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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
|name | | name = Goda Ravi | ||
|image | | image = | ||
|image_size | | image_size = 150px | ||
|caption | | caption = | ||
|succession | | succession = Ruler of the Chera Kingdom | ||
|reign | | reign = 905/06–c. 943/44 AD<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | ||
| full name = | |||
|full name | | predecessor = Goda Goda (or) Kerala Kesari<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | ||
|predecessor | | successor = Indu/Indesvaran Goda<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | ||
|successor | | spouse = | ||
|spouse | | issue = | ||
|issue | | house = [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Medieval Cheras of Kerala]] | ||
|house | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
|religion = [[Hinduism]] | | regnal name = | | ||
|regnal name = | }} | ||
'''Goda Ravi''' (''fl.'' 905/06–c. 943/44 AD<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref>) was a [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal king]] of medieval [[Kerala]], southern India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=65–67|isbn=9788188765072|orig-date=1972}}</ref> The reign of Goda Ravi witnessed strengthened Chera ties with the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], as numerous Kerala military personnel served under the Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] in the Tamil country.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2017 |title=Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0257643016677455?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.1 |journal=Studies in History |language= |volume=33 |pages=36–60 |doi=10.1177/0257643016677455 |s2cid=151486767 |url-access=subscription |via=}}</ref> | |||
'''Goda Ravi''' (''fl | |||
Temple inscriptions mentioning Goda Ravi have been discovered in central Kerala and north-central Kerala.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> These records refer, among other things, to several Chera royals (princes titled Koyil or Ala-Koyil and [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|queens/princesses]] called Cheraman Maha Devi or Ravi Piratti), the chieftains of [[Vembanadu]] ([[Alappuzha]]) and Valluvanadu (the latter with the title "Rayira Ravar"), and the so-called "Agreement of Muzhikkulam".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> It is also known that the deposed [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler, Rajasimha II, took refuge with the Cheras or Keralas around 920 AD.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=111-112 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> | |||
Goda Ravi was formerly identified with king [[Vijayaraga]] of the Chera | Goda Ravi was formerly identified with king [[Vijayaraga]] (c. 883/84 — c. 895 AD) of the medieval Chera dynasty of Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> He was also initially identified as the brother-in-law of [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler Jatavarman Kulasekhara Deva I.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
== Coronation year == | == Coronation year == | ||
An inscription mentioning Goda Ravi from Nedumpuram Thali, [[Wadakkanchery]] (concerning a land grant), is one of rare Chera Perumal inscriptions that record both the regnal year and another era (the [[Kali Era|Kali Year]]) simultaneously — the regnal year appears at the beginning (17th year, with Jupiter in Mithuna) and the Kali Year at the end.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Recent interpretations suggest that the temple committee met and approved the land grant in the 17th regnal year of Goda Ravi, when Jupiter was in Mithuna, while the inscription currently available was commissioned later, corresponding to Kali Year 4030.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108857871 |pages=129–30 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Nedumpuram Thali | |+Nedumpuram Thali Inscription<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s+of+Kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|editor-last=Narayanan|editor-first=M. G. S.|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=438–42|chapter=Index to Cera Inscriptions|orig-date=1972}}</ref> | ||
! | ! | ||
! | !<small>Kali Year</small> | ||
( | !<small>Corresponding Year</small> | ||
!<small>Position of [[Jupiter]]</small> | |||
( | !<small>Interpretation</small> | ||
!<small>Coronation Year</small> | |||
<small>(17 years before)</small> | |||
|- | |||
|<small>A. G. Warrier<ref name=":2" /></small> | |||
|<small>'nālāyirattumuppatu'</small> | |||
<small>('4030')<ref name=":2" /></small> | |||
|<small>929/30 AD</small> | |||
|<small>Jupiter in Makaram</small> | |||
|<small>{{cross}}</small> | |||
|<small>912 AD</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |<small>[[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|Elamkulam P. N. K. Pillai]]<ref name=":2" /></small> | ||
|<small>'nālāyirattumuppat[tancu].'</small> | |||
|' | <small>('4035')<ref name=":2" /></small> | ||
(' | |<small>934 AD</small> | ||
| | |<small>Jupiter in Mithuna</small> | ||
| | | rowspan="2" |<small>{{cross}}</small> | ||
| | |<small>917 AD</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |<small>[[M. G. S. Narayanan]]<ref name=":2" /></small> | ||
|' | |<small>'nālāyirattumoppatu'</small> | ||
(' | <small>('done in 4000')<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /></small> | ||
| | |<small>900 AD<ref name=":2" /></small> | ||
|<small>Jupiter in Mithuna</small> | |||
| | |<small>883 AD<ref name=":0" /></small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2" |<small>Present view<ref name=":0" /></small> | ||
|' | | rowspan="2" |<small>'nālāyirattumuppatu'</small> | ||
(' | <small>('4030') = 929/30 AD<ref name=":0" /></small> | ||
