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{{automatic taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Common Jasmine.jpg
|image = Common Jasmine.jpg
|image_caption = ''Jasminum officinale'', common jasmine
|image_caption = ''Jasminum'' flower
|taxon = Jasminum
|taxon = Jasminum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
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[[File:Jasmine .jpg|thumb|Common jasmine]]
[[File:Jasmine .jpg|thumb|Common jasmine]]


'''Jasmine''' ([[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic name]]: '''''Jasminum'''''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|æ|s|m|ᵻ|n|əm}}, {{respell|YASS|min|əm}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Sunset Western Garden Book|year=1995|pages=606–607}}</ref>) is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s in the olive family of [[Oleaceae]].<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} It contains around 200 species native to [[Tropical climate|tropical]] and warm [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions of [[Eurasia]], [[Africa]], and [[Oceania]].<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see [[#Other plants called "jasmine"|Other plants called "jasmine"]]).
'''Jasmine''' ([[botanical name]]: '''''Jasminum''''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|æ|s|m|ᵻ|n|əm}} {{respell|YAS|min|əm}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s in the [[olive]] family of [[Oleaceae]].<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} It contains around 200 species native to [[Tropical climate|tropical]] and warm [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions of [[Eurasia]], [[Africa]], and [[Oceania]].<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.  
 
The village of Shubra Beloula in Egypt grows most of the jasmine used by the global perfume industry.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220106-shubra-beloula-the-tiny-egyptian-village-few-know Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know]</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}  
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}  
{{See also|Glossary of botanical terms}}
Jasmine can be either [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]], and can be erect, spreading, or climbing [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.
Jasmine can be either [[deciduous]] (leaves falling in autumn) or [[evergreen]] (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing [[shrub]]s and [[vine]]s. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.


=== Flowers and fruit ===
The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in [[Inflorescence|cymose]] clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine [[petal]]s, two [[locule]]s, and one to four [[ovule]]s. They have two [[stamen]]s with very short filaments. The [[bract]]s are linear or ovate. The [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>[https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/j/jasmin06.html A Modern Herbal]</ref>
The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in [[Inflorescence|cymose]] clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine [[petal]]s, two [[locule]]s, and one to four [[ovule]]s. They have two [[stamen]]s with very short filaments. The [[bract]]s are linear or ovate. The [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}
 
The fruits of jasmines are [[berry (botany)|berries]] that turn black when ripe.


The basic [[chromosome]] number of the genus is 13, and most species are [[diploid]] (2n=26). However, natural [[polyploidy]] exists, particularly in ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' (triploid 3n=39), ''[[Jasminum flexile]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''[[Jasminum mesnyi]]'' (triploid 3n=39), and ''[[Jasminum angustifolium]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52).<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}
The basic [[chromosome]] number of the genus is 13, and most species are [[diploid]] (2n=26). However, natural [[polyploidy]] exists, particularly in ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' (triploid 3n=39), ''[[Jasminum flexile]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''[[Jasminum mesnyi]]'' (triploid 3n=39), and ''[[Jasminum angustifolium]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52).<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}


==Distribution and habitat==
== Distribution and habitat ==
Jasmines are native to [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.<ref name="CTEG">C.C. Townsend and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> Their [[center of diversity]] is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =H. Panda|title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wNGkjn-alm8C&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA220}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Jasmines are native to [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of [[Eurasia]], [[Africa]], [[Australasia]] within [[Oceania]], although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.<ref name="CTEG">Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> Their [[center of diversity]] is in [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EeckAgAAQBAJ&q=%E0%B9%88jusmine}}</ref>


Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'') was originally from [[West Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Northeast Africa]], and [[East Africa]], and is now naturalized in the [[Iberian peninsula]].<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref>
Several jasmine species have become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in [[Mediterranean Europe]]. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'') was originally from [[West Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Northeast Africa]], and [[East Africa]], and is now naturalized in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref>


