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| {{Short description|Term for states of the 1716–1799 Sikh Confederacy}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Sikh Confederacy]] |
| {{About|the military force|the indoor soccer league|MISL (disambiguation)}}
| | {{R from alternative title}} |
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| {{Coord missing|India|Pakistan}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
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| {{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2021}}
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| {{Infobox former country
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| | conventional_long_name = Sikh Misl
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| | native_name =
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| | common_name = Sikh Raj<br />Punjab Empire
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| | year_start = 1716
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| | year_end = 1799
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| | date_start =
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| | date_end =
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| | p1 = Durrani Empire
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| | flag_p1 =
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| | border_p1 = no
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| | p2 = Mughal Empire
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| | flag_p2 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
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| | border_p2 = no
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| | border_p3 = no
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| | s1 = Sikh Empire
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| | flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
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| | border_s1 = no
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| | s2 = Cis-Sutlej states
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| | flag_s2 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
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| | border_s2 = no
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| | image_flag = Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
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| | flag = Nishan Sahib
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| | flag_type =
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| | flag_border = no
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| | image_coat =
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| | symbol = Khanda.svg
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| | symbol_type = <!-- - Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of Arms" - -->
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| | event_start = Death of Baba [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]
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| | event_end = [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] unites the misls into the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| | image_map_caption =
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| | capital = [[Amritsar]]
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| | national_anthem = [[Deg Tegh Fateh]]
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| | common_languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
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| | legislature=[[Sarbat Khalsa]]
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| | government_type =[[Confederation]]
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| | religion = [[Sikhism]]
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| | title_leader = [[Jathedar]]
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| | leader1 = [[Baba Darbara Singh]]
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| | year_leader1 = 1716–1733
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| | leader2 = [[Nawab Kapur Singh]]
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| | year_leader2 = 1733–1748
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| | leader3 = Sultan-ul-Quam Baba [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]
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| | year_leader3 = 1748–1783
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| | currency = [[Nanakshahi]]
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| | today = [[India]]<br />[[Pakistan]]
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| | demonym =
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| | area_km2 =
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| | area_rank =
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| | GDP_PPP =
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| | GDP_PPP_year =
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| | HDI =
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| | HDI_year =
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| }}
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| The '''Misls''' (derived from an Arabic word [[wikt:مثل#Etymology_3|مِثْل]] meaning 'equal')<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |year=1993 |pages=11 |quote=The word misl seems to have been derived from an Arabic word meaning: equal.}}</ref> were the twelve [[sovereign state]]s of the '''Sikh Confederacy''',<ref>{{cite news | first=Ian| last=Heath| title=The Sikh Army | date=1 January 2005 | publisher=Osprey | isbn=9781841767772| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YIh9eQlojGsC&pg=PA3 | access-date = 9 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=The Khalsa Era | date=2011 | publisher=Nishan Sahib | url =http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/khalsa/index.html | access-date = 9 June 2013 }}</ref> which rose during the 18th century in the [[Punjab]] region in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is cited as one of the causes of the weakening of the [[Mughal Empire]] prior to [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] in 1738–1740.<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=73">{{harvnb|Kakshi|Pathak|Bakshi|Pathak|2007|page=73}}</ref>
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| The misls formed a commonwealth that was described by Swiss adventurer [[Antoine Polier]] as a natural "aristocratic republic".<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=165}}</ref> Although the misls were unequal in strength, and each misl attempted to expand its territory and access to resources at the expense of others, they acted in unison in relation to other states.<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=73">{{harvnb|Kakshi|Pathak|Bakshi|Pathak|2007|page=73}}</ref> The misls held [[wikt:biannual|biannual]] meetings of their legislature, the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] in [[Amritsar]].<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=73"/>
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| ==History==
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| {{Further|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)}}
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| In order to withstand the persecution of [[Shah Jahan]] and other [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers, several of the later [[Sikh Gurus]] established military forces and fought the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Hindu]] hill chiefs<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|date=1 February 2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishing|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 |page=814|chapter=13 Khalsa Battles Against Islamic Imperialism and Hindu Conservatism}}</ref> in the [[Battles involving the Sikh Empire#Early Afghan-Sikh Battles|early]] and [[Sikh Empire|middle]] Mughal-Sikh Wars. [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] continued Sikh resistance to the [[Mughal Empire]] until his defeat at the [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]].
