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{{Short description|Sultan of | {{Short description|Sultan of Ghazni (1030, 1040–1041)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} | |||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
|name='''Muhammad bin Mahmud''' | | name = '''Muhammad bin Mahmud''' | ||
|succession=[[Sultan]] of | | succession = [[Sultan]] of [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] | ||
|image=MohammadGhaznavidCoin.jpg | | image = MohammadGhaznavidCoin.jpg | ||
|caption= [[Gold dinar]] minted in Ghazna dated 419 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (1028/9 CE). | | caption = [[Gold dinar]] minted in Ghazna dated 419 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (1028/9 CE). | ||
|reign=1030 | | reign = 30 April 1030 – 1030 | ||
|coronation= | | reign-type = 1st Reign | ||
|predecessor=[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] | | coronation = | ||
|successor=[[Mas'ud I | | predecessor = [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] | ||
|queen=Daughter of [[Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad]] | | successor = [[Mas'ud I]] | ||
|issue='Abd al-Rahman<br/>Ahmad | | queen = Daughter of [[Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad]] | ||
|royal house=[[ | | issue = 'Abd al-Rahman<br/>Ahmad | ||
|father=[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] | | full name = Muhammad bin Mahmud | ||
|mother= | | royal house = [[Ghaznavid Dynasty]] | ||
|birth_date= | | father = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] | ||
|birth_place=[[Ghazni]] | | mother = | ||
| | | birth_date = {{C.|971}} | ||
| | | birth_place = [[Ghazni]], [[Ghaznavid Empire]] | ||
| | | death_date = 19 March 1041 <br> (aged 42–43) | ||
| | | death_place = Ghazni <br> Ghaznavid Empire | ||
| burial_date = {{Circa|1041}} | |||
| burial_place = Ghazni | |||
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | |||
| reign-type1 = 2nd Reign | |||
| reign1 = 1040 – 19 March 1041{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=296}} | |||
| predecessor1 = Mas'ud I | |||
| successor1 = [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Muhammad of Ghazni''' ({{ | '''Muhammad of Ghazni''' ({{langx|fa|محمد غزنوی}}; b. 998 – d. 1041) was ''[[Sultan]]'' of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in 1030. He was the younger of a set of twins; this circumstance resulted in civil strife.{{sfn|Bosworth|1985}} His reign lasted five months before he was overthrown by his twin [[Ma'sud I of Ghazni|Ma'sud I]], after which he was blinded and imprisoned on the order of Ma'sud I. According to [[Ferishta]], his reign lasted only 50 days. Nine years later he was reinstated for a year before being slain by his nephew [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi|Maw'dud]] after losing a battle in Nangrahar. | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
Muhammad was born, along with his elder twin brother Mas'ud, in 998 in the Ghaznavid capital of [[Ghazni]]. In ca. 1008, Mohammad married the daughter of the [[Farighunid]] ruler [[Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad]]. Two years later after the death of Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, Muhammad was appointed by his father as the governor of [[Guzgan]], thus putting an end to the native Farighunid dynasty of Guzgan. | |||
In 1030, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with his heir Mas'ud, changed his opinion | In 1030, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with his heir Mas'ud, changed his opinion and appointed Mohammad as his heir,{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} who was much less experienced in government and military affairs than Mas'ud. Mahmud shortly died, and was succeeded by Mohammad, who then appointed [[Abu Sahl Hamduwi]] as his ''[[vizier]]''. At his accession, much power of the state was under the former vizier [[Hasanak Mikali]] and military officer [[Ali ibn Il-Arslan]], who greatly administered the state. Muhammad shortly appointed his uncle Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin as the commander-in-chief of the army. Although Muhammad did not possess any real power, his empire flourished.{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=101}} Soon, however, Muhammad's slave troops ([[ghulam]]) railed under Abu'l-Najm Ayaz, who had openly changed his allegiance to Muhammad's brother Mas'ud, whose military campaigns in western Iran had earned him a great reputation.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Ayaz was shortly joined by other military officers such as [[Ali Daya]]. Muhammad then sent an army under his general Suvendharay to quell the rebellion, but the rebels eventually emerged victorious and killed Suvendharay. The victorious rebels then went to Mas'ud, who was at [[Nishapur]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=101}} | ||
Eventually, Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin and Ali ibn Il-Arslan along with the rest of the Ghaznavid army also joined Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated Muhammad and had him imprisoned | Eventually, Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin and Ali ibn Il-Arslan along with the rest of the Ghaznavid army also joined Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated Muhammad and had him imprisoned while crowning himself as the new Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire. | ||
According to [[Ferishta]], differences between Muhammad and his twin brother Mas'ud became worse by this time. Eventually, Muhammad prepared an army to attack Mas'ud. He encamped with his army at the place of "Nakiya-abaad/Nakbat-abaad" for a month, where most of his leaders and army revolted against him. They arrested and imprisoned Muhammad, and welcomed Mas'ud as their new leader. | According to [[Ferishta]], the differences between Muhammad and his twin brother Mas'ud became worse by this time. Eventually, Muhammad prepared an army to attack Mas'ud. He encamped with his army at the place of "Nakiya-abaad/Nakbat-abaad" for a month, where most of his leaders and army revolted against him. They arrested and imprisoned Muhammad, and welcomed Mas'ud as their new leader. | ||
