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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} | |||
{{speciesbox | |||
|image = Lactiflora1b.UME.jpg | |||
|image_caption = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' | |||
|genus = Paeonia | |||
|species = lactiflora | |||
|authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pall.]] | |||
|synonyms = ''Paeonia edulis'' <small>[[Salisb.]]</small><br>''Paeonia albiflora'' <small>[[Pall.]]</small> | |||
}} | |||
'''''Paeonia lactiflora''''' ('''Chinese peony''', '''Chinese herbaceous peony''', or '''common garden peony''') is a [[species]] of [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Paeoniaceae, [[native plant|native]] to central and [[East Asia|eastern Asia]] from eastern [[Tibet]] across northern [[China]] to eastern [[Siberia]]. | |||
==Description== | |||
It is {{convert|50|-|70|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall and broad, with 9-lobed leaves {{convert|20|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} long. | |||
The flower buds appear in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere). They are large and round, opening into fragrant, cup- or bowl-shaped [[flower]]s {{convert|8|-|16|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with 5–10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow [[stamen]]s.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> The plant attracts butterflies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt' - Plant Finder|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=q400|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> Its habitats include dry open stony slopes, riverbanks and sparse woodland edges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paeonia lactiflora Chinese Peony, Peony PFAF Plant Database|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+lactiflora|access-date=2021-12-16|website=pfaf.org}}</ref> | |||
== Background == | |||
''Paeonia lactiflora'' was known as the white peony (''P. albiflora'') when first introduced into [[Europe]].<ref name="Halda">{{cite book|last1=Halda|first1=Josef J.|last2=Waddick |first2=James W.|title=The Genus Paeonia|publisher=Timber Press|year=2004|pages=196–205|isbn=978-0-88192-612-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDLASKInbjgC&q=Peony+common+garden&pg=PA196}}</ref> It was brought to [[England]] in the mid-18th century, and is the parent of most modern varieties. It has been grown as an ornamental in China since the 7th century.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''lactiflora'' means "with milk white flowers".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref> | |||
In China, ''P. lactiflora'' is likened to "the Minister of Flowers" (花相), while [[Paeonia × suffruticosa|''Paeonia'' × ''suffruticosa'']] is known as "the King of Flowers" (花王).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%8A%B1%E7%9B%B8|title="花相"字的解释 {{!}} 汉典|website=www.zdic.net|language=zh-cn|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> | |||
==Cultivars== | |||
[[File:Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt.jpg|thumb|cv. 'Sarah Bernhardt']] | |||
There are several hundred selected [[cultivar]]s in a range of colours, sizes and forms; many have [[double flowers]], with the stamens modified into additional petals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Loewer|first=H. Peter|title=Fragrant Gardens|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Gardening|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fragrantgardensh00loew/page/48 48]|isbn=978-0-395-88492-8|url=https://archive.org/details/fragrantgardensh00loew|url-access=registration|quote=Peony common garden.}}</ref> There are many colors now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red, along with single to fully double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.<ref name=Halda /> | |||
The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 71 | |||
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> | |||
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} | |||
*'Bowl of Beauty'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Bowl of Beauty'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91110/Paeonia-lactiflora-Bowl-of-Beauty/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double, pink and cream) | |||
*'Coral Charm'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78856/Paeonia-Coral-Charm/Details | title = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Coral Charm' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref> (salmon pink) | |||
*'Duchesse de Nemours'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Duchesse de Nemours'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/96414/Paeonia-lactiflora-Duchesse-de-Nemours/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double white) | |||
*'Felix Crousse'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95323/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Felix-Crousse/Details | |||
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Felix Crousse' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double deep pink) | |||
*'Festiva maxima'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98117/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Festiva-Maxima/Details | |||
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Festiva maxima' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double white) | |||
*'Laura Dessert'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Laura Dessert'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/70684/Paeonia-lactiflora-Laura-Dessert/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double white) | |||
*'Miss America'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/52193/Paeonia-lactiflora-Miss-America/Details | title = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Miss America' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref> | |||
*'Monsieur Jules Elie'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77576/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Monsieur-Jules-Elie/Details | |||
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Monsieur Jules Elie' | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}</ref> (double pink) | |||
*'[[Sarah Bernhardt]]'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Sarah Bernhardt'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91077/Paeonia-lactiflora-Sarah-Bernhardt/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (double pink) | |||
*'Whitleyi Major'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Paeonia lactiflora'' 'Whitleyi Major'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/73214/Paeonia-lactiflora-Whitleyi-Major/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref> (single white, prominent stamens) | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