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| For several years Sikhs found refuge in the jungles and the [[Sivalik Hills|Himalayan foothills]] until they organized themselves into military bands known as ''[[jatha]]s''.
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| ==List of misls==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+List of Misls
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| |-
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| ! Flag
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| ! Name
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| ! Founder
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| ! Founding clan
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| ! Capital(s)
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| ! Other notable leaders
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| !Strength in Regular Horseman (1746)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=Coins of the Sikhs |year=1993 |pages=11 |quote=The list is based on data given by H.T. PRINSEP.}}</ref>
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| ! Strength in Regular Horseman (1780)<ref>{{cite book |title=Ranjít Singh |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |year=1893 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNxGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA237}}</ref><ref name=SH0>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/misls.html|title=Sikh Misals (equal bands)|first=Sandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910232917/http://sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/misls.html|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| ! Misl Period Territory by 1759<ref>{{Cite book|last=GUPTA|first=HARI RAM|title=TRANS-SATLUJ SIKH|publisher=THE MINEVERA BOOK SHOP|year=1944|location=LAHORE|pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kakshi|2007|page=163–164}}</ref>
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| ! Corresponding Current Area
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| ! Fate
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| |-
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| | [[File:Patiala flag.svg|100px|Patiala State Flag]]
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| | [[Phulkian Misl|Phulkian]] <br> (ਫੂਲਕੀਆਂ ''Phūlkī'āṅ'')
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| | Phul Singh
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| | [[Sidhu]] ([[Jat]])
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| | [[Patiala]]<br>[[Nabha]]<br>[[Jind]]<br>[[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]
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| | [[Ala Singh]] <br> [[Patiala State#Raja-e Rajgan|Amar Singh]]
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| |5,000
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| | 5,000
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| | [[Patiala]], [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Kaithal]], [[Barnala]], [[Bathinda]], [[Sangrur]]
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| | Allied with the British and later became the [[princely state]]s of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Malaudh]] and [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Kapurthala flag.svg|100px|Flag of the Kapurthala state]]
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| | [[Ahluwalia Misl|Ahluwalia]] <br> (ਆਹਲੂਵਾਲੀਆ ''Āhlūwālī'ā'')
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| | Sadho Singh
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| | [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalia]] ([[Kalal]])
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| | [[Kapurthala]]
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| | [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]]
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| |3,000
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| | 10,000
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| | [[Jalandhar district]], [[Kapurthala district]], [[Kana Dhillon]], [[Nurmahal]], [[Talwandi]], [[Phagwara]].
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| | Allied with the British and later became the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
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| |-
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| | [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]] <br> (ਭੰਗੀ ''Bhangī'')
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| | [[Chhajja Singh Dhillon|Chhajja Singh]]
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| | [[Dhillon]] ([[Jat]])<ref name=SH3>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html|title=Bhangi Misl|first=Sandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135121/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| | [[Amritsar]]
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| | [[Bhuma Singh Dhillon|Bhuma Singh]] <br> [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]] <br> [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon|Jhanda Singh]] <br> [[Ganda Singh Dhillon|Ganda Singh]]
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| |10,000
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| | 30,000
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| | [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Lahore]]
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| | [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Lahore]]
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| | Conquered by the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] which immediately formed the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] <br> (ਕਨ੍ਹੱਈਆ ''Kanha'ī'ā'')
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| | [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya|Jai Singh]]
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| | [[Sandhu]] ([[Jat people|Jat]])<ref name=SH4>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-kanhaiya.html|title=Misal Kanhaiya|first=Sandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815162834/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-kanhaiya.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| | [[Sohian]]
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| | [[Sada Kaur]]
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| |8,000
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| | 8,000
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| | [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Dera Baba Nanak]],<br>[[Kalanaur, Punjab|Kalanaur]], [[Pathankot]], [[Sujanpur]], [[Mukerian]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=HARI RAM|title=TRANS SATLUJ SIKHS|publisher=THE MINEVERA BOOK SHOP|year=1944|location=Lahore|pages=3}}</ref>
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| | [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Pathankot district]], [[Hoshiarpur district]]
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| | Annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|100px|Kattar Dhal Kirpan]]
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| | [[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhia]] <br> (ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ ''Rāmgaṛhī'ā'')