| | |<small>922 AD (agreement year)<ref name=":0" /></small> | ||
| | |<small>Jupiter in Mithuna</small> | ||
| rowspan="2" |<small>{{tick}}</small> | |||
|<small>905/06 AD<ref name=":0" /></small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |<small>929/30 AD (commission year)<ref name=":0" /></small> | ||
|<small>Jupiter not in Mithuna</small> | |||
( | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Epigraphic records == | == Epigraphic records == | ||
''Note: Material—granite; Script—Vattezhuthu with some Grantha characters; Language—old Malayalam (unless otherwise stated).'' | |||
''Note: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! rowspan="2" |No. | |||
! rowspan="2" |Year | ! rowspan="2" |Year | ||
! rowspan="2" |Regnal Year | ! rowspan="2" |Regnal Year | ||
| Line 88: | Line 83: | ||
!Notes | !Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|920 AD | |1 | ||
| - | |||
|Nil<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=July 14, 2025 |title=Chera Stone Inscription Found in Manjeri Temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chera-stone-inscription-found-in-manjeri-temple/article69811493.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Malappuram}}</ref> | |||
|Thrikkalangode inscription - Meledath Mahashiva Vettakkorumakan temple, Thrikkalangode, Manjeri - (a stone paved on the circumambulatory path in front of the circular sanctum sanctorum)<ref name=":6" /> | |||
|Temple inscription | |||
| | |||
* Mentions Moozhikkalam system.<ref name=":6" /> | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|918/19 AD<ref name=":1" /> | |||
|13<ref name=":1" /> | |||
|Airanikkulam ([[Iranikulam Sree Mahadeva Temple|Iranikulam]]) inscription<ref name=":1" /> | |||
|Temple inscription | |||
| | |||
* Published in a 'form that is far from satisfactory'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108857871|pages=120 and 128-29|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}</ref> | |||
*Donor to the temple is certain [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|Ravi Piratti (Chera princess)]].<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* The committee also included the "senapathi" (chief of the royal militia?)<ref name=":55">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108857871|pages=144|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|920/21 AD<ref name=":0" /> | |||
|15 | |15 | ||
|Chokkur inscription (Chokoor, Puthur village) - near [[Koduvally]] - single granite slab in courtyard of the ruined Chokkur Temple. | |Chokkur inscription (Chokoor, Puthur village) - near [[Koduvally]] - single granite slab in courtyard of the ruined Chokkur Temple. | ||
|Temple inscription | |Temple inscription | ||
(by founder) | (by founder Karkodupurathu Kadamba Kumara) | ||
| | | | ||
* | * Donor is a person known as Karkodupurathu Kadamba Kumara.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Earliest record to refer the 'Agreement of Muzhikkulam'.<ref name=": | * Earliest record to refer the 'Agreement of Muzhikkulam'.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
*Third face of the stone contains a separate inscription (mentioning a "nangaiyar")<ref name=":2" /> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|922 AD | |4 | ||
|922 AD<ref name=":0" /> | |||
|17 | |17 | ||
|Nedumpuram Thali inscription, Thichoor [[Wadakkanchery]] | |Nedumpuram Thali inscription, Thichoor [[Wadakkanchery]] | ||
(Thali inscriptions of Cochin State) - two granite slabs fixed into the half wall in the entrance corridor on the left side of Nedumpuram Thali. | (Thali inscriptions of Cochin State) - two granite slabs fixed into the half wall in the entrance corridor on the left side of Nedumpuram Thali. | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
|Dated in Kali Year 4030 (=929/30 AD).<ref name=": | |Dated in Kali Year 4030 (=929/30 AD).<ref name=":0" /> | ||
* Two halves of the record on two separate slabs (one with the regnal year and the other one with the date in Kali Era) were initially registered separately.<ref name=": | * Two halves of the record on two separate slabs (one with the regnal year and the other one with the date in Kali Era) were initially registered separately.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Council is the chieftain of Vembanadu ([[Alappuzha]]) called Goda Ravi.<ref name=": | * Council is attended by the chieftain of [[Vembanad|Vembanadu]] ([[Alappuzha]]) called Goda Ravi.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" |925 AD | |5 | ||
| rowspan="3" |925/26 AD<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=132–33|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | |||
| rowspan="3" |20 | | rowspan="3" |20 | ||
|[[Avittathur]] inscription I - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple near the sopana. | |[[Avittathur]] inscription I - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple near the sopana. | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | | | ||
* Mentions the Cheraman Maha Devi (the Chera queen) | * Mentions the Cheraman Maha Devi ([[Ko Kizhan Adikal|the Chera queen]]).<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | *The council is attended the Rayira Ravar (the chieftain of Valluvanad<ref name=":2" /> or the Leader of the Thousand<ref name=":4" />). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |||
|Avittathur inscription II - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple to the right of the srikoyil (a few feet away from sopana). | |Avittathur inscription II - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple to the right of the srikoyil (a few feet away from sopana). | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | |The council is attended the Rayira Ravar (the chieftain of Valluvanadu<ref name=":2" /> or the Leader of the Thousand<ref name=":4" />). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7 | |||