[[File:Paeonia lactiflora cv. Gold Rush Top.jpg|thumb|'Gold Rush']] | |||
== Chemistry == | |||
The leaves of many cultivars are high in [[Oleanolic acid|oleanolic]] and [[ursolic acid]].<ref>Zhou C, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, Zhao D, Lv S, Hu Y, Tao J.,"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) as an Alternative Source of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids." Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(1):655-67</ref> | |||
=== Phenolic compounds === | |||
[[Cis-epsilon-viniferin]], [[trans-resveratrol]], [[trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside]], [[trans-epsilon-viniferin]], [[gnetin H]], and [[suffruticosol A]], [[suffruticosol B|B]]<ref name=Kim>{{Cite journal | |||
| last1 = Kim | first1 = H. J. | |||
| last2 = Chang | first2 = E. J. | |||
| last3 = Cho | first3 = S. H. | |||
| last4 = Chung | first4 = S. K. | |||
| last5 = Park | first5 = H. D. | |||
| last6 = Choi | first6 = S. W. | |||
| title = Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora | |||
| journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry | |||
| volume = 66 | |||
| issue = 9 | |||
| pages = 1990–1993 | |||
| year = 2002 | |||
| pmid = 12400706 | |||
| doi = 10.1271/bbb.66.1990 | |||
| s2cid = 24367582 | |||
| doi-access = free | |||
}}</ref> and [[paeoniflorin]] esters<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yan | first1 = D. | last2 = Saito | first2 = K. | last3 = Ohmi | first3 = Y. | last4 = Fujie | first4 = N. | last5 = Ohtsuka | first5 = K. | title = Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein–inducing compound | doi = 10.1379/CSC-51R.1 | journal = Cell Stress & Chaperones | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–89 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15633296| pmc = 1065277}}</ref> can be found in ''P. lactiflora''. | |||
Petals color is dependent on a [[UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase]] expressing anthocyanins such as [[peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside]], [[peonidin-3-O-glucoside]], [[cyanidin-3-O-glucoside]], [[peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside]], [[cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside]] and [[pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside]].<ref>Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Da Qiu Zhao, Chen Xia Han, Jin Tao Ge and Jun Tao, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15 November 2012, Volume 15, Number 6, {{doi|10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7}}</ref> | |||
==In art and culture== | |||
[[File:Renoir - peonies.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|thumb|''Peonies'' 1880 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] | |||
''Paeonia lactiflora'' became a popular [[still life]] subject for [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] artists in the late 19th century. | |||
*[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] featured Peonies in multiple paintings from the 1870s through the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/3121| title='Peonies' Pierre-Auguste Renoir| publisher=clarkart.edu| access-date=2018-04-17| archive-date=2018-04-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161150/http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/3121| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Independent]] wrote of his fondness for the flower that: "They had been introduced into the horticultural world of Paris in the 1860s, so there was still something of the exotic about them, and Renoir paints them rather solemnly and majestically."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-onions-1881-by-pierre-auguste-renoir-8771148.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-onions-1881-by-pierre-auguste-renoir-8771148.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| title=Great works: Onions (1881) by Pierre Auguste-Renoir| author=Michael Glover| publisher=The Independent| date=2013-08-16| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | |||
*[[Vincent van Gogh]] painted "Vase with Peonies", "Bowl with Peonies and Roses"<ref>{{cite web| url=https://krollermuller.nl/en/vincent-van-gogh-roses-and-peonies| title=Roses and Peonies, June 1886| publisher=krollermuller.nl| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> and "Vase with cornflowers and poppies, peonies and chrysanthemums", all in 1886.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/679/Vase-with-Peonies.html| title=Vase with Peonies by Vincent van Gogh| publisher=vangoghgallery.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | |||
*[[Claude Monet]] painted "Vase of Peonies" in 1882.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.wikiart.org/en/claude-monet/vase-of-peonies| title=Vase of Peonies, 1992 - Claude Monet| publisher=wikiart.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | |||
*[[Édouard Manet]] cultivated peonies in his garden and painted them frequently. The Impressionist artist [[Frédéric Bazille]] painted "Young Woman with Peonies" in 1870 as a tribute to his friend Manet, knowing his fondness for the flower.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/manet-and-his-influence.html#slide_8| title=Manet and His Influence| publisher=National Gallery of Art| page=8| access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | |||
{{Wikispecies|Paeonia lactiflora}} | |||
{{Commons}} | |||
*[http://www.paeoniarockii.com Chinese Tree and Herbaceous Peony] | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q163076}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q163076}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Peonies|lactiflora]] | [[Category:Peonies|lactiflora]] | ||
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]] | [[Category:Flora of Tibet]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Flora of Siberia]] | ||
[[Category:Flora of China]] | |||
[[Category:Flora of Japan]] | |||
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:38, 20 January 2026
| Paeonia lactiflora | |
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| Paeonia lactiflora | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| : | [[Template:Taxonomy/Paeonia]] |
| Species: | Template:Taxonomy/PaeoniaP. lactiflora
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| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxonomy/PaeoniaPaeonia lactiflora | |
| Synonyms | |
Paeonia lactiflora (Chinese peony, Chinese herbaceous peony, or common garden peony) is a species of herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Paeoniaceae, native to central and eastern Asia from eastern Tibet across northern China to eastern Siberia.
Description[edit | edit source]
It is 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall and broad, with 9-lobed leaves 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long.
