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{{Short description|Rashtrakuta emperor from 793 to 814}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 793 - 814 CE
| image        = File:Inscription of Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III at Veerabhadra temple, Mavali.jpg
| alt          = Govinda III
| title        = Prabhutavarsha<br/>Jagattunga, Anupama, Kirthinarayana, Prithvivallabha, Shrivallabha, Vimaladitya, Atishayadhavala, Tribhuvanadhavala
| caption      = Old Kannada inscription (800 CE) of Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III at Veerabhadra temple at Mavali.
| succession  = [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta Emperor]]
| reign       = {{circa|793|814}}
| predecessor  = [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]
| successor    = [[Amoghavarsha I]]
| birth_name  =
| birth_date  =
| death_date  = 814
| father      = [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]
| mother      = Sila Mahadevi, daughter of [[Vishnuvardhana IV]]<ref>{{citation | last=Sastry | first=Vedam Venkataraya | editor=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal |title=The Rashtrakutas and Vengi and Cultural Contacts | journal=The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed: Studies in the History and Culture | publisher=Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House | date=1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU5uAAAAMAAJ | page=172}}</ref>
| spouse      = Gamundabbe
| spouse-type  = Consort
| issue        = [[Amoghavarsha I]]
| religion    = [[Jainism]]<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref><ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref>
<br>
}}
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (left-800AD and right-797 AD) of Rashtrakuta King Govinda III at Mavali.jpg|thumb|upright|Poetic old Kannada inscription (left-800AD, right-797 AD) of Rashtrakuta King Govinda III at Mavali, Dharwad district]]
'''Govinda III''' (reign 793–814 CE) was a famous [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler who succeeded his illustrious father [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests-from [[Cape Comorin]] in the south to [[Kannauj]] in the north, from [[Banaras]] in the east to Broach ([[Bharuch]]) in the west. He held such titles as ''Prabhutavarsha'', ''Jagattunga'', ''Anupama'', ''Kirthinarayana'', ''Prithvivallabha'', ''Shrivallabha'',  ''Vimaladitya'', ''Atishayadhavala'' and ''Tribhuvanadhavala''. From the Someshvara inscription of 804 it is known that Gamundabbe was his chief queen.


==War of Succession==
'''Govinda III''' (died 814) was the [[Rashtrakuta]] monarch who succeeded his father [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests from [[Kanyakumari]] in the south to [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] in the north, from [[Banaras]] in the east to [[Bharuch]] in the west. From the Someshvara inscription of 804, it is known that 'Gamundabbe' was his chief queen. During his reign, the Rashtrakuta dynasty expanded its territory and strengthened its political influence.
Though Govinda III became the emperor it was not before having to face some internal family feuds. His elder brother [[Kambarasa]] (also known as Stambha) who coveted the throne went to war having formed an alliance of twelve chiefs as written in the Navasari record.<ref name="record">From two records of 808, [[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), p64</ref> Other records like the Sisvayi and Sanjan records mention support to Govinda III from brother Indra and victory against the combined forces of Kambarasa.<ref name="vic">Kamath (2001), p76</ref> Shivamara II of [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] of [[Talakad]] had joined Kambarasa but after the defeat was imprisoned for a second time while Kambarasa was pardoned and allowed to govern from [[Gangavadi]].


==Capture of Kannauj==
== Early life ==
From his capital in Mayurkhandi in [[Bidar district]], Govinda III conducted his northern campaign in 800 C.E.. He successfully obtained the submission of [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] [[Nagabhata II]], [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] of [[Pala Empire]] and the incumbent puppet ruler of Kannauj, Chakrayudha. It is said Nagabhata II ran away from the battle field. The Sanjan plates of Govinda III mentions that the horse of Govinda III drank the icy liquid bubbling in the [[Himalaya]]n stream and his war elephants tasted the holy waters of the [[Ganges]].<ref name="vic"/> The rulers of [[Magadha]] and [[Bengal]] also submitted to him. An inscription of 813 states the Govinda III conquered [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern and central Gujarat) and made his brother Indra the ruler of the territory. This in effect became a branch of the Rashtrakuta Empire.<ref name="branch">Reu (1933), p66</ref> However, another opinion is Govinda III had control over the regions between [[Vindhya]]s and [[Malwa]] in the north to [[Kanchi]] in the south, while the heart of his empire extended from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] to [[Tungabhadra]] rivers.<ref name="branch"/>
After the conquest of [[Malwa]] Govinda III ensured  the [[Paramara dynasty]] would rule as vassals of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] in 800 CE.<ref>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century by Upinder Singh p.569</ref>


