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{{Short description|Female sibling}}{{About||other uses|Sister (disambiguation)|and|Sisters (disambiguation)}} | {{Short description|Female sibling}}{{About||other uses|Sister (disambiguation)|and|Sisters (disambiguation)}} | ||
[[File: | [[File:Little Julia tending the baby at home.jpg|thumb|right|Two child sisters, the elder tending to the younger {{Circa|1911}}.]] | ||
A '''sister''' is a woman or a [[girl]] who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female [[sibling]].<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |title=Definition of sister in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524223741/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The male counterpart is a [[brother]]. Although the term typically refers to a [[family|familial]] relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.<ref>Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.</ref> A full sister is a [[first degree relative|first-degree relative]]. | [[File:The Chess Game (Sofonisba Anguissola) 1555 (4096x3236px).jpg|thumb|''The Game of Chess'' (1555) by [[Sofonisba Anguissola]] (It depicts her sisters [[Lucia Anguissola|Lucia]] (left), [[:fr:Minerva Anguissola|Minerva]] (right) and [[:it:Europa Anguissola|Europa]] (middle) Anguissola playing chess. The older woman is their maidservant.)]] | ||
[[File:Henrika Šantel - Sestra Danica.jpg|thumb|The Artist's sister [[Danica Šantel]] by [[Henrika Šantel]]]] | |||
[[File:Spencer-sisters.jpg|thumb|Three sisters from the Spencer family, {{Circa|1902}}.|211x211px]] | |||
A '''sister''' is a [[woman]] or a [[girl]] who shares [[Parent|parents]] or a parent with another individual; a female [[sibling]].<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite web |title=Definition of sister in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524223741/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sister |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The male counterpart is a [[brother]]. Although the term typically refers to a [[family|familial]] relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.<ref>Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.</ref> A full sister is a [[first degree relative|first-degree relative]]. | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[English language|English]] word ''sister'' comes from [[Old Norse]] {{Lang|non|systir}} which itself derives from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*swestēr'', both of which have the same meaning, i.e. sister. Some studies have found that sisters display more traits indicating jealousy around their siblings than their male counterparts, [[brother]]s.<ref>Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. (2002). "Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics". Child Development 73 (2): 581–600.</ref> In some cultures, sisters are afforded a role of being under the protection by male siblings, especially older brothers, from issues ranging from bullies or sexual advances by womanizers.<ref>Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry — Page 67, Wen-Shing Tseng – 2001</ref> In some quarters, the term ''sister'' has gradually broadened its colloquial meaning to include individuals stipulating [[kinship]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=van der Burghe|first1=Pierre|title=The Ethnic Phenomenon|date=1987|page=27}}</ref> In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of ''female sibling'' over ''sister''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olshewsky|first1=Thomas|title=Problems in the philosophy of language|date=1969|page=286}}</ref> Males with a [[twin]] sister sometimes view her as their female [[alter ego]], or what they would have been like if they had two X chromosomes.<ref>McCallum, Robyn. "Other Selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction. Example of the sister in a sentence "The sisters live in the convent at Lafayette Towers." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996): 17–36.</ref> A study in Perth, Australia found that girls having only younger brothers resulted in a ''chastity effect'': losing their [[virginity]] on average more than a year later than average. This has been hypothesized as being attributed to the pheromones in their brothers' sweat and household-related errands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pincott |first=Jena E |date=March 20, 2011 |title=Do Brothers Stall Their Sisters' Sex Lives? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/love-sex-and-babies/201103/do-brothers-stall-their-sisters-sex-lives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230118011103/https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/love-sex-and-babies/201103/do-brothers-stall-their-sisters-sex-lives |archive-date=18 Jan 2023 |website=Psychology Today}}</ref> | |||
The [[English language|English]] word ''sister'' comes from [[Old Norse]] {{Lang|non|systir}} which itself derives from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*swestēr'', both of which have the same meaning, i.e. sister. Some studies have found that sisters display more traits indicating jealousy around their siblings than their male counterparts, [[brother]]s.<ref>Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. (2002). "Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics". Child Development 73 (2): 581–600.</ref> In some cultures, sisters are afforded a role of being under the protection by male siblings, especially older brothers, from issues ranging from bullies or sexual advances by womanizers.<ref>Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry — Page 67, Wen-Shing Tseng – 2001</ref> In some quarters, the term ''sister'' has gradually broadened its colloquial meaning to include individuals stipulating [[kinship]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=van der Burghe|first1=Pierre|title=The Ethnic Phenomenon|date=1987|page=27}}</ref> In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of ''female sibling'' over ''sister''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olshewsky|first1=Thomas|title=Problems in the philosophy of language|date=1969|page=286}}</ref> Males with a [[twin]] sister sometimes view her as their female [[alter ego]], or what they would have been like if they had two X chromosomes.<ref>McCallum, Robyn. "Other Selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction. Example of the sister in a sentence "The sisters live in the convent at Lafayette Towers." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996): 17–36.</ref> A study in Perth, Australia found that girls having only | |||
==Sororal relationships== | ==Sororal relationships== | ||
Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied [[gender role]] to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.<ref name="smith8888">Gender — Page 53, Leanne Franklin – 2012</ref> Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.<ref>Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015</ref> Younger siblings display | Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied [[gender role]] to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.<ref name="smith8888">Gender — Page 53, Leanne Franklin – 2012</ref> Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.<ref>Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015</ref> Younger siblings display more needy behavior when near their older sister<ref>Sisters and Brothers — Page 78, Judy Dunn – 1985</ref> and are more likely to be tolerant of an older sister's bad behavior.<ref>The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002 p 1524</ref> Boys with only one older sister are more likely to display stereotypically male behavior, and such [[masculine]] boys increased their masculine behavior with the more sisters they have.<ref>Gender Development — Page 300, Lynn S. Liben – 2009</ref> The reverse is true for young boys with several sisters, as they tend to be [[feminine]], however, they outgrow this by the time they approach [[pubescence]].<ref>Gender Development, Sheri A. Berenbaum, 2013</ref> Boys with older sisters were less likely to be delinquent or have [[emotional and behavioral disorders]].<ref>Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 26, p 161, 1996</ref> A younger sister is less likely to be scolded by older siblings than a younger brother.<ref>He & she: how children develop their sex role identity, Wendy Schempp Matthews – 1979 p 162</ref> The most common recreational activity between older brother/younger sister pairs is art drawing.<ref name="smith8888"/> Some studies also found a correlation between having an older sister and constructive discussions about safe sexual practices.<ref>Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development, Laurence Steinberg, PhD – 2009 p 61</ref> Some studies have shown that men without sisters are more likely to be ineffectual at courtship and romantic relationships.<ref>Leventhal, Gerald S. "Influence of brothers and sisters on sex-role behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16.3 (1970): 452.</ref> | ||
[[File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Two Sisters (1901).jpg|thumb|right|''Two Sisters'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]]] | |||
[[File:Two sisters together in the evening.jpg|thumb|right|Two sisters spending the evening together near a pond in [[Bihar]], India in 2022]] | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Brother]] | *[[Brother]] | ||
*[[Religious sister]] | |||
*[[Sisterhood (disambiguation)]] | *[[Sisterhood (disambiguation)]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Stepsibling]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:19, 29 December 2025
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A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling.[1] The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.[2] A full sister is a first-degree relative.
Overview[edit | edit source]
The English word sister comes from Old Norse systir which itself derives from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, both of which have the same meaning, i.e. sister. Some studies have found that sisters display more traits indicating jealousy around their siblings than their male counterparts, brothers.[3] In some cultures, sisters are afforded a role of being under the protection by male siblings, especially older brothers, from issues ranging from bullies or sexual advances by womanizers.[4] In some quarters, the term sister has gradually broadened its colloquial meaning to include individuals stipulating kinship.[5] In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of female sibling over sister.[6] Males with a twin sister sometimes view her as their female alter ego, or what they would have been like if they had two X chromosomes.[7] A study in Perth, Australia found that girls having only younger brothers resulted in a chastity effect: losing their virginity on average more than a year later than average. This has been hypothesized as being attributed to the pheromones in their brothers' sweat and household-related errands.[8]
Sororal relationships[edit | edit source]
Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied gender role to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.[9] Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.[10] Younger siblings display more needy behavior when near their older sister[11] and are more likely to be tolerant of an older sister's bad behavior.[12] Boys with only one older sister are more likely to display stereotypically male behavior, and such masculine boys increased their masculine behavior with the more sisters they have.[13] The reverse is true for young boys with several sisters, as they tend to be feminine, however, they outgrow this by the time they approach pubescence.[14] Boys with older sisters were less likely to be delinquent or have emotional and behavioral disorders.[15] A younger sister is less likely to be scolded by older siblings than a younger brother.[16] The most common recreational activity between older brother/younger sister pairs is art drawing.[9] Some studies also found a correlation between having an older sister and constructive discussions about safe sexual practices.[17] Some studies have shown that men without sisters are more likely to be ineffectual at courtship and romantic relationships.[18]
_-_Two_Sisters_(1901).jpg)
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Definition of sister in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
- ↑ Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.
- ↑ Volling, B. L.; McElwain, N.L.; Miller, A.L. (2002). "Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics". Child Development 73 (2): 581–600.
- ↑ Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry — Page 67, Wen-Shing Tseng – 2001
- ↑ van der Burghe, Pierre (1987). The Ethnic Phenomenon. p. 27.
- ↑ Olshewsky, Thomas (1969). Problems in the philosophy of language. p. 286.
- ↑ McCallum, Robyn. "Other Selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction. Example of the sister in a sentence "The sisters live in the convent at Lafayette Towers." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996): 17–36.
- ↑ Pincott, Jena E (March 20, 2011). "Do Brothers Stall Their Sisters' Sex Lives?". Psychology Today.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gender — Page 53, Leanne Franklin – 2012
- ↑ Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings, Doris Bergen 2015
- ↑ Sisters and Brothers — Page 78, Judy Dunn – 1985
- ↑ The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 4, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002 p 1524
- ↑ Gender Development — Page 300, Lynn S. Liben – 2009
- ↑ Gender Development, Sheri A. Berenbaum, 2013
- ↑ Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 26, p 161, 1996
- ↑ He & she: how children develop their sex role identity, Wendy Schempp Matthews – 1979 p 162
- ↑ Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, Contextual Influences on Adolescent Development, Laurence Steinberg, PhD – 2009 p 61
- ↑ Leventhal, Gerald S. "Influence of brothers and sisters on sex-role behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16.3 (1970): 452.