The flower buds appear in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere). They are large and round, opening into fragrant, cup- or bowl-shaped flowers 8–16 cm (3–6 in) in diameter, with 5–10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow stamens.[1] The plant attracts butterflies.[2] Its habitats include dry open stony slopes, riverbanks and sparse woodland edges.[3]
Background[edit | edit source]
Paeonia lactiflora was known as the white peony (P. albiflora) when first introduced into Europe.[4] It was brought to England in the mid-18th century, and is the parent of most modern varieties. It has been grown as an ornamental in China since the 7th century.[2]
The Latin specific epithet lactiflora means "with milk white flowers".[5]
In China, P. lactiflora is likened to "the Minister of Flowers" (花相), while Paeonia × suffruticosa is known as "the King of Flowers" (花王).[6]
Cultivars[edit | edit source]
There are several hundred selected cultivars in a range of colours, sizes and forms; many have double flowers, with the stamens modified into additional petals.[7] There are many colors now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red, along with single to fully double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.[4]
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[8]
- 'Bowl of Beauty'[9] (double, pink and cream)
- 'Coral Charm'[10] (salmon pink)
- 'Duchesse de Nemours'[11] (double white)
- 'Felix Crousse'[12] (double deep pink)
- 'Festiva maxima'[13] (double white)
- 'Laura Dessert'[14] (double white)
- 'Miss America'[15]
- 'Monsieur Jules Elie'[16] (double pink)
- 'Sarah Bernhardt'[17] (double pink)
- 'Whitleyi Major'[18] (single white, prominent stamens)
Chemistry[edit | edit source]
The leaves of many cultivars are high in oleanolic and ursolic acid.[19]
Phenolic compounds[edit | edit source]
Cis-epsilon-viniferin, trans-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, trans-epsilon-viniferin, gnetin H, and suffruticosol A, B[20] and paeoniflorin esters[21] can be found in P. lactiflora.
Petals color is dependent on a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase expressing anthocyanins such as peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside.[22]
In art and culture[edit | edit source]
Paeonia lactiflora became a popular still life subject for Impressionist artists in the late 19th century.
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir featured Peonies in multiple paintings from the 1870s through the 1890s.[23] The Independent wrote of his fondness for the flower that: "They had been introduced into the horticultural world of Paris in the 1860s, so there was still something of the exotic about them, and Renoir paints them rather solemnly and majestically."[24]
- Vincent van Gogh painted "Vase with Peonies", "Bowl with Peonies and Roses"[25] and "Vase with cornflowers and poppies, peonies and chrysanthemums", all in 1886.[26]
- Claude Monet painted "Vase of Peonies" in 1882.[27]
- Édouard Manet cultivated peonies in his garden and painted them frequently. The Impressionist artist Frédéric Bazille painted "Young Woman with Peonies" in 1870 as a tribute to his friend Manet, knowing his fondness for the flower.[28]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt' - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
- ↑ "Paeonia lactiflora Chinese Peony, Peony PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Halda, Josef J.; Waddick, James W. (2004). The Genus Paeonia. Timber Press. pp. 196–205. ISBN 978-0-88192-612-5.
- ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
- ↑ ""花相"字的解释 | 汉典". www.zdic.net (in 中文（中国大陆）). Retrieved 2020-01-12.
- ↑ Loewer, H. Peter (1999). Fragrant Gardens. Houghton Mifflin Gardening. pp. 48. ISBN 978-0-395-88492-8.
Peony common garden.
- ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Bowl of Beauty'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ "Paeonia lactiflora 'Coral Charm'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Duchesse de Nemours'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora 'Felix Crousse'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora 'Festiva maxima'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Laura Dessert'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ "Paeonia lactiflora 'Miss America'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora 'Monsieur Jules Elie'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Whitleyi Major'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ↑ Zhou C, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, Zhao D, Lv S, Hu Y, Tao J.,"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) as an Alternative Source of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids." Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(1):655-67
- ↑ Kim, H. J.; Chang, E. J.; Cho, S. H.; Chung, S. K.; Park, H. D.; Choi, S. W. (2002). "Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 66 (9): 1990–1993. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1990. PMID 12400706. S2CID 24367582.
- ↑ Yan, D.; Saito, K.; Ohmi, Y.; Fujie, N.; Ohtsuka, K. (2004). "Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein–inducing compound". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 9 (4): 378–89. doi:10.1379/CSC-51R.1. PMC 1065277. PMID 15633296.
- ↑ Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Da Qiu Zhao, Chen Xia Han, Jin Tao Ge and Jun Tao, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15 November 2012, Volume 15, Number 6, doi:10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7
- ↑ "'Peonies' Pierre-Auguste Renoir". clarkart.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ↑ Michael Glover (2013-08-16). "Great works: Onions (1881) by Pierre Auguste-Renoir". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ↑ "Roses and Peonies, June 1886". krollermuller.nl. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ↑ "Vase with Peonies by Vincent van Gogh". vangoghgallery.com. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ↑ "Vase of Peonies, 1992 - Claude Monet". wikiart.com. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ↑ "Manet and His Influence". National Gallery of Art. p. 8. Retrieved 2018-04-17.