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{{Short description|Latin expression, roughly meaning 'by law'}}
{{Short description|Latin expression meaning 'from law'}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Distinguish|Dejure Foundation|Glossary of French words and expressions in English#Du jour{{!}}du jour}}
{{Distinguish|Glossary of French words and expressions in English#Du jour{{!}}Du jour|Dejure Foundation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Italics title}}
In [[law]] and [[government]], '''''de jure''''' ({{IPAc-en|d|eɪ|_|ˈ|dʒ|ʊər|i|,_|d|i|_|-|,_|-|_|ˈ|jʊər|-}}; {{IPA|la|deː ˈjuːre|lang}}; {{literal translation|from law}}) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with ''[[de facto]]'' ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized.<ref name="OxfordDF2">{{cite web|title=Definition of 'de facto' adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary|url=http://www.OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com/definition/english/de-facto_2|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
 
==Definition==
''De jure'' is a [[Latin]] expression composed of the words ''de'' ("from, of") and ''jure'' ("law", adjectival form of ''[[wikt:jus|jus]]''). Thus, it is descriptive of a structural argument or position derived "from law".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), JUS |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=jus-cn |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.Dictionary.com/browse/de-jure|title=de jure|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC.|work=dictionary.com|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>


In [[law]] and [[government]], '''''de jure''''' ({{IPAc-en|d|eɪ|_|ˈ|dʒ|ʊər|i|,_|d|i|_|-|,_|ˈ|jʊər|-}} {{respell|day|_|JOOR|ee|,_|dee|_-|,_|YOOR|ee}}; [[Latin]]: ''dē iūre'' {{IPA-la|deː ˈjuːrɛ|pron}}, {{literal translation|by law}}) describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.<ref name="Dictionary.cm">{{cite web|url=http://www.Dictionary.com/browse/de-jure|title=de jure|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC.|work=Dictionary.com|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> In contrast, {{no wrap|''[[de facto]]''}} ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognized.<ref name="OxfordDF2">{{cite web|title=Definition of 'de facto' adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary|url=http://www.OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com/definition/english/de-facto_2|publisher=Oxford University Press|website=OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
==Usage==
===Jurisprudence and ''de jure'' law===
{{see also|Unenforced law}}


==Examples==
In [[Law of the United States|U.S. law]], particularly after ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954), the difference between ''de facto'' [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and ''de jure'' segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.<ref name="AndersonByrne2004">{{cite book|author1=James Anderson|author2=Dara N. Byrne|title=The Unfinished Agenda of Brown V. Board of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQSryuTGxCcC&pg=PA55|date=29 April 2004|publisher=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|isbn=978-0-471-64926-7|pages=55–}}</ref>{{clarify|date=July 2025}}
Between 1805 and 1914, the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty|ruling dynasty]] of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] were subject to the rulers of the [[Ottoman Empire]], but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained a [[polite fiction]] of Ottoman [[suzerainty]]. However, starting from around 1882, the rulers had only de jure rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British [[puppet state]]. Thus, by Ottoman law, Egypt was de jure a province of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto was part of the [[British Empire]].


In [[Law of the United States|U.S. law]], particularly after ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954), the difference between de facto [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] (segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.<ref name="AndersonByrne2004">{{cite book|author1=James Anderson|author2=Dara N. Byrne|title=The Unfinished Agenda of Brown V. Board of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQSryuTGxCcC&pg=PA55|date=29 April 2004|publisher=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|isbn=978-0-471-64926-7|pages=55–}}</ref>
===Government and culture===
Between 1805 and 1914, the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] were ''de jure'' subject to the rulers of the [[Ottoman Empire]], meaning they were formally considered to be under the rule of the Ottomans. However, in practice, they acted as ''de facto'' rulers, as they were able to maintain a large degree of independence in their governance of Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=Lanver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfJC1zLvBhQC&q=veiled%20protectorate&pg=PA10 |title=The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 |date=2012-03-15 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781848857094 |language=en}}</ref>


In a hypothetical situation, a king or emperor could be the de jure head of state. However, if they are unfit to rule the country, the prime minister or chancellor would usually become the practical, or de facto, leader, while the king remains the de jure leader. For example, [[Edward V]] was de jure [[King of England]] for a part of 1483, but he was never crowned<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=Lanver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfJC1zLvBhQC&q=veiled%20protectorate&pg=PA10 |title=The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 |date=2012-03-15 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781848857094 |language=en}}</ref> and his uncle [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was the de facto king during this period.
===Borders===
The ''de jure'' borders of a country are defined by the area its government claims, but not necessarily controls. Modern examples include [[Taiwan]] (claimed but not controlled by [[China]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fabry |first1=Mikulas |title=The Effect of 'One China' Policies of Foreign States on the International Status of Taiwan |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |date=2 January 2024 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=90–115 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2024.2303855}}</ref> and [[Kashmir]] (claimed by [[Kashmir conflict|multiple countries]]).<ref>{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5 |pages=1191–|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|url-status=live}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Portal|Law}}
{{Portal|Law}}
*[[Implied repeal]]
*[[Implied repeal]]
*[[List of Latin phrases (D)]]
*[[List of Latin phrases (D)]]
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[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]

Latest revision as of 11:58, 24 March 2026



In law and government, de jure (/d ˈʊəri, di -, - ˈjʊər-/; la; lit. 'from law') describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with de facto ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized.[1]

Definition[edit | edit source]

De jure is a Latin expression composed of the words de ("from, of") and jure ("law", adjectival form of jus). Thus, it is descriptive of a structural argument or position derived "from law".[2][3]

Usage[edit | edit source]

Jurisprudence and de jure law[edit | edit source]

In U.S. law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.[4][clarification needed]

Government and culture[edit | edit source]

Between 1805 and 1914, the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt were de jure subject to the rulers of the Ottoman Empire, meaning they were formally considered to be under the rule of the Ottomans. However, in practice, they acted as de facto rulers, as they were able to maintain a large degree of independence in their governance of Egypt.[5]

Borders[edit | edit source]

The de jure borders of a country are defined by the area its government claims, but not necessarily controls. Modern examples include Taiwan (claimed but not controlled by China)[6] and Kashmir (claimed by multiple countries).[7]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. "Definition of 'de facto' adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  2. "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), JUS". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  3. "de jure". dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  4. James Anderson; Dara N. Byrne (29 April 2004). The Unfinished Agenda of Brown V. Board of Education. Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-471-64926-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  5. Mak, Lanver (15 March 2012). The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781848857094.
  6. Fabry, Mikulas (2 January 2024). "The Effect of 'One China' Policies of Foreign States on the International Status of Taiwan". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 35 (1): 90–115. doi:10.1080/09592296.2024.2303855.
  7. Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021