|Avittathur inscription III - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple (a few feet away from sopana). | |Avittathur inscription III - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple (a few feet away from sopana). | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | |The council is attended the Rayira Ravar (the chieftain of Valluvanadu<ref name=":2" /> or the Leader of the Thousand<ref name=":4" />). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" |932 AD | |8 | ||
| rowspan="3" |932/33 AD<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122–23|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | |||
| rowspan="3" |27 | | rowspan="3" |27 | ||
| | |[[Triprangode]] inscription (originally in Sri Krishna shrine, Triprangode Shiva Temple) - now in Archeological Museum, [[Trichur]]. | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | | | ||
* Mentions the Agreement of Tavanur.<ref name=": | * Mentions the Agreement of Tavanur.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Council is attended by the Ala-koyil (a Chera prince). | * Council is attended by the Ala-koyil (a Chera prince).<ref name=":2" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |9 | ||
|Porangattiri/Porangattur inscription ([[Chaliyar]]) - single granite slab in the courtyard of the Porangattiri Temple. | |||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | | | ||
* Cites the Agreement of Muzhikkulam.<ref name=": | * Cites the Agreement of Muzhikkulam.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Council is attended by the Koyil and the Ala-koyil ( | * Council is attended by the Koyil and the Ala-koyil (a Chera prince).<ref name=":2" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10 | |||
|Indianur inscription (Kottakkal) - originally at Indianur Temple - now in Department of History, [[Calicut University]]. | |Indianur inscription (Kottakkal) - originally at Indianur Temple - now in Department of History, [[Calicut University]]. | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | | | ||
* A slab with inscriptions two separate Chera-Perumals on either side.<ref name=": | * A slab with inscriptions of two separate Chera-Perumals on either side.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Council is attended by the Koyil (a Chera prince).<ref name=": | * Council is attended by the Koyil (a Chera prince).<ref name=":2" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|935 AD | |11 | ||
|30 | |935/36 AD<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=144|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref> | ||
|30<ref name=":2" /> | |||
|[[Thrippunithura]] inscription (originally from Santhana Gopalakrishna Temple, Thrippunithura) - now in Archeological Museum, [[Trichur]]. | |[[Thrippunithura]] inscription (originally from Santhana Gopalakrishna Temple, Thrippunithura) - now in Archeological Museum, [[Trichur]]. | ||
|Temple committee resolutions | |Temple committee resolutions | ||
| | | | ||
* Council is attended by Ravi Aditya, a minister ("amaichi") and a Chera prince.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
* Council is attended by Ravi Aditya, a minister and a Chera prince.<ref name=": | |||
|} | |} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|25em}} | {{reflist|25em}} | ||
[[Category:People | [[Category:People from the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]] | ||
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]] | [[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]] | [[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]] | ||
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]] | [[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:40, 4 September 2025
| Goda Ravi | |
|---|---|
| Ruler of the Chera Kingdom | |
| Reign | 905/06–c. 943/44 AD[1] |
| Predecessor | Goda Goda (or) Kerala Kesari[2] |
| Successor | Indu/Indesvaran Goda[3] |
| House | Medieval Cheras of Kerala |
| Religion | Hinduism |
Goda Ravi (fl. 905/06–c. 943/44 AD[4]) was a Chera Perumal king of medieval Kerala, southern India.[5] The reign of Goda Ravi witnessed strengthened Chera ties with the Cholas, as numerous Kerala military personnel served under the Chola prince Rajaditya in the Tamil country.[6]
Temple inscriptions mentioning Goda Ravi have been discovered in central Kerala and north-central Kerala.[5][7][8] These records refer, among other things, to several Chera royals (princes titled Koyil or Ala-Koyil and queens/princesses called Cheraman Maha Devi or Ravi Piratti), the chieftains of Vembanadu (Alappuzha) and Valluvanadu (the latter with the title "Rayira Ravar"), and the so-called "Agreement of Muzhikkulam".[5][7] It is also known that the deposed Pandya ruler, Rajasimha II, took refuge with the Cheras or Keralas around 920 AD.[9]
Goda Ravi was formerly identified with king Vijayaraga (c. 883/84 — c. 895 AD) of the medieval Chera dynasty of Kerala.[5] He was also initially identified as the brother-in-law of Pandya ruler Jatavarman Kulasekhara Deva I.[10]
Coronation year[edit | edit source]
An inscription mentioning Goda Ravi from Nedumpuram Thali, Wadakkanchery (concerning a land grant), is one of rare Chera Perumal inscriptions that record both the regnal year and another era (the Kali Year) simultaneously — the regnal year appears at the beginning (17th year, with Jupiter in Mithuna) and the Kali Year at the end.[5][10] Recent interpretations suggest that the temple committee met and approved the land grant in the 17th regnal year of Goda Ravi, when Jupiter was in Mithuna, while the inscription currently available was commissioned later, corresponding to Kali Year 4030.[11]
| Kali Year | Corresponding Year | Position of Jupiter | Interpretation | Coronation Year
(17 years before) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. G. Warrier[10] | 'nālāyirattumuppatu'
('4030')[10] |
929/30 AD | Jupiter in Makaram | 
|
912 AD |
| Elamkulam P. N. K. Pillai[10] | 'nālāyirattumuppat[tancu].'
