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606093311/https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/capitalizing-on-mass-incarceration-u-s-growth-in-private-prisons/|url-status=live}}</ref> The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Uncounted Workforce : The Indicator from Planet Money|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/29/884989263/the-uncounted-workforce|access-date=2021-05-28|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531005137/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/29/884989263/the-uncounted-workforce|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[California]] in 2018, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for $1 per hour through the CDCR's [[California fire camps|Conservation Camp Program]], which saved the state as much as $100 million a year.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 12, 2018 |title=A New Form of Slavery? Meet Incarcerated Firefighters Battling California's Wildfires for $1 an Hour |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2018/9/12/a_new_form_of_slavery_meet |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=September 13, 2018 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165353/https://www.democracynow.org/2018/9/12/a_new_form_of_slavery_meet |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In North Korea, tens of thousands of prisoners may be held in forced labor camps. Prisoners suffer harsh conditions and have been forced to dig their own graves<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40269546|title=How harsh is prison in North Korea?|first=Stephen|last=Evans|date=14 June 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150227/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40269546|url-status=live}}</ref> and to throw rocks at the dead body of another prisoner.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-forced-labour-survivor-camp-15-hermit-kingdom-kim-jongun-a7971926.html|title='We were forced to throw rocks at a man being hanged': Prisoner exposes life inside notorious North Korea forced labour camp|date=September 28, 2017|website=The Independent|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729231932/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-forced-labour-survivor-camp-15-hermit-kingdom-kim-jongun-a7971926.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Yodok Concentration Camp]], children and political prisoners were subject to forced labor.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> Yodok closed in 2014 and its prisoners were transferred to other prisons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/camp-15-gone-but-no-liberty-for-pr/ |title=Camp 15 Gone But No Liberty for Prisoners |date=7 November 2014 |publisher=DailyNK |access-date=2018-10-14 |archive-date=2018-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024635/https://www.dailynk.com/english/camp-15-gone-but-no-liberty-for-pr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In [[People's Republic of China|China's]] system of labor prisons (formerly called [[laogai]]), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners.<ref name="LRF6">{{cite web | url=http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook05-06.pdf | title=Laogai Handbook | publisher=The Laogai Research Foundation | year=2006 | access-date=October 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527202338/http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook05-06.pdf |archive-date = May 27, 2008}} p. 6.</ref> In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller [[re-education through labor]] system of prisons up until 2013.<ref name=telegraph2014>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=2014-01-09 |title=China abolishes its labour camps and releases prisoners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10561434/China-abolishes-its-labour-camps-and-releases-prisoners.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10561434/China-abolishes-its-labour-camps-and-releases-prisoners.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=2016-05-26 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In addition to both of these, China is also reportedly operating [[Xinjiang reeducation camps|forced labor camps in Xinjiang]], imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of [[Uyghurs]], as well as a smaller number of Tibetans and political dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/11/cotton-china-uighur-labor-xinjiang-new-slavery/|title=Xinjiang's New Slavery|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173331/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/11/cotton-china-uighur-labor-xinjiang-new-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In the UK there are three key types of prison labour. Firstly, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prison Labour {{!}} Incarcerated Workers Organising Committee|url=https://iwoc.iww.org.uk/prison-labour/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=iwoc.iww.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155452/https://iwoc.iww.org.uk/prison-labour/|url-status=live}}</ref> Reports suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Britain's Prisons Turning Into Slave Labour Factories?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/8g7zxz/are-britains-prisons-turning-into-factories|access-date=2021-04-21|website=www.vice.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155448/https://www.vice.com/en/article/8g7zxz/are-britains-prisons-turning-into-factories|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In the UK, there are three key types of prison labour. First, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prison Labour {{!}} Incarcerated Workers Organising Committee|url=https://iwoc.iww.org.uk/prison-labour/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=iwoc.iww.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155452/https://iwoc.iww.org.uk/prison-labour/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2013 report suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Britain's Prisons Turning Into Slave Labour Factories?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/are-britains-prisons-turning-into-factories/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Vice.com|date=11 March 2013 |language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155448/https://www.vice.com/en/article/8g7zxz/are-britains-prisons-turning-into-factories|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least [[New South Wales]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Queensland]] and the [[Northern Territory]]. Some prisoners work for private companies. In NSW some are paid as little as $0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $16 per hour (compared to $35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crn.com.au/news/sydney-pc-assembler-using-prison-labour-526829|title=Sydney PC assembler using prison labour|publisher=crn.com.au|date=20 June 2019|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507234717/https://www.crn.com.au/news/sydney-pc-assembler-using-prison-labour-526829|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newsprisonlabour">{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/bed-linen-and-boomerangs-the-surprising-products-made-by-prisoners/news-story/d9cfbb0e9414fd00c0ef764ce8002982|title=Bed linen and boomerangs — the surprising products made by prisoners|publisher=news.com.au|date=28 March 2017|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508000213/https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/bed-linen-and-boomerangs-the-surprising-products-made-by-prisoners/news-story/d9cfbb0e9414fd00c0ef764ce8002982|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least [[New South Wales]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Queensland]] and the [[Northern Territory]]. Some prisoners work for private companies. As of 2017, in NSW some are paid as little as $0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $16 per hour (compared to $35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crn.com.au/news/sydney-pc-assembler-using-prison-labour-526829|title=Sydney PC assembler using prison labour|publisher=crn.com.au|date=20 June 2019|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507234717/https://www.crn.com.au/news/sydney-pc-assembler-using-prison-labour-526829|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newsprisonlabour">{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/bed-linen-and-boomerangs-the-surprising-products-made-by-prisoners/news-story/d9cfbb0e9414fd00c0ef764ce8002982|title=Bed linen and boomerangs — the surprising products made by prisoners|publisher=news.com.au|date=28 March 2017|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508000213/https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/other-industries/bed-linen-and-boomerangs-the-surprising-products-made-by-prisoners/news-story/d9cfbb0e9414fd00c0ef764ce8002982|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Bonded labor===
@@ Line 71: / Line 81: @@
 Bonded labor is used across a variety of industries in order to produce products for consumption around the world.<ref name=":0" /> It is most common in India, Pakistan and Nepal.
-In India, the majority of bonded laborers are [[Dalit]]s (Untouchables) and [[Adivasi]]s (indigenous tribespeople).<ref name=":1" /> Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/bonded-labour/|title=What is bonded labour?|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430141426/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/bonded-labour/|url-status=live}}</ref> In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past.
+In India, the majority of bonded laborers are [[Dalit]]s (Untouchables) and [[Adivasi]]s (tribal people).<ref name=":1" /> Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/bonded-labour/|title=What is bonded labour?|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430141426/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/bonded-labour/|url-status=live}}</ref> In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past. {{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
 ===Forced migrant labor===
 {{main|Migrant worker#Exploitation and enslavement of migrant workers}}
 People may be enticed to migrate with the promise of work, only to have their documents seized and be [[unfree labor|forced to work]] under the threat of violence to them or their families.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/supermarket-prawns-thailand-produced-slave-labour|title=Revealed: Asian slave labor producing prawns for supermarkets in the US, UK|last=Hodal|first=Kate|author2=Chris Kelly|author3=Felicity Lawrence|date=2014-06-10|work=The Guardian|quote=Fifteen migrant workers from Burma and Cambodia also told how they had been enslaved.|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=2020-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428183820/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/supermarket-prawns-thailand-produced-slave-labour|url-status=live}}</ref> Undocumented immigrants may also be taken advantage of, as without legal residency they often have no legal recourse. Along with sex slavery, this is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy countries such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East.