==Southern conquests==
=== War of Succession ===
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (800 AD) from Didgur of Chalukya chief Kattiyara of Banavasi-12000 province during rule of Rashtrakuta king Govinda III.jpg|thumb|upright|Fragmentary Old Kannada inscription (800 AD) from Didgur, Dharwad district, Karnataka, during rule of Rashtrakuta king Govinda III]]
Though Govinda III became the emperor it was not before having to face some internal family feuds. Govinda III ascended the throne in 793 CE and as was expected, his accession did not go unchallenged. For a time his elder brother Stambha kept quiet, but when he was assured of the support of a number of feudatories and neighbours, he broke out in open revolt against his brother. Govinda, however, quelled the rebellion of “twelve kings headed by Stambha” and took his brother prisoner. Govinda, however, treated him leniently and, being convinced of his loyalty in future, Govinda took the magnanimous step of reinstating him to the Ganga viceroyalty. Throughout the rest of his life, Stambha remained loyal to his plighted word, ending the war of succession.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kannauj |first1=Age of Imperial |title=The Age Of Imperial Kanauj |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527067/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater |website=archive.org |access-date=2015-10-01}}</ref>
The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] who had taken an antagonistic stand against the Rashtrakutas again had to face the wrath of Govinda III, who defeated Chalukya Vijayaditya II and installed Bhima Salki as its ruler. He further defeated the king of [[Kosala|Kaushal]] (Kosala) and occupied parts of Andhra and defeated [[Pallava]] Dantivarman in 803 at Kanchi. He even obtained the submission of the King of [[Ceylon]] without even going to battle. The King of [[Ceylon]] is said to have sent him two statues, one of himself and another of his minister as an act of submission.<ref name="tribute">Kamath (2001), p77</ref> The Nasari record states that now all the kingdoms of Tamil country, the [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]] and the Keralas paid their tribute to Govinda III.<ref name="tribute"/>


Never had the Rashtrakuta Empire reach such levels of military success and zenith of glory.<ref name="zenith">A.S. Altekar in (Kamath 2001, p77)</ref> Govinda III died in 814.<ref name=sen>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of medieval Indian history.|date=2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607344|page=20}}</ref> His brother Indra during this time founded the Gujarat (Lata) branch. He was succeeded by his son [[Amoghavarsha|Amoghavarsha I]].
== Religion ==
Govinda III is known for his policy of religious tolerance and support for multiple faiths within his empire. Inscriptions from his reign invoke royal titles such as "Prithvivallabha," "Shrivallabha," "Vimaladitya," and "Atishayadhavala"<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref>—epithets that are common in Jain royal usage and also appear frequently in [[Jain]] donor and ruler inscriptions.<ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref> This reflects the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s well-established tradition of supporting both Hinduism and Jainism.<ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref><ref>Kamath (2001), p.91</ref> Numerous grants to Jain monks and temples continued during the Rashtrakutas’ rule.<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref>


==Notes==
During the rule of Govinda III, and with his support Jain monks like acharya [[Virasena]] and acharya [[Jinasena]] composed important [[Jain]] texts, including the famous "Dhavala" (a commentary on the "Shatakhandagama"). Work on the "Jayadhavala" was also begun under them and later completed by their disciples.<ref>Williams, R. (1963). ''Jain Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras''. Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xiii.</ref>
 
