Solanum incanum: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{taxobox
{{For|the taxon described by Kit.|Solanum villosum}}
| image             = Solanum_incanum_(DITSL).JPG
{{Redirect|Bitterball|the Dutch food|Bitterballen}}
| image_caption     =
{{Speciesbox
| regnum            = [[Plantae]]
| image = Solanum_incanum_(DITSL).JPG
| unranked_divisio  = [[Angiosperms]]
| image_caption =  
| unranked_classis  = [[Eudicots]]
| parent = Solanum sect. Melongena
| unranked_ordo    = [[Asterids]]
| display_parents = 3
| ordo              = [[Solanales]]
| taxon = Solanum incanum
| familia          = [[Solanaceae]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref>
| genus            = ''[[Solanum]]''
| synonyms =  
| subgenus          = ''[[Solanum#Subgenus Leptostemonum|Leptostemonum]]''
  {{Species list
| sectio            = ''Melongena''
  |Solanum coagulans var. griseum|Dunal
| species          = '''''S. incanum'''''
  |Solanum floccosistellatum|Bitter
| binomial          = ''Solanum incanum''
  |Solanum hierochuntinum|Dunal
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1753<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref>
  |Solanum hierochuntinum var. lanuginosum|Dunal
| synonyms         = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
  |Solanum incanum var. brevitomentosum|Bitter
*''Solanum bojeri'' <small>Dunal</small>
  |Solanum incanum subsp. horridescens|Bitter
*''Solanum sanctum'' <small>L.</small>
  |Solanum incanum var. integrascens|Bitter
*Solanum coagulans var. griseum Dunal
  |Solanum incanum var. kavirondoense|Bitter
*Solanum floccosistellatum Bitter
  |Solanum incanum var. pluribaccatum|Bitter
*Solanum hierochuntinum Dunal
  |Solanum incanum subsp. schoanum|Bitter
*Solanum hierochuntinum var. lanuginosum Dunal
  |Solanum incanum var. unguiculatum|(A.Rich.) Abedin, Al-Yahya, Chaudhary & J.S.Mossa
*Solanum incanum var. brevitomentosum Bitter
  |Solanum sanctum|L., nom. superfl.
*Solanum incanum subsp. horridescens Bitter
  |Solanum undulatum|Poir.
*Solanum incanum var. integrascens Bitter
  |Solanum unguiculatum|A.Rich.
*Solanum incanum var. kavirondoense Bitter
  }}
*Solanum incanum var. pluribaccatum Bitter
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_819567-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Solanum incanum'' L..|id=819567-1|access-date=2024-01-05|mode=cs1}}</ref>
*Solanum incanum subsp. schoanum Bitter
*Solanum incanum var. unguiculatum
*Solanum sanctum L.
*Solanum undulatum Poir.
*Solanum unguiculatum A.Rich.
}}
| synonyms_ref     = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-29600112
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Solanum incanum''''' is a species of [[Solanum|nightshade]], a [[flowering plant]] in the family Solanaceae. It is native to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], eastwards to India. The species was introduced to [[Taiwan]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819567-1|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en}}</ref>
'''''Solanum incanum''''' is a species of [[Solanum|nightshade]], a [[flowering plant]] in the family Solanaceae. It is native to [[East Africa]], [[West Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and eastwards to India. The species was introduced to Taiwan and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819567-1|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en}}</ref>