-In the [[United Arab Emirates]], some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local [[Emiratis|Emirati]] citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of Qatar's constructive workforce.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Qatar World Cup of Shame|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.amnesty.org|date=31 March 2016 |language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422031821/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has a [[kafala]] system which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrbrief.org/2016/11/culture-slavery-domestic-workers-united-arab-emirates/|title=A Culture of Slavery: Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates – Human Rights Brief|date=30 November 2016|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403090629/http://hrbrief.org/2016/11/culture-slavery-domestic-workers-united-arab-emirates/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/kafala-system-over-uae-law-improving-domestic-worker-rights-approved-1026292|title=Is the Kafala System over in the UAE? Law Improving Domestic Worker Rights Approved|date=26 September 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913225015/https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/kafala-system-over-uae-law-improving-domestic-worker-rights-approved-1026292|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In the [[United Arab Emirates]], some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local [[Emiratis|Emirati]] citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of the constructive workforce.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Qatar World Cup of Shame|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.amnesty.org|date=31 March 2016 |language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422031821/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has a [[kafala]] system, which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrbrief.org/2016/11/culture-slavery-domestic-workers-united-arab-emirates/|title=A Culture of Slavery: Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates – Human Rights Brief|date=30 November 2016|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403090629/http://hrbrief.org/2016/11/culture-slavery-domestic-workers-united-arab-emirates/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/kafala-system-over-uae-law-improving-domestic-worker-rights-approved-1026292|title=Is the Kafala System over in the UAE? Law Improving Domestic Worker Rights Approved|date=26 September 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913225015/https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/kafala-system-over-uae-law-improving-domestic-worker-rights-approved-1026292|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the [[Qatar]] [[FIFA]] [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]].<ref name="auto5"/> There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report Reveals More Than 6,500 Migrant Workers Have Died In Qatar's World Cup Prep|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/27/972056906/report-reveals-more-than-6-500-migrant-workers-have-died-in-qatars-world-cup-pre|access-date=2021-04-22|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/27/972056906/report-reveals-more-than-6-500-migrant-workers-have-died-in-qatars-world-cup-pre|url-status=live}}</ref> Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour.<ref name="auto5"/> Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar World Cup of Shame |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=www.amnesty.org |date=31 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422031821/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the [[Qatar]] [[FIFA]] [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]].<ref name="auto5"/> There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report Reveals More Than 6,500 Migrant Workers Have Died In Qatar's World Cup Prep|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/27/972056906/report-reveals-more-than-6-500-migrant-workers-have-died-in-qatars-world-cup-pre|access-date=2021-04-22|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/27/972056906/report-reveals-more-than-6-500-migrant-workers-have-died-in-qatars-world-cup-pre|url-status=live}}</ref> Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour.<ref name="auto5"/> Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar World Cup of Shame |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=www.amnesty.org |date=31 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422031821/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/03/qatar-world-cup-of-shame/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In October 2019 [[Qatar]] abolished [[Kafala system]] and introduced basic minimum wage and wage protection system for migrant workers. Under these reforms workers can change jobs without employer's permission and are now paid basic minimum wage regardless of their nationality. The basic minimum wage is set to 1,000 QAR and allowances for food and accommodation must be provided by employers which is 300 QAR and 500 QAR respectively. Moreover, Qatar introduced a wage protection system to ensure the employers are complying with the reforms. The wage protection system monitors the workers in the private sector. This new system has reduced wage abuses and disputes among migrant labours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/24/qatar-significant-labor-and-kafala-reforms |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902144931/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/24/qatar-significant-labor-and-kafala-reforms |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilt of trafficking six Lithuanian men.<ref name="guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-10 |title=Court finds UK gangmaster liable for modern slavery victims |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/10/court-finds-uk-gangmaster-liable-for-modern-slavery-victims-kent-chicken-catching-eggs |access-date=2021-05-22 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522180428/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/10/court-finds-uk-gangmaster-liable-for-modern-slavery-victims-kent-chicken-catching-eggs |url-status=live }}</ref> They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts working as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S.<ref name="guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery" />
+Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilty of trafficking six Lithuanian men.<ref name="guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-10 |title=Court finds UK gangmaster liable for modern slavery victims |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/10/court-finds-uk-gangmaster-liable-for-modern-slavery-victims-kent-chicken-catching-eggs |access-date=2021-05-22 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522180428/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/10/court-finds-uk-gangmaster-liable-for-modern-slavery-victims-kent-chicken-catching-eggs |url-status=live }}</ref> They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted that the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S.<ref name="guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery" />
-Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the [[United Kingdom]] and forced to work in illegal [[cannabis]] farms.  When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.<ref name="hemp">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/25/trafficked-enslaved-teenagers-tending-uk-cannabis-farms-vietnamese |title=Trafficked and enslaved: the teenagers tending UK cannabis farms |author=Amelia Gentleman |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405022821/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/25/trafficked-enslaved-teenagers-tending-uk-cannabis-farms-vietnamese |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10998421 |title=Children work in 'cannabis farms' |first=Rowan |last=Bridge |work=BBC News |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402191054/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10998421 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the [[United Kingdom]] and forced to work in illegal [[cannabis]] farms. When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.<ref name="hemp">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/25/trafficked-enslaved-teenagers-tending-uk-cannabis-farms-vietnamese |title=Trafficked and enslaved: the teenagers tending UK cannabis farms |author=Amelia Gentleman |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405022821/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/25/trafficked-enslaved-teenagers-tending-uk-cannabis-farms-vietnamese |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10998421 |title=Children work in 'cannabis farms' |first=Rowan |last=Bridge |work=BBC News |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402191054/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10998421 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 [[Great New York State Fair|New York State Fair]], 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico to work in a food truck were essentially enslaved by their employer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2011/04/vendor_abused_mexican_workers.html |title=State fair vendor abused workers from Mexico |last=Eisenstadt |first=Marnie |date=2011-04-17 |website=syracuse.