Maues: Difference between revisions

Maues
Μαύης
Maues; Μαύης
	Maues riding in armour. Like many other Indo-Scythians, Maues did not issue portraits.
Indo-Scythian king
Reign	98/85 – 60/57 BCE
Spouse	Machene
Religion	Greek Hinduism

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 04:04, 25 November 2025

Maues (Greek: Μαύης Maúēs; ΜΑΥΟΥ Mauou (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨨𐨆𐨀 Mo-a, Moa,^[2] called 𐨨𐨆𐨒 Mo-ga, Moga on the Taxila copper plate;^[3] also called 𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐 Me-va-ki Mi-yi-ka, Mevaki Miyika in the Mathura lion capital inscription,^[4]^[5]) was the first Indo-Scythian king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.^[6] He invaded India and established Saka hegemony by conquering Indo-Greek territories.^[7]

Name[edit | edit source]

Maues's name primarily attested from his coins appear under the Gandhari form Moa (𐨨𐨆𐨀) and the Ancient Greek form Maúēs (Μαύης),^[2] both of which are variants of the same Scythian Saka language name *Mava, meaning "tiger" and "hero".^[8]

Another form of Maues's name appears on the Taxila copper plate as Moga (𐨨𐨆𐨒),^[3] which is a Gandhari derivation of the Saka name *Mauka, which also means "tiger" and "hero".^[8]

The Mathura lion capital inscription refers to Maues as Mevaki Miyika (𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐),^[4]^[5] which is composed of Mevaki, derived from Saka *Mavyaka, meaning "tiger", and of Miyika, from Saka *mayaka, meaning "prosperous".^[9]

Sakas[edit | edit source]

Silver tetradrachm of Maues. The obverse shows Zeus standing with a sceptre. The Greek legend reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΥΟΥ (Οf the Great King of Kings Maues). The reverse shows Nike standing, holding a wreath. Kharoshthi legend. Taxila mint.

The Sakas, and/or the related Parni (who founded the Parthian Empire) and Scythians, were nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples.

The Sakas from Sakastan defeated and killed the Parthian king Phraates II in 126 B.C. Indo-Scythians established themselves in the Indus around 88 B.C., during the end of Mithridates II of Parthias reign. The Sakas and Pahlavas became closely associated during the Saka migration. This can be demonstrated from various sources, such as the adoption of names and titles. Maues took the title of "Great King of Kings", an exceeded version of a traditional Persian royal title.

Ethnic origin[edit | edit source]

Some scholars have suggested that Maues may have been of Kamboja lineage. Sten Konow, in his edition of the Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (1929), interpreted the name Kamuia (found in the Mathura lion capital inscriptions) as a Prakrit rendering of the Sanskrit Kambojika (“from the Kamboja lineage”). According to this view, figures such as Maues (Moga), Arta, and their relatives mentioned in the inscriptions may have belonged to the Kamboja clan rather than being of purely Scythian origin.^[10]

Maues Campaigns[edit | edit source]

Maues is the first recorded ruler of the Sakas in the Indus. He is first mentioned in the Moga inscription:

"In the seventy eighth, 78, year the Great King, the Great Moga, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Panemos, on this first, of the Kshaharata and Kshatrapa of Chukhsa - Liaka Kusuluka by name - his son Patika - in the town of Takshasila..."^[11]

Mauses is possibly mentioned the Maira inscription in the Salt Range in Pakistan as 'Moasa'.^[12]

Maues vastly expanded his domain by conquering key cities along the Indus. This included seizing Taxila in Punjab, and Gandharas capital city Pushkalavati from the Indo-Greek Kingdoms.^[13] Maues has overstruck coins belonging to Archebius as well as Apollodotus II in Taxila.

The Sakas extend their power up to Mathura during his reign.^[13]

Route of the Invasions[edit | edit source]

When precisely and under what circumstances Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the Han Shu, where the cause given is their confrontation with the Ta Yüeh-chih, themselves undergoing an enforced migration. It is stated that "when the Ta Yüeh-chih turned west, defeated and expelled the king of the Sai, the latter moved south and crossed over the Suspended Crossing." That this route (from the Pamirs into the Gilgit valley) was used in Maues' time is confirmed by the discovery of inscriptions in the Chilas/Gilgit area bearing his name (Dani, 1983 and 1995, pp. 52, 55).^[14]

Coins[edit | edit source]

Coin of Maues depicting Balarama, 1st century BCE. British Museum.