Later, when the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]]s were overrunning the western parts of the Ghaznavid Empire, a mutiny among the Ghaznavid troops placed | Later, when the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]]s were overrunning the western parts of the Ghaznavid Empire, a mutiny among the Ghaznavid troops placed Muhammad back upon the throne, and he had his brother Mas'ud imprisoned in turn. He promoted his son Ahmad, and allied with Suleiman ibn Yusuf, giving him the actual day-to-day running of affairs. They are reported to have been behind the assassination of Mas'ud I while he was imprisoned. | ||
Muhammad sent a missive to Mas'ud's son, Mawdud, in Tukharistan explaining his father's murder was an act of revenge perpetrated by the sons of Mas'ud's former general in India.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=20}} Upon learning of his father's murder, Maw'dud marched his army | Muhammad sent a missive to Mas'ud's son, Mawdud, in Tukharistan explaining his father's murder was an act of revenge perpetrated by the sons of Mas'ud's former general in India.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=20}} Upon learning of his father's murder, Maw'dud marched his army toward Ghazni.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} | ||
Muhammad fled with his army in the face of Maw'dud's invasion, losing Ghazni in the process.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} Maw'dud wintered in Ghazni,{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} then met Muhammad's army on 19 March 1041 in the province of | Muhammad fled with his army in the face of Maw'dud's invasion, losing Ghazni in the process.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} Maw'dud wintered in Ghazni,{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=22}} then met Muhammad's army on 19 March 1041 in the province of Nangarhar.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=23}} Maw'dud personally led the attack, defeating Muhammad's army; thereafter, Maw'dud had Muhammad and his family executed.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=23-24}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Ghaznavids]] | *[[Ghaznavids]] | ||
*[[Ghurid | *[[Ghurid dynasty]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 55: | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿALĪ B. IL-ARSLAN QARĪB | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-34 | encyclopedia | * {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter =The early Ghaznavids | pages = 162–198 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=the+cambridge+history+of+iran+4}} | ||
*{{cite book | last = Bosworth | first | * {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿALĪ B. IL-ARSLAN QARĪB | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-34 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8 | pages = 872 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1985 }} | ||
*{{cite book | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private, Limited | isbn = 9788121505772 | access-date = 9 May 2014}} | |||
* {{cite book |first=C.E. |last=Bosworth |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 }} | * {{cite book |first=C.E. |last=Bosworth |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 }} | ||
* {{cite book | title = The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD | * {{cite book | title = The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | pages = 1–169 | isbn = 978-1-84885-353-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VG36ym3H3CQC&q=false}} | ||
{{refend}} | |||
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
{{succession box| | {{succession box | ||
| before=[[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] | |||
| title=[[Ghaznavid]] [[Sultan]] | |||
| years=1030–1031 | |||
| after=[[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{succession box| | {{succession box | ||
| before=[[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]] | |||
| title=[[Ghaznavid]] [[Sultan]] | |||
| years=1040–1041 | |||
| after=[[Maw'dud Ghaznavi]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
| Line 70: | Line 80: | ||
{{Ghaznavid sultans}} | {{Ghaznavid sultans}} | ||
[[Category:998 births]] | [[Category:998 births]] | ||
[[Category:1041 deaths]] | [[Category:1041 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:11th-century | [[Category:11th-century monarchs in Asia]] | ||
[[Category:Ghaznavid | [[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:11th century in India]] | ||
[[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]] | [[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]] | ||
[[Category:Twin people]] | |||
[[Category:Blinded people]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:23, 26 February 2026
| Muhammad bin Mahmud | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Gold dinar minted in Ghazna dated 419 AH (1028/9 CE). | |||||
| Sultan of Ghaznavid Empire | |||||
| 1st Reign | 30 April 1030 – 1030 | ||||
| Predecessor | Mahmud | ||||
| Successor | Mas'ud I | ||||
| 2nd Reign | 1040 – 19 March 1041[1] | ||||
| Predecessor | Mas'ud I | ||||
| Successor | Mawdud | ||||
| Born | c. 971 Ghazni, Ghaznavid Empire | ||||
| Died | 19 March 1041 (aged 42–43) Ghazni Ghaznavid Empire | ||||
| Burial | c. 1041 Ghazni | ||||
| Consort | Daughter of Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad | ||||
| Issue | 'Abd al-Rahman Ahmad | ||||
| |||||
| House | Ghaznavid Dynasty | ||||
| Father | Mahmud of Ghazni | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Muhammad of Ghazni (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; b. 998 – d. 1041) was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire briefly in 1030, and then later from 1040 to 1041. He ascended the throne upon the death of his father Mahmud in 1030. He was the younger of a set of twins; this circumstance resulted in civil strife.[2] His reign lasted five months before he was overthrown by his twin Ma'sud I, after which he was blinded and imprisoned on the order of Ma'sud I. According to Ferishta, his reign lasted only 50 days. Nine years later he was reinstated for a year before being slain by his nephew Maw'dud after losing a battle in Nangrahar.