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-28 |archive-date=2020-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629110646/https://www.syracuse.com/news/2011/04/vendor_abused_mexican_workers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they had quit their job as this would be a violation of their visas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.syracuse.com/news/other/contract.pdf |title=Contract of employment |website=media.syracuse.com |access-date=2019-04-29 |archive-date=2020-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628231817/http://media.syracuse.com/news/other/contract.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed "Operation Blooming Onion" revealed that a years long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held  in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grinspan |first=Lautaro |date=December 3, 2021 |title='This has been happening for a long time': Modern-day slavery uncovered in South Georgia |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/this-has-been-happening-for-a-long-time-modern-day-slavery-uncovered-in-ga/SHBHTDDTTBG3BCPSVCB3GQ66BQ/ |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |location= |access-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209003925/https://www.ajc.com/news/this-has-been-happening-for-a-long-time-modern-day-slavery-uncovered-in-ga/SHBHTDDTTBG3BCPSVCB3GQ66BQ/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 [[Great New York State Fair|New York State Fair]], 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico were forced to work in a food truck and essentially enslaved by their employer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2011/04/vendor_abused_mexican_workers.html |title=State fair vendor abused workers from Mexico |last=Eisenstadt |first=Marnie |date=2011-04-17 |website=syracuse.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-28 |archive-date=2020-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629110646/https://www.syracuse.com/news/2011/04/vendor_abused_mexican_workers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they quit their job, as this would be a violation of their visas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.syracuse.com/news/other/contract.pdf |title=Contract of employment |website=media.syracuse.com |access-date=2019-04-29 |archive-date=2020-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628231817/http://media.syracuse.com/news/other/contract.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed [[Operation Blooming Onion]] revealed that a years-long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grinspan |first=Lautaro |date=December 3, 2021 |title='This has been happening for a long time': Modern-day slavery uncovered in South Georgia |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/this-has-been-happening-for-a-long-time-modern-day-slavery-uncovered-in-ga/SHBHTDDTTBG3BCPSVCB3GQ66BQ/ |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |location= |access-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209003925/https://www.ajc.com/news/this-has-been-happening-for-a-long-time-modern-day-slavery-uncovered-in-ga/SHBHTDDTTBG3BCPSVCB3GQ66BQ/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Reports of migrant abuse and neglect surfaced in [[Kenya]] in early September 2022, when pictures of a frail looking young Kenyan worker from [[Saudi Arabia]], Diana Chepkemoi went viral. Following growing pressure from the public, the government repatriated Chepkemoi along with a few other domestic workers facing a similar fate in the Kingdom. Among those rescued was Joy Simiyu, who went to Saudi Arabia to work as a domestic help, but within months returned to Kenya with a harrowing but known tale of abuse by her employer. According to reports, migrant housekeepers complained of being subjected to physical, mental as well as sexual abuse while working in the Gulf state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/27/modern-day-slavery-kenyan-domestic-workers-tell-of-abuse-in-saudi-arabia|title='Modern-day slavery': Kenyan domestic workers tell of abuse in Saudi Arabia|access-date=27 September 2022|website=The Guardian|date=27 September 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207155327/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/27/modern-day-slavery-kenyan-domestic-workers-tell-of-abuse-in-saudi-arabia|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Sex slavery===
 {{main|Sexual slavery|forced prostitution}}
-[[File:Geromeslavemarket.jpg|thumb|''[[The Slave Market (Gérôme painting)|The Slave Market]]'', by Jean-Léon Gérôme]]
-Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the [[United States]], in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many [[child sex slaves]] are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East.  An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|title=Forced labour, modern slavery, and human trafficking|date=2017|website=International Labour Organization|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416155104/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/human-trafficking-and-slavery-21st-century|title=Human Trafficking and Slavery in the 21st Century|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211343/https://www.cfr.org/blog/human-trafficking-and-slavery-21st-century|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In 2005, the ''Gulf Times'' reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation ([[castration]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=32822&version=1&template_id=44&parent_id=24 |title=Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission |date=10 April 2005 |work=Gulf Times |publisher=Gulf-Times.com |access-date=5 October 2010 |quote=“I spent seven years in hell,” says Raju, now 21, trying hard not to cry. Thapa Magar took him to Rani Haveli, a brothel in Mumbai that specialized in male sex workers and sold him for Nepali Rs 85,000. A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and castrated. Many of the other boys there were castrated as well. Beatings and starvation became a part of his life. “There were 40 to 50 boys in the place,” a gaunt, brooding Raju recalls. “Most of them were Nepalese.” |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118122152/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=32822&version=1&template_id=44&parent_id=24 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref>
+[[File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Le Marché d'esclaves.jpg|thumb|''[[The Slave Market (Gérôme painting)|The Slave Market]]'', by Jean-Léon Gérôme]]
+Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the [[United States]], in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many [[child sex slaves]] are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East. An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|title=Forced labour, modern slavery, and human trafficking|date=2017|website=International Labour Organization|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416155104/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/human-trafficking-and-slavery-21st-century|title=Human Trafficking and Slavery in the 21st Century|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2019-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211343/https://www.cfr.org/blog/human-trafficking-and-slavery-21st-century|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 2005, the ''[[Gulf Times]]'' reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation ([[castration]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=32822&version=1&template_id=44&parent_id=24 |title=Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission |date=10 April 2005 |work=Gulf Times |publisher=Gulf-Times.com |access-date=5 October 2010 |quote="I spent seven years in hell," says Raju, now 21, trying hard not to cry. Thapa Magar took him to Rani Haveli, a brothel in Mumbai that specialized in male sex workers and sold him for Nepali Rs 85,000. A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and castrated. Many of the other boys there were castrated as well. Beatings and starvation became a part of his life. "There were 40 to 50 boys in the place," a gaunt, brooding Raju recalls. "Most of them were Nepalese." |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118122152/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=32822&version=1&template_id=44&parent_id=24 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref>
 Many of those who become victims of sex slavery initially do so willingly under the guise that they will be performing traditional sex work, only to become trapped for extended periods of time, such as those involved in [[Human trafficking in Nigeria|Nigeria's human trafficking]] circuit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-trafficking-curse-idUSKCN1LY1UV|title=Nigeria's trafficking curse: the battle to dispel the black magic...|date=2018-09-18|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-04|language=en|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043745/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-trafficking-curse-idUSKCN1LY1UV|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 97: / Line 113: @@
 ===Forced marriage and child marriage===
 {{main|bride-buying|child marriage|forced marriage}}
-[[File:The White Slave statue.jpg|thumb|The White Slave statue]]
-[[File:Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin.jpg|thumb|Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin]]
+[[File:The child slaves of britain.jpg|thumb|Illustration from the book ''The Child Slaves of Britain''. Child slavery and forced labor continues to be a problem in the 21st century]]
-Mainly driven by the culture in certain regions, early or [[forced marriage]] is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and [[sexual abuse]].
+Early or [[forced marriage]] is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and [[sexual abuse]].