''[[Jasminum fluminense]]'' (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and ''[[Jasminum dichotomum]]'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) are [[invasive species]] in [[Hawaii]] and [[Florida]].<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''[[Jasminum polyanthum]]'', also known as White Jasmine, is an [[invasive species|invasive weed]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref>
''[[Jasminum fluminense]]'' (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and ''[[Jasminum dichotomum]]'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) are [[invasive species]] in [[Hawaii]] and [[Florida]].<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''[[Jasminum polyanthum]]'', also known as pink jasmine, is an [[invasive species|invasive weed]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The name comes from Old French ''jessemin'', from {{lang-fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> which is derived from the [[Middle Persian]] word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in [[Arabic]].<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The word entered [[Middle French]] around 1570 and was first used in English in [[16th century]] England.<ref name=oed/> The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, ''Jasminum''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref>
The name comes from Old French ''jessemin'', from {{langx|fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> which is derived from the [[Middle Persian]] word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in [[Arabic]].<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The word entered [[Middle French]] around 1570 and was first used in English in [[16th century]] England.<ref name=oed/> The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, ''Jasminum''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
[[Species]] belonging to the [[genus]] are classified under the tribe [[Jasmineae]] of the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]).<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=A.K. Singh|title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' is divided into five [[section (botany)|sections]]—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', and ''Unifoliolata''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Species]] belonging to the [[genus]] are classified under the tribe [[Jasmineae]] of the olive family ([[Oleaceae]]).<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' is divided into five [[section (botany)|sections]]—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', and ''Unifoliolata''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg|thumb]]
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* ''[[Jasminum sinense|J.&nbsp;sinense]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum sinense|J.&nbsp;sinense]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum subhumile|J.&nbsp;subhumile]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum subhumile|J.&nbsp;subhumile]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum subtriplinerve|J.&nbsp;subtriplinerve]]'' <small>Blume</small>
* ''[[Jasminum tortuosum|J.&nbsp;tortuosum]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum tortuosum|J.&nbsp;tortuosum]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum urophyllum|J.&nbsp;urophyllum]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''[[Jasminum urophyllum|J.&nbsp;urophyllum]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==Jasmonates==
== Jasmonates ==
{{Main|Jasmonate}}
{{Main|Jasmonate}}
Jasmine lends its name to [[jasmonate]] plant hormones, as [[methyl jasmonate]] isolated from the oil of ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of [[jasmonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E  |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 }}</ref> Jasmonates occur [[ubiquitous]]ly across the [[plant kingdom]], having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the [[signal transduction]] pathways of many plants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Jasmine lends its name to [[jasmonate]] plant hormones, as [[methyl jasmonate]] isolated from the oil of ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of [[jasmonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E  |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 |bibcode=1962HChAc..45..675D }}</ref> Jasmonates occur [[ubiquitous]]ly across the [[plant kingdom]], having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the [[signal transduction]] pathways of many plants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016FrPS....6.1129S }}</ref>


==Cultural importance==
== Cultural importance ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2019}}
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker ''motiyaa'' (in Hindi) or ''mograa'' (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> They may be found around entrances to [[temple]]s, on major thoroughfares, and in major [[business area]]s.
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker ''motiyaa'' (in Hindi) or ''mograa'' (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> They may be found around entrances to [[temple]]s, on major thoroughfares, and in major [[Business area|business areas]].


[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali#Rise to the presidency|A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987]]<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=[[Le Quotidien d'Oran]]/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Tunisian Revolution]] of 2011 are both called "[[Jasmine Revolution (disambiguation)|Jasmine revolution]]s" in reference to the flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659}}</ref>
[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali#Rise to the presidency|A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987]]<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=[[Le Quotidien d'Oran]]/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Tunisian Revolution]] of 2011 are both called "[[Jasmine Revolution (disambiguation)|Jasmine revolution]]s" in reference to the flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


"[[Jasmine (given name)|Jasmine]]" is a common female [[given name]].
"[[Jasmine (given name)|Jasmine]]" is a common female [[given name]].
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</gallery>
</gallery>


===Symbolism===
=== Symbolism ===
Several countries and states consider jasmine as a [[national symbol]].
Several countries and states consider jasmine as a [[national symbol]].


* [[Syria]]: The Syrian city [[Damascus]] is called the City of Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Syria]]: The Syrian city [[Damascus]] is called the City of Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114937/http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hawaii]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' ("''pikake''") is a common flower used in [[lei (garland)|leis]] and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Hawaii]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' ("''pikake''") is a common flower used in [[lei (garland)|leis]] and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower, adopted in 1990.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> It goes by the name "''melati putih''" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of [[Java]].
* [[Indonesia]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower, adopted in 1990.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> It goes by the name "''melati putih''" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of [[Java]].
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* [[Philippines]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "''[[sampaguita]]''" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref>
* [[Philippines]]: ''[[Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "''[[sampaguita]]''" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref>
* [[Thailand]]: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
* [[Thailand]]: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
* [[Tunisia]]: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the [[2010 Tunisian Revolution]].
* [[Tunisia]]: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the [[Tunisian Revolution]].
* [[Iran]]: (and/or [[Shia Islam]]), Jasmine is considered as a symbol for [[Fatimah al-Zahra]], the daughter of the Islam prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>[https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525 علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?)]</ref>