Biography[edit | edit source]
Muhammad was born, along with his elder twin brother Mas'ud, in 998 in the Ghaznavid capital of Ghazni. In ca. 1008, Mohammad married the daughter of the Farighunid ruler Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad. Two years later after the death of Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, Muhammad was appointed by his father as the governor of Guzgan, thus putting an end to the native Farighunid dynasty of Guzgan.
In 1030, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with his heir Mas'ud, changed his opinion and appointed Mohammad as his heir,[3] who was much less experienced in government and military affairs than Mas'ud. Mahmud shortly died, and was succeeded by Mohammad, who then appointed Abu Sahl Hamduwi as his vizier. At his accession, much power of the state was under the former vizier Hasanak Mikali and military officer Ali ibn Il-Arslan, who greatly administered the state. Muhammad shortly appointed his uncle Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin as the commander-in-chief of the army. Although Muhammad did not possess any real power, his empire flourished.[4] Soon, however, Muhammad's slave troops (ghulam) railed under Abu'l-Najm Ayaz, who had openly changed his allegiance to Muhammad's brother Mas'ud, whose military campaigns in western Iran had earned him a great reputation.[3] Ayaz was shortly joined by other military officers such as Ali Daya. Muhammad then sent an army under his general Suvendharay to quell the rebellion, but the rebels eventually emerged victorious and killed Suvendharay. The victorious rebels then went to Mas'ud, who was at Nishapur.[4]
Eventually, Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin and Ali ibn Il-Arslan along with the rest of the Ghaznavid army also joined Mas'ud.[3] Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated Muhammad and had him imprisoned while crowning himself as the new Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire.
According to Ferishta, the differences between Muhammad and his twin brother Mas'ud became worse by this time. Eventually, Muhammad prepared an army to attack Mas'ud. He encamped with his army at the place of "Nakiya-abaad/Nakbat-abaad" for a month, where most of his leaders and army revolted against him. They arrested and imprisoned Muhammad, and welcomed Mas'ud as their new leader.
Later, when the Seljuks were overrunning the western parts of the Ghaznavid Empire, a mutiny among the Ghaznavid troops placed Muhammad back upon the throne, and he had his brother Mas'ud imprisoned in turn. He promoted his son Ahmad, and allied with Suleiman ibn Yusuf, giving him the actual day-to-day running of affairs. They are reported to have been behind the assassination of Mas'ud I while he was imprisoned.
Muhammad sent a missive to Mas'ud's son, Mawdud, in Tukharistan explaining his father's murder was an act of revenge perpetrated by the sons of Mas'ud's former general in India.[5] Upon learning of his father's murder, Maw'dud marched his army toward Ghazni.[6]
Muhammad fled with his army in the face of Maw'dud's invasion, losing Ghazni in the process.[6] Maw'dud wintered in Ghazni,[6] then met Muhammad's army on 19 March 1041 in the province of Nangarhar.[7] Maw'dud personally led the attack, defeating Muhammad's army; thereafter, Maw'dud had Muhammad and his family executed.[8]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 296.
- ↑ Bosworth 1985.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bosworth 1975, p. 187.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bosworth 2011, p. 101.
- ↑ Bosworth 1995, p. 20.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bosworth 1995, p. 22.
- ↑ Bosworth 1995, p. 23.
- ↑ Bosworth 1995, p. 23-24.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–198. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1985). "ʿALĪ B. IL-ARSLAN QARĪB". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. p. 872.
- Bosworth, C. E (1995). The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private, Limited. ISBN 9788121505772. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2011). The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–169. ISBN 978-1-84885-353-9.
| Preceded by Mahmud |
Ghaznavid Sultan 1030–1031 |
Succeeded by Mas'ud I |
| Preceded by Mas'ud I |
Ghaznavid Sultan 1040–1041 |
Succeeded by Maw'dud Ghaznavi |