+The regions most affected by this problematic are usually those ruled by patriarchal systems with strict social norms, and countries with high poverty rates since marriage is seen as an efficient way to gain financial security for the girls and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why it happens |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/why-child-marriage-happens/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref>
 Forced marriages also happen in developed nations. In the United Kingdom there were 3,546 reports to the police of forced marriage over three years from 2014 to 2016.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/28/thousands-enslaved-in-forced-marriages-across-uk-investigation-finds Thousands enslaved in forced marriages across UK, investigation finds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912225728/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/28/thousands-enslaved-in-forced-marriages-across-uk-investigation-finds |date=2018-09-12 }} ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref>
-[[Child marriage in the United States|In the United States over 200,000 minors]] were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200-000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html|title=13,000 children a year are married in America|date=August 28, 2018|website=The Independent|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513044832/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently 48 [[US states]], as well as [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] and [[Puerto Rico]], allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/table_marriage|title=Marriage laws|author=LII Staff|date=14 April 2008|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513030328/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/table_marriage|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-marriage-age-requirements-laws.html|title=California Marriage Age Requirements Laws|work=FindLaw|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810020224/https://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-marriage-age-requirements-laws.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/stateline/arizona-sets-minimum-age-marriage-minors|title=Arizona Sets Minimum Age for Marriage of Minors|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131556/https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/stateline/arizona-sets-minimum-age-marriage-minors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unionleader.com/state-government/its-official-the-marriage-age-is-raised-in-nh--20180619|title=It's official: The marriage age is raised in NH – New Hampshire|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025141353/http://www.unionleader.com/state-government/its-official-the-marriage-age-is-raised-in-nh--20180619|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-florida/florida-approves-limit-but-not-ban-on-child-marriage-idUSKCN1GM0ET|title=Florida approves limit, but not ban, on child marriage|first=Ellen|last=Wulfhorst|website=[[Reuters]]|date=10 March 2018 |access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927120653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-florida/florida-approves-limit-but-not-ban-on-child-marriage-idUSKCN1GM0ET|url-status=live}}</ref> or ban it altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/387212-delaware-becomes-first-state-to-ban-child-marriage|title=Delaware becomes first state to ban child marriage|first=Jacqueline|last=Thomsen|date=10 May 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910073543/http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/387212-delaware-becomes-first-state-to-ban-child-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Child marriage in the United States|In the United States over 200,000 minors]] were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200-000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html|title=13,000 children a year are married in America|date=August 28, 2018|website=The Independent|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=May 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513044832/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently 48 [[US states]], as well as [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] and [[Puerto Rico]], allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/table_marriage|title=Marriage laws|author=LII Staff|date=14 April 2008|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513030328/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/table_marriage|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-marriage-age-requirements-laws.html|title=California Marriage Age Requirements Laws|work=FindLaw|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810020224/https://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-marriage-age-requirements-laws.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/stateline/arizona-sets-minimum-age-marriage-minors|title=Arizona Sets Minimum Age for Marriage of Minors|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131556/https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/stateline/arizona-sets-minimum-age-marriage-minors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unionleader.com/state-government/its-official-the-marriage-age-is-raised-in-nh--20180619|title=It's official: The marriage age is raised in NH – New Hampshire|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025141353/http://www.unionleader.com/state-government/its-official-the-marriage-age-is-raised-in-nh--20180619|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-florida/florida-approves-limit-but-not-ban-on-child-marriage-idUSKCN1GM0ET|title=Florida approves limit, but not ban, on child marriage|first=Ellen|last=Wulfhorst|website=[[Reuters]]|date=10 March 2018 |access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927120653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-childmarriage-florida/florida-approves-limit-but-not-ban-on-child-marriage-idUSKCN1GM0ET|url-status=live}}</ref> or ban it altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/387212-delaware-becomes-first-state-to-ban-child-marriage/|title=Delaware becomes first state to ban child marriage|first=Jacqueline|last=Thomsen|work=The Hill |date=10 May 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910073543/http://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/387212-delaware-becomes-first-state-to-ban-child-marriage|url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Bride-buying]] is the act of purchasing a [[bride]] as property, in a similar manner to chattel slavery. It can also be related to human trafficking.
@@ Line 109: / Line 127: @@
 === Child labor ===
 {{see also|child labour|restavec|children in the military}}
-Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today.<ref name="auto1"/> Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|title=What is modern slavery?|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430142552/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Forced begging is a common way that children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cotton]] or [[fishing]] industries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking Emily and Mary Clare|url=https://flowvella.com/s/y6m/Human-Trafficking-Emily-and-Mary-Clare/f|access-date=2021-04-22|website=FlowVella|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142814/https://flowvella.com/s/y6m/Human-Trafficking-Emily-and-Mary-Clare/f|url-status=live}}</ref> Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-29|title=Slavery in a free land|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_187879/lang--en/index.htm|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.ilo.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142813/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_187879/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today.{{when|date=April 2025}}<ref name="auto1"/> Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|title=What is modern slavery?|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430142552/https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Forced begging is a common way that children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cotton]] or [[fishing]] industries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking Emily and Mary Clare|url=https://flowvella.com/s/y6m/Human-Trafficking-Emily-and-Mary-Clare/f|access-date=2021-04-22|website=FlowVella|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142814/https://flowvella.com/s/y6m/Human-Trafficking-Emily-and-Mary-Clare/f|url-status=live}}</ref> Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-29|title=Slavery in a free land|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_187879/lang--en/index.htm|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.ilo.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142813/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_187879/lang--en/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 In war-torn countries, children have been kidnapped and sold to political parties to use as [[child soldiers]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Soldiers {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-soldiers|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.hrw.org|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421140914/https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-soldiers|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Child soldiers in Africa|Child soldiers]] are children who may be trafficked from their homes and forced or coerced by armed forces. The armed forces could be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. While in these groups the children may be forced to work as cooks, guards, servants or spies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what|title=What is Modern Slavery?|website=www.state.gov|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-date=2022-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is common for both boys and girls to be sexually abused while in these groups.
+Situations where young people work in unpaid [[internships]] have been likened to modern slavery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41765381|title=Unpaid internships likened to modern slavery in Lords debate|website=bbc.co.uk|author=Anon|year=2017|publisher=[[BBC News]]|quote=Unpaid internships have been likened to a form of modern slavery}}</ref>
 ===Fishing industry===
 {{see also|Human trafficking in Thailand#Fishing industry trafficking}}
-According to [[Human Rights Watch]], Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/23/thai-seafood-industry-report-trafficking-rights-abuses|title=Thai seafood: are the prawns on your plate still fished by slaves?|last=Kelly|first=Annie|date=2018-01-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-04-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2019-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423013207/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/23/thai-seafood-industry-report-trafficking-rights-abuses|url-status=live}}</ref> Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/23/thailand-forced-labor-trafficking-persist-fishing-fleets|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307001847/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/23/thailand-forced-labor-trafficking-persist-fishing-fleets|url-status=live}}</ref> Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A shocking look at Thailand's modern day slavery|url=http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210180307/https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed.<ref>[http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/ A Shocking Look at Thailand’s Modern Day Slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515183844/http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/ |date=2018-05-15 }}, Hilary Cadigan, Chiang Mai city news</ref> This is commonplace because of the disposability of [[unfree labor]]ers.
-Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing. |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/lawless-ocean-the-link-between-human-rights-abuses-and-overfishing |website=Yale |publisher=E360 |access-date=20 Nov 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222253/https://e360.yale.edu/features/lawless-ocean-the-link-between-human-rights-abuses-and-overfishing |url-status=live }}</ref> since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".<ref>Supang Chantavanich et al., ''Employment Practices and Working Conditions in Thailand’s Fishing Sector''(Bangkok: ILO, 2013), p. 75.</ref>
+[[File:Thai fishing boat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|A Thai fishing vessel. [[Human trafficking in Thailand#Fishing industry trafficking|Workers can be kept on the ships for years]].<ref name=Guardian-2014-06-10>{{cite news|last1=Hodal|first1=Kate|last2=Kelly|first2=Chris|last3=Lawrence|first3=Felicity|title=Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/supermarket-prawns-thailand-produced-slave-labour|access-date=18 February 2015|work=The Guardian|date=2014-06-10|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428183820/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/supermarket-prawns-thailand-produced-slave-labour|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
+According to [[Human Rights Watch]], Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/23/thai-seafood-industry-report-trafficking-rights-abuses|title=Thai seafood: are the prawns on your plate still fished by slaves?|last=Kelly|first=Annie|date=2018-01-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-04-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2019-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423013207/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/23/thai-seafood-industry-report-trafficking-rights-abuses|url-status=live}}</ref> Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/23/thailand-forced-labor-trafficking-persist-fishing-fleets|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307001847/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/23/thailand-forced-labor-trafficking-persist-fishing-fleets|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A shocking look at Thailand's modern day slavery|url=http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|date=2 July 2014 |language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210180307/https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed.<ref>[http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/ A Shocking Look at Thailand's Modern Day Slavery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515183844/http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/a-shocking-look-at-thailands-modern-day-slavery/ |date=2018-05-15 }}, Hilary Cadigan, Chiang Mai city news</ref> This is commonplace because of the disposability of [[unfree labor]]ers.
+Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing. |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/lawless-ocean-the-link-between-human-rights-abuses-and-overfishing |website=Yale |publisher=E360 |access-date=20 Nov 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222253/https://e360.yale.edu/features/lawless-ocean-the-link-between-human-rights-abuses-and-overfishing |url-status=live }}</ref> since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".<ref>Supang Chantavanich et al., ''Employment Practices and Working Conditions in Thailand's Fishing Sector''(Bangkok: ILO, 2013), p. 75.</ref>
 === Forced begging ===
-Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking into crime and begging |url=https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/past-projects/trafficking-crime-begging/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Anti-Slavery International |language=en-GB}}</ref> It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-31|title=What does modern slavery look like?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36416751|access-date=2021-04-21|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421152651/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36416751|url-status=live}}</ref>
+{{see also|Begging in Pakistan}}
+Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking into crime and begging |url=https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/past-projects/trafficking-crime-begging/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Anti-Slavery International |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424121959/https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/past-projects/trafficking-crime-begging/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-31|title=What does modern slavery look like?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36416751|access-date=2021-04-21|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421152651/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36416751|url-status=live}}</ref>
+=== Forced fraud ===
+{{see also|Scam center}}
+There are significant reports of forced fraud in Southeast Asia ([[Cambodia]], [[Myanmar]], or [[Laos]]). Currently, forced fraud activities are mainly found in [[fraud factory|fraud factories]] or fraud parks, notably in Southeast Asian countries, which involve human trafficking and typically run by Chinese criminal gangs. Fraud factory victims are forced to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies or withdrawing cash, via social media and online dating apps. Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ harvesting or forced prostitution if they do not earn enough from scamming.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nagaraj |first1=Anuradha |last2=Wongsamuth |first2=Nanchanok |date=2022-11-14 |title=Cyber criminals hold Asian tech workers captive in scam factories |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/11/14/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/southeast-asia-cybercrime-scams/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126155617/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/11/14/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/southeast-asia-cybercrime-scams/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |date=2023-02-07 |title=As Myanmar Coup Intensifies Regional Human Trafficking, How Will China Respond? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/as-myanmar-coup-intensifies-regional-human-trafficking-how-will-china-respond/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325070941/https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/as-myanmar-coup-intensifies-regional-human-trafficking-how-will-china-respond/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Occupations==
 In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include:
 * Small-scale [[Construction|building]] work, such as laying driveways, and other labor.<ref name=khan/>
 * [[Car wash]]ing by hand<ref name=khan>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/20/modern-slavery-misery-uk-exploitation |title=Modern slavery in the UK is inflicting misery under our noses every day |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 September 2017 |author=Abda Khan |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920170110/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/20/modern-slavery-misery-uk-exploitation |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 130: / Line 160: @@
 * [[Nail salon]]s (cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work.<ref name=khan/>
 * [[Fishing]], mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/mar/30/thailand-failing-to-stamp-out-murder-slavery-fishing-industry-starvation-forced-labour-trafficking|title=Thailand accused of failing to stamp out murder and slavery in fishing industry|work=The Guardian|date=30 March 2017|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515101333/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/mar/30/thailand-failing-to-stamp-out-murder-slavery-fishing-industry-starvation-forced-labour-trafficking|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/thailands-seafood-slaves|title=Human Trafficking, Slavery and Murder in Kantang's Fishing Industry|publisher=Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=2018-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184544/https://ejfoundation.org/reports/thailands-seafood-slaves|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[Manufacturing]] – Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs and body armour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates|title=Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates|newspaper=The Economist|date=16 March 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121706/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* [[Manufacturing]] – Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates|title=Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates|newspaper=The Economist|date=16 March 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121706/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/03/16/prison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[Agriculture]] and [[forestry]] – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to do farming and forestry work. See [[prison farm]].
+* [[Agriculture]] and [[forestry]] – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to undertake farming and forestry work. See [[prison farm]].
-* In North Korea, ''dulgyeokdae'' (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction and ''inminban'' (women workers) are forced to work in clothing [[sweatshops]].<ref name="auto"/>
+* In North Korea, ''dulgyeokdae'' (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and ''inminban'' (women workers) are forced to work in clothing [[sweatshops]].<ref name="auto"/>
 Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK, people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.<ref name=khan/>
-The [[European Parliament]] condemned, 386 — 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] around the world as [[human trafficking]] and modern slavery.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Parlamento Europeo calificó como trata de personas y esclavitud moderna a las misiones de médicos cubanos en el extranjero |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/06/11/el-parlamento-europeo-califico-como-trata-de-personas-y-esclavitud-moderna-a-las-misiones-de-medicos-cubanos-en-el-extranjero/ |website=infobae |publisher=Infoabae |access-date=June 11, 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164547/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/06/11/el-parlamento-europeo-califico-como-trata-de-personas-y-esclavitud-moderna-a-las-misiones-de-medicos-cubanos-en-el-extranjero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[European Parliament]] condemned, 386 – 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] around the world as [[human trafficking]] and modern slavery.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Parlamento Europeo calificó como trata de personas y esclavitud moderna a las misiones de médicos cubanos en el extranjero |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/06/11/el-parlamento-europeo-califico-como-trata-de-personas-y-esclavitud-moderna-a-las-misiones-de-medicos-cubanos-en-el-extranjero/ |website=infobae |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=Infoabae |access-date=June 11, 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164547/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/06/11/el-parlamento-europeo-califico-como-trata-de-personas-y-esclavitud-moderna-a-las-misiones-de-medicos-cubanos-en-el-extranjero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Trafficking==
 {{main|Human trafficking}}
 The United Nations have defined human trafficking as follows:<blockquote>The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.<ref>{{cite web|title = What is Human Trafficking?|url = http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html|website = www.unodc.org|access-date = 2015-10-05|last = martin.margesin|archive-date = 2019-11-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191101055423/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html|url-status = live}}</ref></blockquote>
 According to [[United States Department of State]] data, as of 2013, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children [are] trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm|title=Introduction – Trafficking in Persons Report|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=2013-08-18|archive-date=2019-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819034240/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries, is a form of human trafficking that can be hard to track from afar". It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked every year in the United States.<ref name="Economics and Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/economic.pdf|title=Economics and Slavery|publisher=Du.edu|access-date=2013-08-18|archive-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020104039/http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/economic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 145: / Line 176: @@
 In recent years, the internet and popular social networking sites have become tools that traffickers use to find vulnerable people who they can then exploit. A 2017 ''Reuters'' report discusses how a woman is suing [[Facebook]] for negligence as she speculated that executives were aware of a situation that occurred back in 2012 where she was sexually abused and trafficked by someone posing as her "friend".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sex-trafficking-facebook-lawsuit-idUSKCN1MD080|title=Woman sues Facebook, claims site enabled sex trafficking|date=2018-10-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en|archive-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152232/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sex-trafficking-facebook-lawsuit-idUSKCN1MD080|url-status=live}}</ref> Social media and smartphone apps are also used to sell the slaves.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-50228549 Slave markets found on Instagram and other apps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-50228549 |date=2019-11-02 }} BBC, 2019</ref>
-In 2016, a ''Washington Post'' article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html|title=Obama administration placed children with human traffickers, report says|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=2020-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122034258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They failed to do proper background checks of adults who claimed the children, allowed sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio.