Coin of Machene, Queen of Maues. **Obv.** Tyche, wearing mural crown. Legend ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΘEOTPOΠOY MAXHNHΣ "Godlike Queen Machene". **Rev.** Zeus with Nike, legend "Rajatirajasa mahatasa Moasa" in Kharoshthi "Great king of kings, Maues".

Maues issued joint coins mentioning a queen Machene ("ΜΑΧΗΝΗ"). Machene may have been a daughter of one of the Indo-Greek houses.^[15]

An Indo-Greek king, Artemidoros, also issued coins where he describes himself as "Son of Maues".

Buddhist Coins[edit | edit source]

A few of the coins of Maues, struck according to the Indian square standard, seemingly depict a King in a cross-legged seated position. This may represent Maues himself, or possibly one of his divinities. It has been suggested that this might also be one of the first representations of the Buddha on a coin, in an area where Buddhism was flourishing at the time, but the seated personage seems to hold a sword horizontally, which favors the hypotheses of the depiction of the king Maues himself.

Also, Maues struck some coins incorporating Buddhist symbolism, such as the lion, symbol of Buddhism since the time of the Mauryan king Ashoka.

The symbolism of the lion had also been adopted by the Buddhist Indo-Greek king Menander II. Maues therefore probably supported Buddhism, although whether sincerely or for political motives is unclear. His coins also included a variety of other religious symbols such as the bull of Shiva, indicating wide religious tolerance.

References[edit | edit source]

↑ The Decline and Fall of the Hindus: The Book on India's Regeneration
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gardner, Percy (1886). The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum. London: Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. pp. 68-72. ISBN 978-0-900-83452-3.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Konow 1929, pp. xxix, 23-29, 45.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Konow 1929, pp. 30-49, PLATE VIII.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Thomas, F. W. (1907–1908). Hultzsch, E.; Konow, Sten (eds.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. 9. Kolkata: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 135-147.
↑ Gazerani 2015, p. 15.
↑ The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [1]
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Harmatta 1999, p. 410.
↑ Harmatta 1999, p. 412.
↑ Sten Konow, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I: Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions (with the exception of those of Aśoka), Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1929, pp. xxxvi, 36. [Available online at the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007) and [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorpus_Inscriptionum_Indicarum_Vol_2_Part_1.pdf).
↑ "Moga inscription". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
↑ Harmatta 1999, p. 193.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 9788172110284.
↑ "INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
↑ RC Senior "Indo-Scythian coins and history", Vol IV, p.xxxvi.

Sources[edit | edit source]

Gazerani, Saghi (2015). The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography. BRILL. pp. 1–250. ISBN 9789004282964.
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785702082.
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8. Template:Registration required
Harmatta, János (1999). "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms". In Harmatta, János; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F. (eds.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. ISBN 978-8-120-81408-0.
Konow, Sten (1929). Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka. Kolkata: Government of India Central Publication Branch.

Preceded by (In Arachosia, Gandhara and Punjab) Indo-Greek King Archebios (In Paropamisade) Indo-Greek King Hermaeus	Indo-Scythian Ruler (85–60 BCE)	Succeeded by (In Gandhara) Indo-Greek king: Artemidoros (In Punjab) Indo-Greek king: Apollodotus II (In the south) Indo-Scythian ruler: Vonones

[1] The Decline and Fall of the Hindus: The Book on India's Regeneration

[Gardner-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gardner, Percy (1886). The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum. London: Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. pp. 68-72. ISBN 978-0-900-83452-3.

[FOOTNOTEKonow1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen37mode2up_xxix],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen167mode2up_23]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen175mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen197mode2up_45]-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Konow 1929, pp. xxix, 23-29, 45.

[FOOTNOTEKonow1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen175mode2up_30]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen203mode2up_49],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201532007pagen191mode2up_PLATE_VIII]-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Konow 1929, pp. 30-49, PLATE VIII.

[Hultzsch-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Thomas, F. W. (1907–1908). Hultzsch, E.; Konow, Sten (eds.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. 9. Kolkata: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 135-147.

[FOOTNOTEGazerani201515-6] Gazerani 2015, p. 15.

[7] The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [1]

[FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCqMogaMoaMauespgPA410_410]-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Harmatta 1999, p. 410.

[FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCqMogaMoaMauespgPA412_412]-9] Harmatta 1999, p. 412.

[10] Sten Konow, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I: Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions (with the exception of those of Aśoka), Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1929, pp. xxxvi, 36. [Available online at the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007) and [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorpus_Inscriptionum_Indicarum_Vol_2_Part_1.pdf).

[11] "Moga inscription". Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2006-10-29.

[FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCqkharosthiinscriptionmogapgPA193_193]-12] Harmatta 1999, p. 193.

[Sagar-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 9788172110284.