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| | [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia|Jassa Singh]]
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| | [[Ramgharia]]
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| | [[Sri Hargobindpur]]
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| | [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia|Jodh Singh]] <br> [[Tara Singh Ramgarhia|Tara Singh]] <br> [[Mangal Singh Ramgarhia|Mangal Singh]]
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| |3,000
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| | 5,000
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| | [[Batala]], [[Urmar Tanda]], [[Dasuya]], [[Ghuman (Gurdaspur)|Ghoman]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=GUPTA|first=HARI RAM|title=TRANS SATLUJ SIKHS|publisher=THE MINEVERA BOOK SHOP|year=1944|location=LAHORE|pages=3}}</ref>
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| | [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Jalandhar district]], north of [[Amritsar]]
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| | Annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|100px|Original Nishan Sahib used by Guru Gobind Singh Ji]]
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| | [[Singhpuria Misl|Singhpuria]] <br> (ਸਿੰਘਪੁਰੀਆ ''Singhpurī'ā'')
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| | [[Khushal Singh]] <br> Budh Singh
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| | [[Virk]] ([[Jat people|Jat]])<ref name=PR6>{{cite web|url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazropr5.htm|title=The Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711173309/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazropr5.htm|archive-date=11 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| | [[Jalandhar]]
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| | [[Khushal Singh]] <br> Budh Singh
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| |2,500
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| | 5,000
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| | [[Singhpura, Pakistan|Singhpura]], [[Amritsar]], [[Sheikhupura]], Jalandhar, Manauli, Bharatgarh, etc
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| | [[Amritsar district]], [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura District, Pakistan]]
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| | Areas above the [[Sutlej river]] annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]], areas below the river annexed by the British
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| |-
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| | [[Panjgarhia Misl|Panjgarhia]] <br> (ਪੰਜਗੜੀਆ ''Panjgaṛī'ā'') {{#tag:ref|The Panjgarhia misl was further divided into the Sham Singhan and Kalsias. The Kalsias were subdivided into the Landpindian and Barapindian.<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=164">{{harvnb|Kakshi|2007|page=164}}</ref>|group=note}}
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| | Karora Singh
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| | [[Virk]] ([[Jat people|Jat]])<ref name=SW7>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-karorasinghia.html|title=Misal Karorasinghia|first=Sandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815234705/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-karorasinghia.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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| | [[Shamchaurasi]] <br> [[Hariana]] <br> [[Chhachhrauli]] (Kalsia)
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| | [[Baghel Singh]]<br>Gur Bakhsh Singh<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_326.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 320.]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalsia's royal past recreated |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/kalsia-s-royal-past-recreated-47603 |website=The Tribune |author=Roopinder Singh |date=1 March 2015 }}</ref> Jodh Singh
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| |12,000
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| | 10,000
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| | [[Buria]] <br> [[Hoshiarpur]] <br> [[Hariana]]
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| | [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Hoshiarpur district]]
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| | Allied with the British and later became the [[princely state]] of [[Kalsia]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|100px|This Misl got its name from this flag]]
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| | [[Nishanwalia Misl|Nishanwalia]] <br> (ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਵਾਲੀਆ ''Nishānwālī'ā'')
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| | [[Dasaundha Singh]]
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| | [[Gill (name)|Gill]] ([[Jat people|Jat]])<ref>Founded by Dasaundha singh Gill</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel H. |title=History of the Panjab Chiefs |pages=352–352}}</ref>
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| | [[Ambala]] <br> [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahbad Markand<nowiki/>a]]
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| | Sangat Singh <br> Sukha Singh <br> Mehar Singh
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| |12,000
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| | 2,000
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| | [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahbad Markanda]], [[Ambala]], [[Ropar]], [[Anandpur Sahib|Sri Anandpur Sahib]]
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| | [[Ambala district]], [[Ropar district]], [[Chandigarh|Present Chandigarh Area]], [[Yamuna Nagar district]], [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahbad Markanda]] and [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
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| | Annexed by the [[British Raj]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|100px|Sikh Empire flag]]
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| | [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] <br> (ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਚੱਕੀਆ ''Shukarchakī'ā'')
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| | [[Charat Singh]]
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| | [[Sandhawalia]]([[Jats|Jat]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Braving the ravages of time |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/braving-the-ravages-of-time-176557 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
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| | [[Gujranwala]]
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| | [[Maha Singh]] <br> [[Ranjit Singh]]
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| |2,500
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| | 75,000
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| | [[Mananwala|Mughal Chak]], [[Qila Didar Singh]], [[Qila Mihan Singh]], [[Ladhe Wala Waraich]], [[Ferozewala]], [[Butala Sham Singh]], [[Marali Wala]], [[Eminabad railway station|Eminabad]], [[Kalaske Cheema|Kalaske]].