+In 2016, a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html|title=Obama administration placed children with human traffickers, report says|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=2020-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122034258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was shown that they failed to perform adequate background checks of the adults who claimed the children, allowing sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio.
 == Organizational efforts against slavery ==
 ===Government actions===
-In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US [[United States Department of State|State Department]]'s annual [[Trafficking in Persons Report|Trafficking In Persons Report]] assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country’s problem but on the extent of governments’ efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-29|title=Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018|journal=Global Report on Trafficking in Persons|doi=10.18356/9805f543-en|issn=2411-8443|isbn=9789210475525|url=https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/27683|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-date=2022-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418024010/https://search.issuelab.org/resource/global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US [[United States Department of State|State Department]]'s annual [[Trafficking in Persons Report|Trafficking In Persons Report]] assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-29|title=Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018|journal=Global Report on Trafficking in Persons|doi=10.18356/9805f543-en|issn=2411-8443|isbn=9789210475525|url=https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/27683|access-date=2020-01-14|archive-date=2022-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418024010/https://search.issuelab.org/resource/global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the [[Netherlands]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Sweden]], [[Australia]], [[Portugal]], [[Croatia]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] and [[Norway]].<ref name="post.in">[http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/05/31/india-tops-slavery-index_n_10222086.html India Tops Global Slavery Index With 18.35 Million People Enslaved] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603004403/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/05/31/india-tops-slavery-index_n_10222086.html |date=2016-06-03 }}, ''[[Huffington Post]]''</ref>
@@ Line 155: / Line 186: @@
 In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the [[Modern Slavery Act 2015]], supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the [[Criminal Finances Act 2017]], effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law.<ref>[[Criminal Finances Act 2017]]</ref> Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-child-slavery-victims-aslyum-refuse-immigration-controls-javid-a8490671.html Home Office refusing asylum to growing number of child slavery victims, figures show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815175352/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-child-slavery-victims-aslyum-refuse-immigration-controls-javid-a8490671.html |date=2018-08-15 }} ''[[The Independent]]''</ref>
 The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government [[supply chains]].<ref>Cabinet Office, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/833280/Modern_Slavery_PPN_05_19_FINAL.docx..pdf Procurement Policy Note – Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains: Action Note PPN 05/19 September 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624101226/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/833280/Modern_Slavery_PPN_05_19_FINAL.docx..pdf |date=24 June 2021 }}, accessed 2 January 2021</ref><ref>Government Commercial Function,[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830150/September_2019_Modern_Slavery_Guidance.pdf Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624101232/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830150/September_2019_Modern_Slavery_Guidance.pdf |date=2021-06-24 }}, published September 2019, accessed 2 January 2021</ref> The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modern slavery|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/modern-slavery|access-date=2021-04-20|website=GOV.UK|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420113142/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/modern-slavery|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are [[North Korea]], [[Eritrea]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Guinea]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[South Sudan]].<ref name="post.in"/>
+In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are [[North Korea]], China, [[Eritrea]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Guinea]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[South Sudan]].<ref name="post.in"/>
+The [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/06/diplomats-who-exploit-domestic-staff-cannot-rely-on-immunity-says-uk-supreme-court|title=Diplomats who exploit domestic staff cannot rely on immunity, says UK supreme court|access-date=6 July 2022|website=The Guardian|date=6 July 2022|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/06/diplomats-who-exploit-domestic-staff-cannot-rely-on-immunity-says-uk-supreme-court|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/press-summary/uksc-2020-0155.html|title=Basfar (Respondent) v Wong (Appellant) [2022] UKSC 20 On appeal from: UKEAT/223/19/BA|access-date=6 July 2022|website=The Supreme Court UK}}</ref>
 ===Private initiatives===
-In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the [[Legatum]] Foundation, Humanity United and the [[Walk Free]] Foundation founded the [[Freedom Fund]]. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/100-million-freedom-fund-to-combat-modern-day-slavery-225397722.html|title=$100 Million Freedom Fund to Combat Modern-Day Slavery|first=Humanity United; Legatum Foundation; Walk Free|last=Foundation|website=www.prnewswire.com|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015155115/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/100-million-freedom-fund-to-combat-modern-day-slavery-225397722.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-foundation-humantrafficking-idUSKCN0HY2GZ20141009|title=Campaigners launch first anti-slavery organizations database|first=Maria|last=Caspani|newspaper=Reuters |date=October 9, 2014|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017120934/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-foundation-humantrafficking-idUSKCN0HY2GZ20141009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomfund.org/impact/global-metrics/|title=Global Metrics &#124; Our Impact &#124; The Freedom Fund|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012215940/https://freedomfund.org/impact/global-metrics/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BT Group|BT]] also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners [https://www.unseenuk.org/what-we-do/helpline-resource-centre free the unseen].
+In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the [[Legatum]] Foundation, Humanity United and the [[Walk Free]] Foundation founded the [[Freedom Fund]]. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/100-million-freedom-fund-to-combat-modern-day-slavery-225397722.html|title=$100 Million Freedom Fund to Combat Modern-Day Slavery|first=Humanity United; Legatum Foundation; Walk Free|last=Foundation|website=www.prnewswire.com|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015155115/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/100-million-freedom-fund-to-combat-modern-day-slavery-225397722.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-foundation-humantrafficking-idUSKCN0HY2GZ20141009|title=Campaigners launch first anti-slavery organizations database|first=Maria|last=Caspani|newspaper=Reuters |date=October 9, 2014|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=July 29, 2021|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017120934/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-foundation-humantrafficking-idUSKCN0HY2GZ20141009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomfund.org/impact/global-metrics/|title=Global Metrics &#124; Our Impact &#124; The Freedom Fund|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012215940/https://freedomfund.org/impact/global-metrics/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BT Group|BT]] also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners [https://www.unseenuk.org/what-we-do/helpline-resource-centre free the unseen].