[14] "INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-07-23.

[15] RC Senior "Indo-Scythian coins and history", Vol IV, p.xxxvi.

[16] From the dated inscription on the Rukhana reliquary

[17] An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Richard Salomon, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 442 [2]

[18] A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma, by Richard Salomon, South Asian Studies 11 1995, Pages 27-32, Published online: 09 Aug 2010 [3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Indo-Scythian king}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022|cs1-dates=y}}
 {{Infobox royalty
-| name            = Maues
+| name         = Maues<br>Μαύης
-| image           = Maues on horse detail.jpg
+| image        = Maues on horse detail.jpg
-| caption         = Maues riding in armour. Like many other Indo-Scythians, Maues did not issue portraits.
+| caption      = Maues riding in armour. Like many other Indo-Scythians, Maues did not issue portraits.
-| succession     = [[Indo-Scythian]] king
+| succession   = [[Indo-Scythian]] king
-| reign           = 98/85 – 60/57 BCE
+| reign        = 98/85 – 60/57 BCE
-| coronation      =
+| coronation   =
-| full name       =
+| full name    =
-| predecessor     =
+| predecessor  =
-| successor       =
+| successor    =
-| spouse          = Machene
+| spouse       = Machene
-| issue           =
+| issue        =
-| royal house     =
+| royal house  =
-| dynasty         =
+| dynasty      =
-| father          =
+| father       =
-| mother          =
+| mother       =
 | birth_date   =
 | birth_place  =
-| death_date   = 60/57 BCE
+| religion     = [[Hinduism|Greek Hinduism]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WHz7hrkq2OIC The Decline and Fall of the Hindus: The Book on India's Regeneration]</ref>
 | death_place  =
-| date of burial  =
+| date of burial =
 | place of burial =
 }}
-'''Maues''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Μαύης}} {{transl|grc|Maúēs}}; {{lang|grc|ΜΑΥΟΥ}} {{transl|grc|Mauou}} (epigraphic); [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨀}}''' {{transl|pgd|Mo-a}}, {{transl|pgd|Moa}},<ref>Gardner, Percy, ''The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum'', p. 73-92</ref> '''{{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨒}}''' {{transl|pgd|Mo-ga}}, {{transl|pgd|Moga}}; respectively from [[Saka language|Saka]] {{lang|xsc|*Mava}} and {{lang|xsc|*Mauka}}, meaning "tiger" and "hero"<ref>Harmatta, Janos 1999, ''Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka kingdoms'' in Harmatta, J, BNPuri and GF Etemadi (eds), History of civilizations of Central Asia,volume II, The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, p. 400.</ref>) was the first [[Indo-Scythian]] king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=15}} He invaded India and established [[Saka]] hegemony by conquering  [[Indo-Greek]] territories.<ref>The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA66]</ref>
+'''Maues''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Μαύης|Μαύης]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|Maúēs}}; {{lang|grc|ΜΑΥΟΥ}} {{Transliteration|grc|Mauou}} (epigraphic); [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨆𐨀|𐨨𐨆𐨀]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Mo-a}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Moa}},<ref name="Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Percy |author-link=Percy Gardner |title=The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382 |location=London |publisher=Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n147/mode/2up 68]-[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n151/mode/2up 72] |isbn=978-0-900-83452-3 }}</ref> called '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨆𐨒|𐨨𐨆𐨒]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Mo-ga}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Moga}} on the [[Taxila copper plate]];{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n37/mode/2up xxix], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n167/mode/2up 23]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 29], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n197/mode/2up 45]}} also called '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁|𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁]]}} {{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐|𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐]]}}''' {{Transliteration|pgd|Me-va-ki}} {{Transliteration|pgd|Mi-yi-ka}}, {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki}} {{Transliteration|pgd|Miyika}} in the [[Mathura lion capital]] inscription,{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 30]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n203/mode/2up 49], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n191/mode/2up PLATE VIII]}}<ref name="Hultzsch">{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=F. W. |author-link=Frederick William Thomas (philologist) |editor-last1=Hultzsch | editor-first1=E. |editor-link1=E. Hultzsch |editor-last2=Konow |editor-first2=Sten |editor-link2=Sten Konow |date=1907–1908 |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n173/mode/2up 135]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n193/mode/2up 147] |isbn=}}</ref>) was the first [[Indo-Scythian]] king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=15}} He invaded India and established [[Saka]] hegemony by conquering  [[Indo-Greek]] territories.<ref>The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA66]</ref>
