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{{Short description|Conflict between Sikhs and Mughal empire}} | |||
{{About|the Battle of Amritsar, a conflict that took place in the year 1634|other Battles of Amritsar|Battle of Amritsar (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | ||
{{infobox military conflict | {{infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict = Battle of Amritisar | | conflict = Battle of Amritisar | ||
| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]] | | partof = [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]] | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| date = 14 April 1634 | | date = 14 April 1634 or 1628<ref name=Gopal>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n237/mode/2up|title=A History of the Sikh People|author=Gopal Singh|date=1979|pages=224–225}}</ref> | ||
| place = Near [[Amritsar]] | | place = Near [[Amritsar]] | ||
| coordinates = | | coordinates = | ||
| Line 17: | Line 19: | ||
| result = Sikh victory{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | | result = Sikh victory{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | ||
| status = | | status = | ||
| combatant1 = [[File: | | combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]]) | ||
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | ||
| commander1 = [[File: | | commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Guru Hargobind]]<br> [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Bidhi Chand|Bhai Bidhi Chand]]<br> [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Bhatt Kirat|Bhai Kirat Bhatt]]{{KIA}}<br>Bhai Bhanno{{KIA}}<br>Bhai Peda Das{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534–537}}<br>Rao Ballu{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534–537}}<br>Painde Khan<br>Singha Purohit{{KIA}}<br>Bhai Mohna{{KIA}}<ref name="Trilochan Singh Dr. 1967 46–47">{{Cite book |last=Trilochan Singh Dr. |url=http://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-martyr |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet & Martyr |date=1967 |pages=46–47}}</ref> | ||
| commander2 = | | commander2 = Mukhlis Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}}<br>Shamas Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}}<br>Murtaza Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}}<br>Mustafa Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}}<br>Anwar Khan{{KIA}}<br>Sultan Beg{{KIA}}<br>Sayyad Muhammad Ali{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | ||
| units1 = | | units1 = 700 | ||
| units2 = | | units2 = 7,000 | ||
| units3 = | | units3 = | ||
| notes = | | notes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Campaignbox Early Mughal-Sikh Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Early Mughal-Sikh Wars}}The '''Battle of Amritsar''' was fought during Mukhlis Khan's campaign against [[Guru Hargobind]] and the Sikhs on 14 April 1634.{{sfn|Dhillon|1988|p=122}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} The battle took place over two days and was a result of increasing tensions between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and Guru Hargobind. | ||
The '''Battle of Amritsar''' was | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
After persecution from the Mughal government the Sikhs began organizing regular training exercises and became a rallying point for people disaffected by the Mughals.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} Increasing tensions erupted during a clash between a group of Sikh and Mughal hunting parties. On [[Vaisaki]] day, a hunting party of Sikhs set their hawk upon | [[File:Detail of Mughal general Mukhlis Khan from a Mughal painting.jpg|thumb|Detail of Mughal general Mukhlis Khan from a Mughal painting]] | ||
After persecution from the Mughal government the Sikhs began organizing regular training exercises and became a rallying point for people disaffected by the Mughals.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} Increasing tensions erupted during a clash between a group of Sikh and Mughal hunting parties. On [[Vaisaki|Vaisakhi]] day, a hunting party of Sikhs set their hawk upon an imperial hawk and brought it down.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} When the Mughal hunting party came to retrieve their hawk they used abusive language and the Sikhs then refused to part with it. This altercation led to blows and the Mughals were forced to leave after two Mughals were killed and the leader of the hunting party, [[Faujdar]] Ghulam Rasul Khan, was injured.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} <ref name="Trilochan Singh Dr. 1967 46–47">{{Cite book |last=Trilochan Singh Dr. |url=http://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-martyr |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet & Martyr |date=1967 |pages=46–47}}</ref> The incident with the hunting parties was used as an excuse to send out 7,000 soldiers with Mukhlis Khan to attack Guru Hargobind. The Sikhs were unprepared to face the Mughal force because of the impending marriage of Guru Hargobind's daughter.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | |||
==Battle== | ==Battle== | ||
The battle took place at [[Amritsar]] over two days. The day before the Mughals attacked, the Sikhs received information that they would be attacking and evacuated Lohgarh, a small mud fort on the outskirts of the city, except for a small garrison | The battle took place at [[Amritsar]] over two days. The day before the Mughals attacked, the Sikhs received information that they would be attacking and evacuated Lohgarh, a small mud fort on the outskirts of the city, except for a small garrison.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | ||
The second day of the battle saw fierce fighting where [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] is located now. Bhai Bhanno was killed in the fighting and Guru Hargobind took up command when he died.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} The battle ended when Mukhlis Khan's head was "cleft in twain" by a blow from Guru Hargobind.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | The second day of the battle saw fierce fighting where [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] is located now. Bhai Bhanno was killed in the fighting and Guru Hargobind took up command when he died.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} The battle ended when Mukhlis Khan's head was "cleft in twain" by a blow from Guru Hargobind.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | ||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