 ==Statistics==
-Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US$150 billion each year.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_243391 |title=Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour |website=www.ilo.org |date=20 May 2014 |isbn=9789221287810 |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2020-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628232654/https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_243391 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/ |title=Global Slavery Index 2018: Highlights |website=Global Slavery Index |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330164140/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/ |archive-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479 |title=Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage |date=19 September 2017 |isbn=978-92-2-130132-5 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2020-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630003247/https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million),<ref>worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-that-still-have-slavery</ref> China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/which-countries-have-highest-rates-modern-slavery-and-most-victims|title=Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? – World|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2020-08-29|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923085949/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/which-countries-have-highest-rates-modern-slavery-and-most-victims|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US$150 billion each year.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_243391 |title=Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour |website=www.ilo.org |date=20 May 2014 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=9789221287810 |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2020-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628232654/https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_243391 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/ |title=Global Slavery Index 2018: Highlights |website=Global Slavery Index |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330164140/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/ |archive-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479 |title=Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage |date=19 September 2017 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=978-92-2-130132-5 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2020-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630003247/https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/which-countries-have-highest-rates-modern-slavery-and-most-victims|title=Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? – World|website=ReliefWeb|date=31 July 2018 |access-date=2020-08-29|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923085949/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/which-countries-have-highest-rates-modern-slavery-and-most-victims|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,<ref>{{Cite web|title=SB 657 Home Page|url=https://oag.ca.gov/SB657|date=2015-03-31|website=State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511090221/https://oag.ca.gov/SB657|archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> [[Modern Slavery Act 2015|UK]], Australia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modern Slavery Act 2018|url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018A00153/Html/Text|last=Affairs|first=Home|website=www.legislation.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414180647/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018A00153|archive-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".<ref>{{cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in US, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index |work=The Guardian |access-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825144448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, released [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|British police]] records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/uk-police-record-51-rise-in-modern-slavery-offences-in-a-year|title=UK police record 51% rise in modern slavery offences in a year|access-date=26 March 2020|website=The Guardian|date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326133204/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/uk-police-record-51-rise-in-modern-slavery-offences-in-a-year|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,<ref>{{Cite web|title=SB 657 Home Page|url=https://oag.ca.gov/SB657|date=2015-03-31|website=State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511090221/https://oag.ca.gov/SB657|archive-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> [[Modern Slavery Act 2015|UK]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geng |first1=Ruoqi |last2=Lam |first2=Hugo K.S. |last3=Stevenson |first3=Mark |date=2022-03-10 |title=Addressing modern slavery in supply chains: an awareness-motivation-capability perspective |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3147540/1/IJOPM-07-2021-0425.R1.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Operations & Production Management |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=331–356 |doi=10.1108/IJOPM-07-2021-0425 |issn=0144-3577 |s2cid=246695389 |url-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226181306/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJOPM-07-2021-0425/full/html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=26 December 2022 |via=University of Liverpool Repository}}</ref> Australia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modern Slavery Act 2018|url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018A00153/Html/Text|last=Affairs|first=Home|website=www.legislation.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414180647/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018A00153|archive-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".<ref>{{cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in US, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index |work=The Guardian |access-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825144448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, released [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|British police]] records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/uk-police-record-51-rise-in-modern-slavery-offences-in-a-year|title=UK police record 51% rise in modern slavery offences in a year|access-date=26 March 2020|website=The Guardian|date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326133204/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/uk-police-record-51-rise-in-modern-slavery-offences-in-a-year|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Its estimated a total of 40 million people are trapped within modern slavery, with 1 in 4 of them being children.<ref name="auto6"/> Furthermore, 71% of modern slaves are women, with there being an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.<ref name="auto6"/>
+There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.<ref name="auto6"/>
 == Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery ==
-Since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in [[Malaysia]] providing PPE to the [[National Health Service|NHS]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], and an influx of online clothing shopping which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=Research projects explore impact of COVID-19 on modern slavery|url=https://www.ukri.org/news/research-projects-explore-impact-of-covid-19-on-modern-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.ukri.org|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423130542/https://www.ukri.org/news/research-projects-explore-impact-of-covid-19-on-modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> A result of this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic putting them at risk of contracting the disease.<ref name="auto3"/> The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=Covid-19 and slavery: the five big impacts|url=https://www.antislavery.org/covid-19-and-slavery-the-five-big-impacts/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190449/https://www.antislavery.org/covid-19-and-slavery-the-five-big-impacts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in [[Malaysia]] providing PPE to the [[National Health Service|NHS]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], and an influx of online clothing shopping, which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=Research projects explore impact of COVID-19 on modern slavery|url=https://www.ukri.org/news/research-projects-explore-impact-of-covid-19-on-modern-slavery/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.ukri.org|date=17 December 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423130542/https://www.ukri.org/news/research-projects-explore-impact-of-covid-19-on-modern-slavery/|url-status=live}}</ref> A result, this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic, putting them at risk of contracting the disease.<ref name="auto3"/> The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=Covid-19 and slavery: the five big impacts|url=https://www.antislavery.org/covid-19-and-slavery-the-five-big-impacts/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Anti-Slavery International|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190449/https://www.antislavery.org/covid-19-and-slavery-the-five-big-impacts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Creation of new risks and abuses for victims ===
-Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people to be vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family.<ref name="auto7"/> Ordinarily some Quranic schools in [[West Africa]] practice forced begging.<ref name="auto7"/> Since many of the pupils are now residing within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.<ref name="auto7"/>
+Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people being vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family.<ref name="auto7"/> Ordinarily some Quranic schools in [[West Africa]] practice forced begging.<ref name="auto7"/> Since many of the pupils began to reside within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.<ref name="auto7"/>
-Wealthy families in Mauritania have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing Haratine domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the Haratine people, since if they don't take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave their families without resources.<ref name="auto7"/>