== Military career ==
According to the Nesarika inscription, some kingdoms came under the influence of Govinda III without any conflict or war with them. The lines read as follows:
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nesarika inscription of Govinda III
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Transliteration!!English Translation by [[D. C. Sircar]]
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
{{blockquote|<poem>''Pandya-dēś-ādhipān matsyam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]''<br>
''(Chô)lād vyāghram gajam Gangach chapa-yashțim cha Kerala[t] [*]''<br>
''Amdhra-Chalukya-Mauryēbhyo vārāham Gürya(rja)rēśvarā[t] [*]''<br>
''t(pha)lakam (prā)tipa[d*]-dhāryam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]''<br>
''(Kō)sal-Avanti-nāthā(bhyām) Simhalad api nama[kam] [*]''<br>
''Tārā(m) bhagava(tim) khyātām Dharmād Vangala-bhūmipat [*]''
<br>
</poem>|The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.137 [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06117/page/137/mode/1up Nesarika inscription of Govinda III]</ref>}}
| align=left |
{{blockquote|<poem>The fish from the Pandya king;<br>the bull from the Pallava king;<br>the tiger from the Chola king;<br>the elephant from the [Western] Ganga king;<br>the bow from the Kerala king;<br>the boar from the Andhra (Eastern Chalukya), Chalukya and Maurya kings;<br>phalaka or board bearing [the figures of] the pratipad or kettle-drum and the harya or snake from the Gürjara king;<br>the bull from the Pallava king<br>the namaka (i.e. the names of the individual rulers) from the Kösala, Avanti and Simhala kings; and<br>the celebrated goddes Tără from Dharma, the king of Vangala.</poem>|The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.125 [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06117/page/n170/mode/1up Nesarika inscription of Govinda III]</ref>}}
<br>
|}
 
=== Conquest of Northern and Eastern India ===
 
==== Capture of Kannauj ====
{{see also|Tripartite Struggle}}
 
From his capital Mayurakhandi in present-day [[Bidar district]], Govinda III conducted his northern campaign in 800 CE. He successfully obtained the submission of [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] emperor [[Nagabhata II]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]] emperor [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and the incumbent puppet ruler of [[Kanyakubja]], [[Ayudha dynasty|Chakrayudha]].
 
The Sanjan plates of Govinda III mention that the horse of Govinda III drank the icy liquid bubbling in the [[Himalaya]]n stream and his war elephants tasted the holy waters of the [[Ganges]].<ref name="vic">Kamath (2001), p76</ref> The rulers of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and [[Bengal]] also submitted to him. An inscription of 813 CE states the Govinda III conquered [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern and central [[Gujarat]]) and made his brother Indra the ruler of the territory. This in effect became a branch of the Rashtrakuta Empire.<ref name="branch">Reu (1933), p66</ref> After the conquest of [[Malwa]], Govinda III ensured the [[Paramara dynasty]] would rule as vassals of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] in 800 CE.<ref>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century by Upinder Singh p.569</ref>
 
However, Govinda III had control over the regions between [[Vindhya]]s and [[Malwa]] in the north to [[Kanchi]] in the south, while the heart of his empire extended from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] to [[Tungabhadra]] rivers.<ref name="branch"/>
 
==== Southern campaign ====
He obtained the submission of the King of [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) without even going to battle. The King of [[Ceylon]] is said to have sent him two statues, one of himself and another of his minister as an act of submission.<ref name="tribute">Kamath (2001), p77</ref> The Nasari record states that now all the kingdoms of the Tamil country, the [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]] and the Keralas paid their tribute to Govinda III.<ref name="tribute"/>
 
Never had the Rashtrakuta Empire reach such levels of military success and zenith of glory.<ref name="zenith">A.S. Altekar in (Kamath 2001, p77)</ref> Govinda III died in 814.<ref name=sen>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of medieval Indian history.|date=2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607344|page=20}}</ref> His brother Indra during this time founded the Gujarat (Lata) branch. Govinda III was succeeded by his son [[Amoghavarsha|Amoghavarsha I]].{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=1}}
 