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| | Formed the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|100px|The Sikh Akali Flag]]
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| | [[Dallewalia Misl|Dallewalia]] <br> (ਡੱਲੇਵਾਲੀਆ ''Ḍalēvālī'ā'')
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| | [[Sardar Gulab Singh|Gulab Singh]]
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| | [[Rathore]] ([[Rajput]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|date=2011-11-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-987717-1|language=en}}</ref>
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| | [[Rahon]]
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| | [[Sardar Tara Singh|Tara Singh]]
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| |7,500
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| | 5,000
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| | [[Rahon]], [[Nawashahr]], [[Garshankar]], [[Mahilpur]], [[Banga, India|Banga]], [[Phillaur]], [[Nakodar]], [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]], [[Dharamkot, Moga|Dharamkot]], Ropar-Sialba, [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]], etc.
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| | [[Ludhiana district]], [[Jalandhar district]]
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| | Annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]] and refused to support [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[Nakai Misl|Nakai]] <br> (ਨਕਈ ''Naka'ī'')
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| | [[Heera Singh Sandhu|Heera Singh]]
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| | [[Sandhu]] ([[Jat people|Jat]])<ref name=SH11>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-nakai.html|title=Misal Nakai|first=Sandeep Singh|last=Bajwa|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232212/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-nakai.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| | [[Chunian]]
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| | [[Ran Singh Nakai|Ran Singh]] <br> [[Karmo Kaur]] <br> [[Kahan Singh Nakai|Kahan Singh]]
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| |2,000
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| | 7,000
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| | [[Baherwal Kalan|Baherwal]], [[Khem Karan]], [[Khudian]], [[Gogera]], [[Dipalpur|Depalpur]], [[Okara, Pakistan]] etc.
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| | [[Okara District|Okara district, Pakistan]]
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| | Annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| | [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|100px|The Sikh Akali Flag]]
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| | [[Shaheedan Misl|Shaheedan]] <br> (ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ''Shahīdāṅ'')
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| | [[Baba Deep Singh|Deep Singh]]
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| | [[Sandhu]] ([[Jat]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=sandhu+jat|quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a mazhabi sikh and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the ''pargana'' of Amritsar...}}</ref>
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| | [[Shahzadpur, Haryana|Shahzadpur]]
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| | Karam Singh <br> Sadhu Singh <br> [[Akali Phula Singh|Phula Singh]]
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| |2,000
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| | 5,000
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| | [[Talwandi Sabo]], [[Shahzadpur, Haryana|Shahzadpur]].
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| | [[Bathinda district]], [[Panchkula district]]
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| | Annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Military==
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| [[File:NORTHERN INDIA 1780 by hellbat.jpg|250px|thumb|
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| {| class="toccolours" style="float:center; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:222px; text-align:left; clear:right;"
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| | style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"|
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| <div class="center">
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| [[Sikh Confederacy]]<br />(1707–1799)
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| </div>
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| |-
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| <div class="center">
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| {{nowrap|[[Phulkian Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Ahluwalia Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Bhangi Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Kanheya Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap| [[Ramgarhia Misl]] }}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Singhpuria Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Panjgarhia Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Nishanwalia Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Sukerchakia Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Dallewalia Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Nakai Misl]]}}{{·}}
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| {{nowrap|[[Shaheedan Misl]]}}
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| </div>
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| |}
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| ]]
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| Each Misl was made up of members of soldiers, whose loyalty was given to the Misl's leader. A Misl could be composed of a few hundred to tens of thousands of soldiers. Any soldier was free to join whichever Misl he wished, and was free to cancel his membership of the Misl to whom he belonged. He could, if he wanted, cancel his membership of his old Misl and join another. The Barons would allow their armies to combine or coordinate their defences together against a hostile force if ordered by the Misldar Supreme Commander. These orders were only issued in military matters affecting the whole [[Sikh]] community. These orders would normally be related to defense against external threats, such as Afghan military attacks. The profits of a fighting action were divided by the misls to individuals based on the service rendered after the conflict using the [[#Administration|sardari system]].