+==Name==
+Maues's name primarily attested from his coins appear under the [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] form {{Transliteration|pgd|Moa}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨀}}) and the [[Ancient Greek]] form {{Transliteration|grc|Maúēs}} ({{lang|grc|Μαύης}}),<ref name="Gardner"/> both of which are variants of the same [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] [[Saka language]] name {{lang|xsc|*Mava}}, meaning "tiger" and "hero".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA410 410]}}
+Another form of Maues's name appears on the [[Taxila copper plate]] as {{Transliteration|pgd|Moga}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨆𐨒}}),{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n37/mode/2up xxix], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n167/mode/2up 23]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 29], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n197/mode/2up 45]}} which is a Gandhari derivation of the Saka name {{lang|xsc|*Mauka}}, which also means "tiger" and "hero".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA410 410]}}
+The [[Mathura lion capital]] inscription refers to Maues as {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki Miyika}} ({{lang|pgd|𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐}}),{{sfn|Konow|1929|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n175/mode/2up 30]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n203/mode/2up 49], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n191/mode/2up PLATE VIII]}}<ref name="Hultzsch"/> which is composed of {{Transliteration|pgd|Mevaki}}, derived from Saka {{lang|xsc|*Mavyaka}}, meaning "tiger", and of {{Transliteration|pgd|Miyika}}, from Saka {{lang|xsc|*mayaka}}, meaning "prosperous".{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=Moga+Moa+Maues&pg=PA412 412]}}
 ==Sakas==
@@ Line 30: / Line 38: @@
 The Sakas from [[Sakastan]] defeated and killed the Parthian king [[Phraates II]] in 126 B.C. [[Indo-Scythians]] established themselves in the Indus around 88 B.C., during the end of [[Mithridates II of Parthia]]s reign. The Sakas and Pahlavas became closely associated during the Saka migration. This can be demonstrated from various sources, such as the adoption of names and titles. Maues took the title of "Great King of Kings", an exceeded version of a traditional [[Persian Empire|Persian]] royal title.
+=== Ethnic origin ===
+Some scholars have suggested that Maues may have been of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] lineage. Sten Konow, in his edition of the Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (1929), interpreted the name Kamuia (found in the Mathura lion capital inscriptions) as a Prakrit rendering of the Sanskrit Kambojika (“from the Kamboja lineage”). According to this view, figures such as Maues (Moga), Arta, and their relatives mentioned in the inscriptions may have belonged to the Kamboja clan rather than being of purely Scythian origin.<ref>Sten Konow, Corpus ''Inscriptionum Indicarum'', Vol. II, Part I: ''Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions (with the exception of those of Aśoka)'', Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, 1929, pp. xxxvi, 36. [Available online at the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007) and [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorpus_Inscriptionum_Indicarum_Vol_2_Part_1.pdf).</ref>
 == Maues Campaigns ==
 Maues is the first recorded ruler of the Sakas in the Indus. He is first mentioned in the [[Moga inscription]]:
-: "In the seventy eighth, 78, year the Great King, the Great Moga, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Panemos, on this first, of the Kshaharata and Kshatrapa of Chukhsa - Liaka Kusuluka by name - his son Patika - in the town of Takshasila..."<ref>[http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm Moga inscription]</ref>
+: "In the seventy eighth, 78, year the Great King, the Great Moga, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Panemos, on this first, of the Kshaharata and Kshatrapa of Chukhsa - Liaka Kusuluka by name - his son Patika - in the town of Takshasila..."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm |title=Moga inscription |access-date=2006-10-29  |archive-date=2011-08-07  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807125910/http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Mauses is possibly mentioned the Maira inscription in the [[Salt Range]] in Pakistan as 'Moasa'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=kharosthi+inscription+moga&pg=PA193|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A|last1=Dani|first1=A. H.|last2=Staff|first2=UNESCO|last3=Asimov|first3=M. S.|last4=Litvinsky|first4=B. A.|last5=Zhang|first5=Guang-da|last6=Samghabadi|first6=R. Shabani|last7=Bosworth|first7=C. E.|last8=Unesco|date=1994-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231028465|language=en}}</ref>
+Mauses is possibly mentioned the Maira inscription in the [[Salt Range]] in Pakistan as 'Moasa'.{{sfn|Harmatta|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&q=kharosthi+inscription+moga&pg=PA193 193]}}
-Maues vastly expanded his domain by conquering key cities along the Indus. This included seizing [[Taxila]] in [[Punjab]], and [[Gandhara]]s capital city [[Pushkalavati]] from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&q=maues+moga&pg=PA124|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|last=Sagar|first=Krishna Chandra|date=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110284|language=en}}</ref> Maues has overstruck coins belonging to [[Archebius]] as well as [[Apollodotus II]] in Taxila.