==Inscriptions==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3" colspan="1"
| colspan="1" align="center" style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;" |'''Nesarika grant of Govinda III'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate I.jpg|Plate I
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate II.jpg|Plate II
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate III.jpg|Plate III
</gallery>
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Kannauj]]
* [[Amoghavarsha]]
* [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]
* [[Tripartite Struggle]]
* [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Line 28: Line 98:
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
* {{citation |last=Narasimhacharya |first=Ramanujapuram |title=History of Kannada Literature (Readership Lectures) |url={{Google books|nOTmIt3wumwC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1988 |isbn=81-206-0303-6 }}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:814 deaths]]
[[Category:814 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta emperors]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:9th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Latest revision as of 05:14, 1 January 2026


Govinda III
Prabhutavarsha
Jagattunga, Anupama, Kirthinarayana, Prithvivallabha, Shrivallabha, Vimaladitya, Atishayadhavala, Tribhuvanadhavala
Govinda III
Old Kannada inscription (800 CE) of Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III at Veerabhadra temple at Mavali.
Rashtrakuta Emperor
Reignc. 793 – c. 814
PredecessorDhruva Dharavarsha
SuccessorAmoghavarsha I
Died814
ConsortGamundabbe
IssueAmoghavarsha I
FatherDhruva Dharavarsha
MotherSila Mahadevi, daughter of Vishnuvardhana IV[1]
ReligionJainism[2][3]
Rashtrakuta Emperors (753-982)
Dantidurga (735 - 756)
Krishna I (756 - 774)
Govinda II (774 - 780)
Dhruva Dharavarsha (780 - 793)
Govinda III (793 - 814)
Amoghavarsha (814 - 878)
Krishna II (878 - 914)
Indra III (914 -929)
Amoghavarsha II (929 - 930)
Govinda IV (930 – 936)
Amoghavarsha III (936 – 939)
Krishna III (939 – 967)
Khottiga (967 – 972)
Karka II (972 – 973)
Indra IV (973 – 982)
Tailapa II
(Western Chalukyas) 		(973-997)


Govinda III (died 814) was the Rashtrakuta monarch who succeeded his father Dhruva Dharavarsha. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests from Kanyakumari in the south to Kanyakubja in the north, from Banaras in the east to Bharuch in the west. From the Someshvara inscription of 804, it is known that 'Gamundabbe' was his chief queen. During his reign, the Rashtrakuta dynasty expanded its territory and strengthened its political influence.

Early life[edit | edit source]

War of Succession[edit | edit source]

Though Govinda III became the emperor it was not before having to face some internal family feuds. Govinda III ascended the throne in 793 CE and as was expected, his accession did not go unchallenged. For a time his elder brother Stambha kept quiet, but when he was assured of the support of a number of feudatories and neighbours, he broke out in open revolt against his brother. Govinda, however, quelled the rebellion of “twelve kings headed by Stambha” and took his brother prisoner. Govinda, however, treated him leniently and, being convinced of his loyalty in future, Govinda took the magnanimous step of reinstating him to the Ganga viceroyalty. Throughout the rest of his life, Stambha remained loyal to his plighted word, ending the war of succession.[4]

Religion[edit | edit source]

Govinda III is known for his policy of religious tolerance and support for multiple faiths within his empire. Inscriptions from his reign invoke royal titles such as "Prithvivallabha," "Shrivallabha," "Vimaladitya," and "Atishayadhavala"[2]—epithets that are common in Jain royal usage and also appear frequently in Jain donor and ruler inscriptions.[3] This reflects the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s well-established tradition of supporting both Hinduism and Jainism.[3][5] Numerous grants to Jain monks and temples continued during the Rashtrakutas’ rule.[2]

During the rule of Govinda III, and with his support Jain monks like acharya Virasena and acharya Jinasena composed important Jain texts, including the famous "Dhavala" (a commentary on the "Shatakhandagama"). Work on the "Jayadhavala" was also begun under them and later completed by their disciples.[6]

Military career[edit | edit source]

According to the Nesarika inscription, some kingdoms came under the influence of Govinda III without any conflict or war with them. The lines read as follows:

Nesarika inscription of Govinda III
Transliteration English Translation by D. C. Sircar

Pandya-dēś-ādhipān matsyam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]

 (Chô)lād vyāghram gajam Gangach chapa-yashțim cha Kerala[t] [*]