+Wealthy families in [[Mauritania]] have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing [[Haratin]]e domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition that they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the [[Haratin]]e people, since if they do not take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave their families without resources.<ref name="auto7"/>
 === Increased susceptibility to slavery ===
-The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major apparel brands delay & cancel orders in response to pandemic, risking livelihoods of millions of garment workers in their supply chains|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/major-apparel-brands-delay-cancel-orders-in-response-to-pandemic-risking-livelihoods-of-millions-of-garment-workers-in-their-supply-chains/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133547/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/major-apparel-brands-delay-cancel-orders-in-response-to-pandemic-risking-livelihoods-of-millions-of-garment-workers-in-their-supply-chains/|url-status=live}}</ref> By March over 1 million workers in [[Bangladesh]] have been fired or suspended.<ref name="auto7"/> Workers in [[Cambodia]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Vietnam]] have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 and Human Trafficking—the Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations {{!}} Pediatrics {{!}} JAMA Pediatrics {{!}} JAMA Network|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2770536|access-date=2021-04-23|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|date=February 2021 |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3610 |archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423130541/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2770536|url-status=live|last1=Todres |first1=Jonathan |last2=Diaz |first2=Angela |pmid=32955557 |s2cid=221826118 }}</ref> as a result of people turning to bonded labour for survival.<ref name="auto7"/>
+The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major apparel brands delay & cancel orders in response to pandemic, risking livelihoods of millions of garment workers in their supply chains|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/major-apparel-brands-delay-cancel-orders-in-response-to-pandemic-risking-livelihoods-of-millions-of-garment-workers-in-their-supply-chains/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133547/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/major-apparel-brands-delay-cancel-orders-in-response-to-pandemic-risking-livelihoods-of-millions-of-garment-workers-in-their-supply-chains/|url-status=live}}</ref> By March 2020 over 1 million workers in [[Bangladesh]] were fired or suspended.<ref name="auto7"/> Workers in [[Cambodia]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Vietnam]] have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking<ref>{{Cite journal|title=COVID-19 and Human Trafficking—the Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations {{!}} Pediatrics {{!}} JAMA Pediatrics {{!}} JAMA Network|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|date=February 2021 |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3610 |last1=Todres |first1=Jonathan |last2=Diaz |first2=Angela |pmid=32955557 |s2cid=221826118 |doi-access=free }}</ref> as a result of people turning to bonded labor for survival.<ref name="auto7"/>
 === Increase in risk for migrant workers ===
-Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalised, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.<ref name="auto7"/> This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.<ref name="auto7"/>
+Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalized, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.<ref name="auto7"/> This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.<ref name="auto7"/>
 === Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns ===
-Since most countries have adopted lockdowns, this has led to limited operations of anti-slavery organisations since people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres have also shut down as a result of the lockdown.<ref name="auto7"/>
+During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries adopted lockdowns, which hindered the operations of anti-slavery organisations as people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres were also shut down as a result of the lockdown.<ref name="auto7"/>
 === Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK ===
 The Home Office has stated the number of suspected modern slavery victims in the UK has fallen for the first time in 4 years, as a result of the pandemic.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Coronavirus lockdown halts surge in UK slavery|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/04/coronavirus-lockdown-halts-surge-in-uk-slavery|access-date=2021-04-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101151158/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/04/coronavirus-lockdown-halts-surge-in-uk-slavery|url-status=live}}</ref> Officials say this is due to the restrictions implemented in the UK and an increase of self-isolation and businesses shutting.<ref name="auto2"/>
 The national referral mechanism has recorded 2,871 referrals of potential modern day slavery victims in the 1st quarter of 2020, which is a 14% fall from the previous 3 months.<ref name="auto2"/> There has been an increase of child victims "partially driven"<ref name="auto2"/> by an increase of [[County lines drug trafficking|county lines]].
 == Media ==
+* The [[documentary film]] ''[[13th (film)|13th]]'' explores the "intersection of race, justice, and [[mass incarceration]] in the United States;"<ref name="dargis">[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023125607/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html |date=2021-10-23 }}, ''The New York Times'', September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017</ref> It is titled after the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended [[involuntary servitude]]. But slavery has been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior, and enabling police to arrest poor [[freedmen]], forcing them to work for the states plus the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by [[Private prison|for profit prison corporations]] that have created the current carceral capitalism in the [[United States]].<ref>Copied from the article [[13th (film)]]</ref>
-* In the [[documentary film]] [[13th (film)|13th]] is explored the "intersection of race, justice, and [[mass incarceration]] in the United States;"<ref name="dargis">[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023125607/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html |date=2021-10-23 }}, ''The New York Times'', September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017</ref> It is titled after the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended [[involuntary servitude]], but slavery have been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor [[freedmen]] and force them to work for the states and the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by [[Private prison|for profit prison corporations]] that have created the current carceral capitalism in the [[United States]].<ref>Copied from  the article [[13th (film)]]</ref>
+* The documentary film ''[[A Woman Captured]]'' follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.
-*The documentary film [[A Woman Captured]] follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.
+* There have been a number of documentaries that highlight worker abuse and other human rights issues in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], for example Qatar. There were also calls to boycott the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 FIFA World cup]] in Qatar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/20/workers-qatar-world-cup-football-stadiums-toil-in-debt-and-squalor | title=Workers at Qatar's World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=20 September 2022 | access-date=17 November 2022 | archive-date=11 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211235851/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/20/workers-qatar-world-cup-football-stadiums-toil-in-debt-and-squalor | url-status=live }}</ref>
 == See also ==
-*[[Child slavery]]
+* [[Child slavery]]
-*[[Labor trafficking in the United States]]
+* [[County lines drug trafficking]]
-*[[Modern Slavery Act 2015]] (UK)
+* [[History of slavery]]
-*[[Slavery]]
+* [[Labor trafficking in the United States]]
-*[[Slavery in Libya#Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era|Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era]]
+* [[Modern Slavery Act 2015]] (UK)
-*[[Slavery in the United States#Reconstruction to the present]]
+* [[Slavery]]
-*[[Unfree labour]]
+* [[Slavery in antiquity]]
-*[[Wage slavery]]
+* [[Slavery in Libya#Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era|Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era]]
-*[[County lines drug trafficking]]
+* {{section link|Slavery in the United States|Reconstruction to the present}}
-*[[History of slavery]]
+* [[Unfree labour]]
-*[[Slavery in antiquity]]
+* [[Wage slavery]]
+* [[2023 Grape Harvest of Shame]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 213: / Line 247: @@
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Slavery/SRSlavery/Pages/SRSlaveryIndex.aspx UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery – Ohvhr.org]
+* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Slavery/SRSlavery/Pages/SRSlaveryIndex.aspx UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery]
-*[http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/ The CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery], ''[[CNN]]''
+*[[CNN]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110309095146/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/ The CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery],
-*{{Guardian topic|2=Slavery}}
+* {{Guardian topic|2=Slavery}}
-*{{NYTtopic|subjects/s/slave_labor|Slave Labor}}
+* {{NYTtopic|subjects/s/slave_labor|Slave Labor}}
-*[http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/entity.action?path=EU+Policy%2FEU_slow_to_respond Report on trafficking in human beings in Europe] European Commission
+* [http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/entity.action?path=EU+Policy%2FEU_slow_to_respond Report on trafficking in human beings in Europe] European Commission
-*[http://www.historiansagainstslavery.org/main/ Historians Against Slavery]
+* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131008205517/http://www.historiansagainstslavery.org/main/ Historians Against Slavery]}}
-*[https://modernslaverylaws.com/  Modern Slavery Laws: 21st Century Plague]
+* [https://modernslaverylaws.com/ Modern Slavery Laws: 21st Century Plague]
 ===Statistics===
@@ Line 228: / Line 262: @@
 [[Category:Contemporary slavery| ]]
 [[Category:Human trafficking]]
+[[Category:21st century in slavery]]