==Other plants called "jasmine"==
== Other plants called "jasmine" ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}  
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}  
*Brazilian jasmine ''[[Mandevilla sanderi]]''  
*Brazilian jasmine ''[[Mandevilla sanderi]]''  
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*Red jasmine ''[[Plumeria rubra]]''
*Red jasmine ''[[Plumeria rubra]]''
*Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine ''[[Trachelospermum jasminoides]]''  
*Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine ''[[Trachelospermum jasminoides]]''  
*Paraguaian jasmine ''[[Brunfelsia australis]]''
*[[Tree jasmine (disambiguation)]]
*[[Tree jasmine (disambiguation)]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal
* {{cite journal
  | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771
  | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771
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  | title = African Plants Database
  | title = African Plants Database
  | publisher = [[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica}}
  | publisher = [[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jasmine|volume=15|pages=277–278}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}}
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[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Oleaceae genera]]
[[Category:Oleaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 22:40, 26 March 2026


This article is about the plant genus. For the given name, see Jasmine (given name). For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).

Jasmine
Jasminum flower
Scientific classification e
: [[Template:Taxonomy/Jasminum]]
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
Species

More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]

Synonyms[4]
  • Mogorium Juss.
  • Noldeanthus Knobl.
  • Nyctanthos St.-Lag.
Common jasmine

Jasmine (botanical name: Jasminum, pronounced /ˈjæsmɪnəm/ YAS-min-əm)[5] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.[4][6][7]:193 It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania.[7]:194 Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.

The village of Shubra Beloula in Egypt grows most of the jasmine used by the global perfume industry.[8]

Description[edit | edit source]

Jasmine can be either deciduous or evergreen, and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[7][9]

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).[7][additional citation(s) needed]

Distribution and habitat[edit | edit source]

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[10][11][12] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[13]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula.[7][14]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[15][16] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[17]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.[18] which is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman and yāsamīn (يَاسَمِين) in Arabic.[19][20] The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.[20] The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.[21]

Taxonomy[edit | edit source]

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[7] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[22]

Species[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Jasminum species

Species include:[23]

  • Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
    Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
  • A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.
    A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.
  • Jasmine buds
    Jasmine buds
  • Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
    Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
  • Jasmine flowers
    Jasmine flowers

Jasmonates[edit | edit source]

Main article: Jasmonate

Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[24] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[25]

Cultural importance[edit | edit source]

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[26] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[27] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[28] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[29][30] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[31]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

  • surface of Jasmine tea
    surface of Jasmine tea
  • The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
    The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
  • Jasmine used as garland
    Jasmine used as garland
  • Jasmine flower blooming
    Jasmine flower blooming
  • Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)
    Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)

Symbolism[edit | edit source]

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

Other plants called "jasmine"[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. ↑ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names. 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  3. ↑ Template:UniProt Taxonomy
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Tacca J.R.Forst. & G.Forst". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  6. ↑ "Jasminum L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Singh, A. K. (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
  8. ↑ Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know
  9. ↑ A Modern Herbal
  10. ↑ Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  11. ↑ Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
  12. ↑ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  13. ↑ Panda, H. (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.
  14. ↑ "{{#Property:P225}}". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  15. ↑ Template:PLANTS
  16. ↑ Template:PLANTS
  17. ↑ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  18. ↑ Weekley, Ernest (1921). "Jasmine, Jessamine". An etymological dictionary of modern English. London J. Murray. p. 779.
  19. ↑ "Definition of Jasmine". Merriam-Webster. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Jasmine". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  21. ↑ Bayton, Ross (2019). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. London, UK: Royal Horticultural Society. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-78472-677-5.
  22. ↑ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L." Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  24. ↑ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45 (2): 675–85. Bibcode:1962HChAc..45..675D. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
  25. ↑ Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1129. Bibcode:2016FrPS....6.1129S. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMC 4701901. PMID 26779205.
  26. ↑ "What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?". Earth.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  27. ↑ August 8; Comments, 2018 | Micaela Nerguizian |. "Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2022-04-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ "10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club". www.gardenloversclub.com. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  29. ↑ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in français). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  30. ↑ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in français). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  31. ↑ Kim, Elvis H (September 2021). "Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age". International Area Studies Review. 24 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1177/22338659211026006. ISSN 2233-8659. S2CID 237434616.
  32. ↑ Anabel Bachour (23 February 2017). "Damascus, the City of Jasmine". Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  33. ↑ Hitt, Christine (1 May 2018). "7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  34. ↑ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ Akhtar, Moin (26 October 2020). "Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird". ILM.com.pk. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  36. ↑ "Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita". National Museum of the Philippines. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  37. ↑ "Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers". Gardening Tips | Flower Wiki. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  38. ↑ علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?)

Further reading[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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