Common names include '''thorn apple''', '''bitter apple''',<ref name="GRIN" /> '''bitterball''' <ref>{{cite book|title=Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UotAQAAMAAJ|date=January 1990|page=57}}</ref> and '''bitter tomato''' <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr.Thimmaiah|title=Bitter Tomato : A Potential Underutilized Crop|url=https://www.regenerative-agriculture.net/2012/08/bitter-tomato-potential-underutilized.html|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum (grey bitter-apple)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50524|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.cabi.org}}</ref> It may be confused with the similar ''[[Solanum linnaeanum|S. linnaeanum]]'' where their ranges overlap in Africa.  In ancient India, ''Solanum incanum'' was domesticated into the [[eggplant]], ''Solanum melongena''.<ref name="Tsaoand">Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology". ''Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering'' by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press. {{ISBN|1-57444-551-0}}.</ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. (2001). ''Seed storage of horticultural crops'' (pp 157). Haworth Press: {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.genetics.org/content/161/4/1697.full Ancestor of brinjal Solanum incanum]</ref> In biblical literature, it is sometimes used as a "hedge of thorns" ({{Lang-he|'''מְשֻׂכַת חָדֶק'''}}).<ref>[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt28.htm Proverbs 15:19]</ref>
Common names include '''thorn apple''', '''bitter apple''',<ref name="GRIN" /> '''bitterball'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UotAQAAMAAJ|date=January 1990|page=57}}</ref> and '''bitter tomato'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr.Thimmaiah|title=Bitter Tomato : A Potential Underutilized Crop|url=https://www.regenerative-agriculture.net/2012/08/bitter-tomato-potential-underutilized.html|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum (grey bitter-apple)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50524|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.cabi.org}}</ref> It may be confused with the similar ''[[Solanum linnaeanum|S. linnaeanum]]'' where their ranges overlap in Africa.  In ancient India, ''Solanum incanum'' was domesticated into the [[eggplant]], ''Solanum melongena''.<ref name="Tsaoand">Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology". ''Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering'' by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press. {{ISBN|1-57444-551-0}}.</ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. (2001). ''Seed storage of horticultural crops'' (pp 157). Haworth Press: {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.genetics.org/content/161/4/1697.full Ancestor of brinjal Solanum incanum]</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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{{Wikispecies-inline|Solanum incanum}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Solanum incanum}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=3045 |title=''Solanum incanum'' L., Sp. Pl. 188. 1753 |work=Solanaceae Source |publisher=Natural History Museum }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=3045 |title=''Solanum incanum'' L., Sp. Pl. 188. 1753 |work=Solanaceae Source |publisher=Natural History Museum }}
*[http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Solanum%20incanum_EN.htm ''Solanum incanum'' L., Prota database]
*[http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Solanum%20incanum_EN.htm ''Solanum incanum'' L., Prota database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213103621/http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Solanum%20incanum_EN.htm |date=2015-02-13 }}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Solanum incanum}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Solanum incanum}}


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[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Mali]]
[[Category:Flora of Mali]]
[[Category:State symbols of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Flora of Somalia]]
[[Category:Flora of Somalia]]
[[Category:Flora of Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Sudan]]
[[Category:Flora of Sudan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
{{Solanales-stub}}
{{Solanales-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:38, 20 November 2025


For the taxon described by Kit., see Solanum villosum.
"Bitterball" redirects here. For the Dutch food, see Bitterballen.

Solanum incanum
Scientific classification edit
: [[Template:Taxonomy/Solanum sect. Melongena]]
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/SolanumS. incanum
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/SolanumSolanum incanum
Synonyms[2]

Template:Species list

Solanum incanum is a species of nightshade, a flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to East Africa, West Africa, the Middle East, and eastwards to India. The species was introduced to Taiwan and Vietnam.[3]

Common names include thorn apple, bitter apple,[1] bitterball[4] and bitter tomato[5][6] It may be confused with the similar S. linnaeanum where their ranges overlap in Africa. In ancient India, Solanum incanum was domesticated into the eggplant, Solanum melongena.[7][8][9]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [{{#property:P1421|}} "{{#Property:P225}}"]. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 January 2010. {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
  2. ↑ Template:Cite POWO
  3. ↑ "Solanum incanum L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  4. ↑ Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture. January 1990. p. 57.
  5. ↑ Dr.Thimmaiah. "Bitter Tomato : A Potential Underutilized Crop". Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  6. ↑ "Solanum incanum (grey bitter-apple)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  7. ↑ Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology". Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press. ISBN 1-57444-551-0.
  8. ↑ Doijode, S. D. (2001). Seed storage of horticultural crops (pp 157). Haworth Press: ISBN 1-56022-901-2
  9. ↑ Ancestor of brinjal Solanum incanum

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Solanales-stub

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