This was the second conflict between the Mughals and Sikhs and legitimized the affirmation of Guru Hargobind's efforts to militarize his followers.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} In addition, the Sikh victory destroyed the idea of Mughal invincibility and increased the Guru's support among peasants in Punjab.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | This was the second conflict between the [[Mughals]] and [[Sikhs]] and legitimized the affirmation of [[Guru Hargobind]]'s efforts to militarize his followers.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} First two battles of Sikh's were [[Battle of Rohilla]] (1621) against a [[Khatri]] resulting in Sikh victory and Battle of Sangrana (1628) against Mughals resulting in Sikh victory (first of many Sikh battle against Mughals), followed by the Battle of Amritsar (1634) against Mughals with another Sikh victory (second battle against Mughals). All these battles were fought by the [[Akal Sena]] founded by the Guru Hargobind. | ||
In addition, the Sikh victory destroyed the idea of Mughal invincibility and increased the Guru's support among peasants in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} | |||
[[Bhatt Kirat]] and Balu (son of Baba Mula) were killed in this battle fighting on the Sikh side.{{sfn|Dhillon|1988|p=122}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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*{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA574|accessdate=31 July 2010|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 }} | *{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA574|accessdate=31 July 2010|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 }} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony |year=2010 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC|accessdate=31 July 2010 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 }} | *{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony |year=2010 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC|accessdate=31 July 2010 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 }} | ||
==External links== | |||
*{{Commons category-inline|Battle of Amritsar (1634)}} | |||
{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}} | {{coord missing|Punjab (India)}} | ||
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Amritsar]] | [[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Amritsar]] | ||
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Amritsar]] | [[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Amritsar]] | ||
[[Category:Amritsar]] | [[Category:History of Amritsar]] | ||
[[Category:1634 in India]] | [[Category:1634 in India]] | ||
[[Category:Conflicts in 1634]] | [[Category:Conflicts in 1634]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:1630s in the Mughal Empire]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:15, 22 August 2025
| Battle of Amritisar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Early Mughal-Sikh Wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Akal Sena (Sikhs) |
 Mughal Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Guru Hargobind Bhai Bidhi Chand Bhai Kirat Bhatt † Bhai Bhanno † Bhai Peda Das †[3] Rao Ballu †[3] Painde Khan Singha Purohit † Bhai Mohna †[4] |
Mukhlis Khan †[5] Shamas Khan †[5] Murtaza Khan †[5] Mustafa Khan †[5] Anwar Khan † Sultan Beg † Sayyad Muhammad Ali †[2] | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 700 | 7,000 | ||||||
The Battle of Amritsar was fought during Mukhlis Khan's campaign against Guru Hargobind and the Sikhs on 14 April 1634.[6][5] The battle took place over two days and was a result of increasing tensions between the Mughal government and Guru Hargobind.
Background[edit | edit source]
After persecution from the Mughal government the Sikhs began organizing regular training exercises and became a rallying point for people disaffected by the Mughals.[2] Increasing tensions erupted during a clash between a group of Sikh and Mughal hunting parties. On Vaisakhi day, a hunting party of Sikhs set their hawk upon an imperial hawk and brought it down.[2] When the Mughal hunting party came to retrieve their hawk they used abusive language and the Sikhs then refused to part with it. This altercation led to blows and the Mughals were forced to leave after two Mughals were killed and the leader of the hunting party, Faujdar Ghulam Rasul Khan, was injured.[2] [4] The incident with the hunting parties was used as an excuse to send out 7,000 soldiers with Mukhlis Khan to attack Guru Hargobind. The Sikhs were unprepared to face the Mughal force because of the impending marriage of Guru Hargobind's daughter.[2]
Battle[edit | edit source]
The battle took place at Amritsar over two days. The day before the Mughals attacked, the Sikhs received information that they would be attacking and evacuated Lohgarh, a small mud fort on the outskirts of the city, except for a small garrison.[2]
The second day of the battle saw fierce fighting where Khalsa College, Amritsar is located now. Bhai Bhanno was killed in the fighting and Guru Hargobind took up command when he died.[2] The battle ended when Mukhlis Khan's head was "cleft in twain" by a blow from Guru Hargobind.[2]
Aftermath[edit | edit source]
This was the second conflict between the Mughals and Sikhs and legitimized the affirmation of Guru Hargobind's efforts to militarize his followers.[2] First two battles of Sikh's were Battle of Rohilla (1621) against a Khatri resulting in Sikh victory and Battle of Sangrana (1628) against Mughals resulting in Sikh victory (first of many Sikh battle against Mughals), followed by the Battle of Amritsar (1634) against Mughals with another Sikh victory (second battle against Mughals). All these battles were fought by the Akal Sena founded by the Guru Hargobind.
In addition, the Sikh victory destroyed the idea of Mughal invincibility and increased the Guru's support among peasants in Punjab.[2]
Bhatt Kirat and Balu (son of Baba Mula) were killed in this battle fighting on the Sikh side.[6]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Gopal Singh (1979). A History of the Sikh People. pp. 224–225.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Gandhi 2007, p. 534-536.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gandhi 2007, p. 534–537.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Trilochan Singh Dr. (1967). Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet & Martyr. pp. 46–47.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Jaques 2010, p. 47.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dhillon 1988, p. 122.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Dhillon, Dalbir Singh (1988). Sikhism, Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- Jaques, Tony (2010). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Retrieved 31 July 2010.