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{{Short description|13th century Persian historical text}} | {{Short description|13th century Persian historical text}} | ||
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| name = Tabaqat-i Nasiri | |||
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| author = [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] | |||
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| language = [[Persian language|Persian]] | |||
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| subject = Islamic history of the world | |||
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{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
'''''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''''' ({{ | '''''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|طبقات ناصری}}}}), named for ''Sultan'' [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir-ud-Din]], is an elaborate history of the Islamic world written in Persian by [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} and completed in 1260.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} Juzjani's "''tabaqat''" would initiate the form of writing for dynastic history in centuries to come.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} | ||
==Background== | |||
The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' consisted of 23 volumes and written in a blunt straightforward style. Juzjani devoted many years in the creation of his book even providing references for his information.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} In compiling the ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Juzjani used other books now lost; part of Baihaqi's reign of Sebuktigin, Abu'l-Qasim Imadi's ''Ta'rikh-i mujadwal'' and most likely Ibn Haisam's ''Qisas-i thani''.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} Juzjani relied on diverse sources, including oral reports from refugees who had fled to Delhi during the Mongol invasions of the 1220s and accounts from merchants traveling the overland trade routes linking India, Iran, and Central Asia as far as Karakorum, the capital of Genghis Khan.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}} He also drew on his own direct experience, having confronted Mongol forces in Khurasan before migrating to India in 1227 A.D.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}} | |||
==Contents== | ==Contents== | ||
The | The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' offers a concise overview of Islamic history from the era of Adam through the decline of the Abbasid Empire, followed by a focused examination of the dynasties of Central Asia.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53}} It starts with the prophets and explains their piety and morality.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53}} This continues up to Abdullah, father of [[Muhammad]], at which point a history of Muhammad's life is told.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} Although a large portion of the book is devoted to the Ghurids, it also contains a history of the predecessors in Ghazna before the [[Ghaznavid]] [[Sebuktigin]] took power.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=10-11}} Juzjani’s depiction of Ghur’s earliest rulers draws largely on the legends circulating in his time, but he appears to have recognized how hard it was to obtain reliable historical information.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=53-54}} | ||
The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' portrays Sultan Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarizm Shah’s rule in Central Asia and Iran as oppressive and does not hesitate to criticize it.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=54}} His narrative of the 1258 sack of Baghdad and Hülegü’s destruction of the Caliphate is supported by fourteenth-century Arab historians, and comparative evidence indicates that the ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'' later served as a reference for Arab historians as well.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=55}} The information Ibn Kathir provides about Ibn al-‘Alqami’s betrayal of the Caliph and the Sunni community in Baghdad can be set alongside Juzjani’s version of the same events.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1993|p=55}} | |||
Within his ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Juzjani tells of his religious views and his historiographical approach to Islam and Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} | |||
The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' is the only source for the Khaljis rebellion in Bengal against the sultan of Delhi from 1229-1230.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} | The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' is the only source for the Khaljis rebellion in Bengal against the sultan of Delhi from 1229-1230.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2010|p=83}} | ||
==Volumes== | ==Volumes== | ||
'''Volume XI''': Is a history of the [[Ghaznavids]] from [[Sabuktigin]] to [[Khusrau Malik]].{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | *'''Volume XI''': Is a history of the [[Ghaznavids]] from [[Sabuktigin]] to [[Khusrau Malik]].{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
'''Volume XVII''': Gives an historical account of the Ghurids and their rise to power in 1215 to their end with Sultan Alauddin.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | *'''Volume XVII''': Gives an historical account of the Ghurids and their rise to power in 1215 to their end with Sultan Alauddin.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
'''Volume XIX''': Is a history of the Ghurid sultans Saifuddin Suri to Qutbuddin Aibek.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | *'''Volume XIX''': Is a history of the Ghurid sultans Saifuddin Suri to Qutbuddin Aibek.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
'''Volume XX''': Is a history of Aibek and the first four rulers of Laknauti until their demise by Iltutmish in 1236.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | *'''Volume XX''': Is a history of Aibek and the first four rulers of Laknauti until their demise by Iltutmish in 1236.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
'''Volume XXII''': Is a biographical volume of courtiers, generals and provincial governors within the sultanate from 1227 until the early history of ''wazir'' Balban.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | *'''Volume XXII''': Is a biographical volume of courtiers, generals and provincial governors within the sultanate from 1227 until the early history of ''wazir'' Balban.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
'''Volume XXIII''': Gives | *'''Volume XXIII''': Gives in-depth information concerning Genghis Khan, his successors up to 1259, and the atrocities committed by the Mongols against Muslim.{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=8-9}} | ||
== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
== | ==Sources== | ||
*{{cite book|first=C.E. |last=Bosworth| title=The Ghaznavids:994-1040 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963}} | *{{cite book|first=C.E. |last=Bosworth| title=The Ghaznavids:994-1040 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963}} | ||
*{{cite journal |title=Indian Sources on Central Asian History and Culture 13th to 15th century A. D. |first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqui |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume= 27 |number=1 |year=1993 |pages=51–63 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930891 }} | |||