+Maues vastly expanded his domain by conquering key cities along the Indus. This included seizing [[Taxila]] in [[Punjab]], and [[Gandhara]]s capital city [[Pushkalavati]] from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]s.<ref name="Sagar">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&q=maues+moga&pg=PA124|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|last=Sagar|first=Krishna Chandra|date=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110284|language=en}}</ref> Maues has overstruck coins belonging to [[Archebius]] as well as [[Apollodotus II]] in Taxila.
-The Sakas extend their power up to [[Mathura]] during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&q=maues+moga&pg=PA124|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|last=Sagar|first=Krishna Chandra|date=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110284|language=en}}</ref>
+The Sakas extend their power up to [[Mathura]] during his reign.<ref name="Sagar"/>
 === Route of the Invasions ===
-When precisely and under what circumstances Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the [[Han Shu]], where the cause given is their confrontation with the [[Yuezhi|Ta Yüeh-chih]], themselves undergoing an [[Yuezhi#Exodus_of_the_Great_Yuezhi|enforced migration]]. It is stated that "when the Ta Yüeh-chih turned west, defeated and expelled the king of the Sai, the latter moved south and crossed over the Suspended Crossing." That this route (from the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamirs]] into the [[Gilgit]] valley) was used in Maues' time is confirmed by the discovery of inscriptions in the [[Chilas]]/Gilgit area bearing his name ([[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani]], 1983 and 1995, pp.&nbsp;52, 55).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-scythian-dynasty-1|title=INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
+When precisely and under what circumstances Maues arrived in India is uncertain, but the expulsion of the Scythian (Saka/Sai) peoples from Central Asia is referred to in the [[Han Shu]], where the cause given is their confrontation with the [[Yuezhi|Ta Yüeh-chih]], themselves undergoing an [[Yuezhi#Exodus of the Great Yuezhi|enforced migration]]. It is stated that "when the Ta Yüeh-chih turned west, defeated and expelled the king of the Sai, the latter moved south and crossed over the Suspended Crossing." That this route (from the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamirs]] into the [[Gilgit]] valley) was used in Maues' time is confirmed by the discovery of inscriptions in the [[Chilas]]/Gilgit area bearing his name ([[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Dani]], 1983 and 1995, pp.&nbsp;52, 55).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-scythian-dynasty-1|title=INDO-SCYTHIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
 == Coins ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 61: @@
 Maues issued joint coins mentioning a queen Machene ("ΜΑΧΗΝΗ"). Machene may have been a daughter of one of the Indo-Greek houses.<ref>RC Senior "Indo-Scythian coins and history", Vol IV, p.xxxvi.</ref>
-An Indo-Greek king, [[Artemidoros]], also issued coins where he describes himself as "Son of Maues".
+An Indo-Greek king, [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]], also issued coins where he describes himself as "Son of Maues".
 === Buddhist Coins ===
@@ Line 64: / Line 75: @@
 ==Sources==
 * {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/26895576}}
 * {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | chapter = East Iran in Late Antiquity| pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | jstor = 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 }} {{registration required}}
+* {{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}
+* {{cite book |last=Konow |first=Sten |author-link=Sten Konow |date=1929 |title=Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch}}
 {{s-start}}
@@ Line 71: / Line 84: @@
 | before = (In [[Arachosia]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]])<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] King''<br>'''[[Archebios]]'''<br><br>(In [[Paropamisade]])<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] King''<br>'''[[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]]'''
 | title = [[Indo-Scythian|Indo-Scythian Ruler]] | years = (85–60 BCE)
-| after = ''(In [[Gandhara]])''<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] king:''<br>'''[[Artemidoros]]'''<br><br>''(In [[Punjab region|Punjab]])''<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] king:''<br>'''[[Apollodotus II]]'''<br><br>''(In the south)''<br>''Indo-Scythian ruler:''<br>'''[[Vonones of Indo-Scythia|Vonones]]'''
+| after = ''(In [[Gandhara]])''<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] king:''<br>'''[[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]]'''<br><br>''(In [[Punjab region|Punjab]])''<br>''[[Indo-Greek]] king:''<br>'''[[Apollodotus II]]'''<br><br>''(In the south)''<br>''Indo-Scythian ruler:''<br>'''[[Vonones of Indo-Scythia|Vonones]]'''
 }}
 {{s-end}}
@@ Line 78: / Line 91: @@
 [[Category:Indo-Scythian kings]]
-[[Category:1st-century BC rulers in Asia]]
 [[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
 [[Category:1st-century BC Iranian monarchs]]