('4035')[10] |
934 AD | Jupiter in Mithuna |
|
917 AD |
| M. G. S. Narayanan[10] | 'nālāyirattumoppatu' | 900 AD[10] | Jupiter in Mithuna | 883 AD[11] | |
| Present view[11] | 'nālāyirattumuppatu'
('4030') = 929/30 AD[11] |
922 AD (agreement year)[11] | Jupiter in Mithuna | 
|
905/06 AD[11] |
| 929/30 AD (commission year)[11] | Jupiter not in Mithuna |
Epigraphic records[edit | edit source]
Note: Material—granite; Script—Vattezhuthu with some Grantha characters; Language—old Malayalam (unless otherwise stated).
| No. | Year | Regnal Year | Location | Contents | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Notes | ||||||
| 1 | - | Nil[8] | Thrikkalangode inscription - Meledath Mahashiva Vettakkorumakan temple, Thrikkalangode, Manjeri - (a stone paved on the circumambulatory path in front of the circular sanctum sanctorum)[8] | Temple inscription |
| ||
| 2 | 918/19 AD[7] | 13[7] | Airanikkulam (Iranikulam) inscription[7] | Temple inscription |
| ||
| 3 | 920/21 AD[11] | 15 | Chokkur inscription (Chokoor, Puthur village) - near Koduvally - single granite slab in courtyard of the ruined Chokkur Temple. | Temple inscription
(by founder Karkodupurathu Kadamba Kumara) |
|||
| 4 | 922 AD[11] | 17 | Nedumpuram Thali inscription, Thichoor Wadakkanchery
(Thali inscriptions of Cochin State) - two granite slabs fixed into the half wall in the entrance corridor on the left side of Nedumpuram Thali. |
Temple committee resolutions | Dated in Kali Year 4030 (=929/30 AD).[11] | ||
| 5 | 925/26 AD[13] | 20 | Avittathur inscription I - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple near the sopana. | Temple committee resolutions |
| ||
| 6 | Avittathur inscription II - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple to the right of the srikoyil (a few feet away from sopana). | Temple committee resolutions | The council is attended the Rayira Ravar (the chieftain of Valluvanadu[10] or the Leader of the Thousand[14]). | ||||
| 7 | Avittathur inscription III - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple (a few feet away from sopana). | Temple committee resolutions | The council is attended the Rayira Ravar (the chieftain of Valluvanadu[10] or the Leader of the Thousand[14]). | ||||
| 8 | 932/33 AD[15] | 27 | Triprangode inscription (originally in Sri Krishna shrine, Triprangode Shiva Temple) - now in Archeological Museum, Trichur. | Temple committee resolutions | |||
| 9 | Porangattiri/Porangattur inscription (Chaliyar) - single granite slab in the courtyard of the Porangattiri Temple. | Temple committee resolutions | |||||
| 10 | Indianur inscription (Kottakkal) - originally at Indianur Temple - now in Department of History, Calicut University. | Temple committee resolutions | |||||
| 11 | 935/36 AD[14] | 30[10] | Thrippunithura inscription (originally from Santhana Gopalakrishna Temple, Thrippunithura) - now in Archeological Museum, Trichur. | Temple committee resolutions |
| ||
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9788188765072.
- ↑ Ali, Daud (2017). "Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India". Studies in History. 33: 36–60. doi:10.1177/0257643016677455. S2CID 151486767.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120 and 128-29. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Chera Stone Inscription Found in Manjeri Temple". The Hindu. Malappuram. 14 July 2025.
- ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9788188765072.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 Narayanan, M. G. S., ed. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 438–42. ISBN 9788188765072.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–30. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–33. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781108857871.
- ↑ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–23. ISBN 9781108857871.