*{{cite book|first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqi |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up To The Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010}} | *{{cite book|first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqi |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up To The Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010}} | ||
*{{cite book|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study In The History Of Medieval India: (1000-1526)|volume=1 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1986 }} | *{{cite book|first=Jaswant Lal |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study In The History Of Medieval India: (1000-1526)|volume=1 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1986 }} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title:(Tabakat-i-nasiri) Tabaqat-i Nasiri of Juzjani], books | * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title:(Tabakat-i-nasiri) Tabaqat-i Nasiri of Juzjani], books on [[Internet Archive]] | ||
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/menhaj-seraj Minhaj-i-Siraj, Jowzjāni] at | * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/menhaj-seraj Minhaj-i-Siraj, Jowzjāni] at Iranica online | ||
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tabaqat-naseri Tabaqat-i Nasiri] at | * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tabaqat-naseri Tabaqat-i Nasiri] at Iranica online | ||
* [ | * [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Tabaqat-i-Nasiri] at Banglapedia | ||
{{Mongol Empire chronicles}} | {{Mongol Empire chronicles}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]] | [[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]] | [[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]] | ||
[[Category:1260 books]] | [[Category:1260 books]] | ||
[[Category:History books about Iran]] | [[Category:History books about Iran]] | ||
[[Category:Persian | [[Category:13th-century Persian books]] | ||
[[Category:History books about India]] | [[Category:History books about India]] | ||
[[Category:Historiography of India]] | [[Category:Historiography of India]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century Indian books]] | [[Category:13th-century Indian books]] | ||
[[Category:Ghurid dynasty]] | [[Category:Ghurid dynasty]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:13th century in the Mongol Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]] | [[Category:Delhi Sultanate]] | ||
[[Category:Books about Delhi]] | [[Category:Books about Delhi]] | ||
[[Category:Indian chronicles]] | [[Category:Indian chronicles]] | ||
Latest revision as of 08:56, 29 January 2026
| Author | Minhaj-i-Siraj |
|---|---|
| Language | Persian |
| Subject | Islamic history of the world |
Tabaqat-i Nasiri (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), named for Sultan Nasir-ud-Din, is an elaborate history of the Islamic world written in Persian by Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani[1] and completed in 1260.[2] Juzjani's "tabaqat" would initiate the form of writing for dynastic history in centuries to come.[2]
Background[edit | edit source]
The Tabaqat-i Nasiri consisted of 23 volumes and written in a blunt straightforward style. Juzjani devoted many years in the creation of his book even providing references for his information.[3] In compiling the Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Juzjani used other books now lost; part of Baihaqi's reign of Sebuktigin, Abu'l-Qasim Imadi's Ta'rikh-i mujadwal and most likely Ibn Haisam's Qisas-i thani.[1] Juzjani relied on diverse sources, including oral reports from refugees who had fled to Delhi during the Mongol invasions of the 1220s and accounts from merchants traveling the overland trade routes linking India, Iran, and Central Asia as far as Karakorum, the capital of Genghis Khan.[4] He also drew on his own direct experience, having confronted Mongol forces in Khurasan before migrating to India in 1227 A.D.[4]
Contents[edit | edit source]
The Tabaqat-i Nasiri offers a concise overview of Islamic history from the era of Adam through the decline of the Abbasid Empire, followed by a focused examination of the dynasties of Central Asia.[5] It starts with the prophets and explains their piety and morality.[5] This continues up to Abdullah, father of Muhammad, at which point a history of Muhammad's life is told.[2] Although a large portion of the book is devoted to the Ghurids, it also contains a history of the predecessors in Ghazna before the Ghaznavid Sebuktigin took power.[1] Juzjani’s depiction of Ghur’s earliest rulers draws largely on the legends circulating in his time, but he appears to have recognized how hard it was to obtain reliable historical information.[6]
The Tabaqat-i Nasiri portrays Sultan Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarizm Shah’s rule in Central Asia and Iran as oppressive and does not hesitate to criticize it.[4] His narrative of the 1258 sack of Baghdad and Hülegü’s destruction of the Caliphate is supported by fourteenth-century Arab historians, and comparative evidence indicates that the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri later served as a reference for Arab historians as well.[7] The information Ibn Kathir provides about Ibn al-‘Alqami’s betrayal of the Caliph and the Sunni community in Baghdad can be set alongside Juzjani’s version of the same events.[7]
Within his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Juzjani tells of his religious views and his historiographical approach to Islam and Muslim rulers.[2]
The Tabaqat-i Nasiri is the only source for the Khaljis rebellion in Bengal against the sultan of Delhi from 1229-1230.[2]
Volumes[edit | edit source]
- Volume XI: Is a history of the Ghaznavids from Sabuktigin to Khusrau Malik.[3]
- Volume XVII: Gives an historical account of the Ghurids and their rise to power in 1215 to their end with Sultan Alauddin.[3]
- Volume XIX: Is a history of the Ghurid sultans Saifuddin Suri to Qutbuddin Aibek.[3]
- Volume XX: Is a history of Aibek and the first four rulers of Laknauti until their demise by Iltutmish in 1236.[3]
- Volume XXII: Is a biographical volume of courtiers, generals and provincial governors within the sultanate from 1227 until the early history of wazir Balban.[3]
- Volume XXIII: Gives in-depth information concerning Genghis Khan, his successors up to 1259, and the atrocities committed by the Mongols against Muslim.[3]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bosworth 1963, p. 10-11.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Siddiqi 2010, p. 83.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Mehta 1986, p. 8-9.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Siddiqui 1993, p. 54.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Siddiqui 1993, p. 53.
- ↑ Siddiqui 1993, p. 53-54.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Siddiqui 1993, p. 55.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Bosworth, C.E. (1963). The Ghaznavids:994-1040. Edinburgh University Press.
- Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (1993). "Indian Sources on Central Asian History and Culture 13th to 15th century A. D." Journal of Asian History. 27 (1): 51–63.
- Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain (2010). Indo-Persian Historiography Up To The Thirteenth Century. Primus Books.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study In The History Of Medieval India: (1000-1526). Vol. 1. Sterling Publishers.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Tabaqat-i Nasiri of Juzjani, books on Internet Archive
- Minhaj-i-Siraj, Jowzjāni at Iranica online
- Tabaqat-i Nasiri at Iranica online
- Tabaqat-i-Nasiri at Banglapedia