Amdhra-Chalukya-Mauryēbhyo vārāham Gürya(rja)rēśvarā[t] [*]

t(pha)lakam (prā)tipa[d*]-dhāryam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]

(Kō)sal-Avanti-nāthā(bhyām) Simhalad api nama[kam] [*]

Tārā(m) bhagava(tim) khyātām Dharmād Vangala-bhūmipat [*]

— The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23[7]

The fish from the Pandya king;
the bull from the Pallava king;
the tiger from the Chola king;
the elephant from the [Western] Ganga king;
the bow from the Kerala king;
the boar from the Andhra (Eastern Chalukya), Chalukya and Maurya kings;
phalaka or board bearing [the figures of] the pratipad or kettle-drum and the harya or snake from the Gürjara king;
the bull from the Pallava king
the namaka (i.e. the names of the individual rulers) from the Kösala, Avanti and Simhala kings; and
the celebrated goddes Tără from Dharma, the king of Vangala.

— The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23[8]


Conquest of Northern and Eastern India[edit | edit source]

Capture of Kannauj[edit | edit source]

See also: Tripartite Struggle

From his capital Mayurakhandi in present-day Bidar district, Govinda III conducted his northern campaign in 800 CE. He successfully obtained the submission of Gurjara-Pratihara emperor Nagabhata II, Pala emperor Dharmapala and the incumbent puppet ruler of Kanyakubja, Chakrayudha.

The Sanjan plates of Govinda III mention that the horse of Govinda III drank the icy liquid bubbling in the Himalayan stream and his war elephants tasted the holy waters of the Ganges.[9] The rulers of Magadha and Bengal also submitted to him. An inscription of 813 CE states the Govinda III conquered Lata (southern and central Gujarat) and made his brother Indra the ruler of the territory. This in effect became a branch of the Rashtrakuta Empire.[10] After the conquest of Malwa, Govinda III ensured the Paramara dynasty would rule as vassals of the Rashtrakutas in 800 CE.[11]

However, Govinda III had control over the regions between Vindhyas and Malwa in the north to Kanchi in the south, while the heart of his empire extended from the Narmada to Tungabhadra rivers.[10]

Southern campaign[edit | edit source]

He obtained the submission of the King of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) without even going to battle. The King of Ceylon is said to have sent him two statues, one of himself and another of his minister as an act of submission.[12] The Nasari record states that now all the kingdoms of the Tamil country, the Cholas, Pandyas and the Keralas paid their tribute to Govinda III.[12]

Never had the Rashtrakuta Empire reach such levels of military success and zenith of glory.[13] Govinda III died in 814.[14] His brother Indra during this time founded the Gujarat (Lata) branch. Govinda III was succeeded by his son Amoghavarsha I.[15]

Inscriptions[edit | edit source]

Nesarika grant of Govinda III
  • Plate I
    Plate I
  • Plate II
    Plate II
  • Plate III
    Plate III

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Sastry, Vedam Venkataraya (1994), Balakrishnan Raja Gopal (ed.), "The Rashtrakutas and Vengi and Cultural Contacts", The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed: Studies in the History and Culture, Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House: 172
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Altekar, A.S. (1934). The Rashtrakutas and Their Times. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Desai, P.B. (1957). Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.
  4. ↑ Kannauj, Age of Imperial. "The Age Of Imperial Kanauj". archive.org. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  5. ↑ Kamath (2001), p.91
  6. ↑ Williams, R. (1963). Jain Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras. Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xiii.
  7. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.137 Nesarika inscription of Govinda III
  8. ↑ Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.125 Nesarika inscription of Govinda III
  9. ↑ Kamath (2001), p76
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Reu (1933), p66
  11. ↑ A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century by Upinder Singh p.569
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kamath (2001), p77
  13. ↑ A.S. Altekar in (Kamath 2001, p77)
  14. ↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2013). Textbook of medieval Indian history. Primus Books. p. 20. ISBN 9789380607344.
  15. ↑ Narasimhacharya 1988, p. 1.

References[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

Preceded by
Dhruva Dharavarsha 		Rashtrakuta Emperor
793–814 		Succeeded by
Amoghavarsha
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