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| The '''Sikh Confederacy''' is a description of the [[political]] structure, of how all the Barons' Kingdoms interacted with each other [[politically]] together in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Although misls varied in strength, the use of primarily [[light cavalry]] with a smaller amount [[heavy cavalry]] was uniform throughout all of the Sikh misls. Cavalrymen in a misl were required to supply their own horses and equipment.<ref name="Singh 1963 page=23">{{Harvnb|Singh|1963|page=23}}</ref> A standard cavalryman was armed with a [[spear]], [[matchlock]], and [[scimitar]].<ref name="Francklin1805">{{cite book|last=Francklin|first=William|title=Military memoirs of Mr. George Thomas; who, by extraordinary talents and enterprise, rose from an obscure situation to the rank of a general, in the service of the native powers in the North-West of India|url=https://archive.org/details/militarymemoirs01frangoog|access-date=30 June 2010|year=1805|publisher=Reprinted for John Stockdale|page=[https://archive.org/details/militarymemoirs01frangoog/page/n110 107]}}</ref> How the armies of the Sikh misls received payment varied with the leadership of each misl. The most prevalent system of payment was the 'Fasalandari' system; soldiers would receive payment every six months at the end of a [[harvest]].<ref name="Singh1964">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Fauja|title=Military system of the Sikhs: during the period 1799–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLk9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=30 June 2010|year=1964|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>
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| ===Cavalry tactics===
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| {{More citations needed section|date=July 2015}}
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| [[File:Misl Cavalryman - The Sikh Army 1799-1849 - pg 6.jpg|thumb|300px|The Misls primarily employed cavalry in warfare.]]
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| Fauja Singh considers the Sikh misls to be [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla armies]], although he notes that the Sikh misls generally had greater numbers and a larger number of [[artillery]] pieces than a guerrilla army would.<ref name="Singh 1963 page=23"/> The misls were primarily cavalry based armies and employed less artillery than [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] or [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] armies. The misls adapted their tactics to their strength in cavalry and weakness in artillery and avoided pitched battles. Misls organized their armies around bodies of horsemen and their units fought battles in a series of skirmishes, a tactic which gave them an advantage over fighting pitched battles. Bodies of cavalry would attack a position, retreat, reload their muskets, and return to attack it again. The tactics used by misl field armies include [[Flanking maneuver#Maneuvering|flanking]] an enemy, obstructing river passages, cutting off a unit from its supplies, intercepting messengers, attacking isolated units like foraging parties, employing [[hit-and-run tactics]], overrunning camps, and attacking [[baggage train]]s. To fight large armies the misl would completely evacuate the areas in front of the enemy's marching route but follow in the rear of the opposition and reconquer areas the enemy had just captured, threaten agents of the enemy with retribution, and sweep over the countryside in the wake of the enemy's withdrawal.
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| The ''Running Skirmish'' was a tactic unique to the Sikh cavalrymen which was notable for its effectiveness and the high degree of skill required to execute it. [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] and George Forster, contemporary writers who witnessed it described its use separately in their accounts of the military of the Sikhs. George Forster noted:
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| "A party from forty to fifty, advance in a quick pace to a distance of carbine shot from the enemy and then, that the fire may be given with the greatest certainty, the horses are drawn up and their pieces discharged, when speedily, retiring about a 100 paces, they load and repeat the same mode of annoying the enemy. Their horses have been so expertly trained to a performance of this operation that on receiving a stroke of hand, they stop from a full canter."
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| [[File:Ramgarhia and Sukarchakia Misls hold a diplomatic meeting.jpg|thumb|[[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhia]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukarchakia]] Misls hold a diplomatic meeting, 18th century painting]]
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| ==Administration==
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| {{Blockquote|quote = The remainder was separated into Puttees or parcels for each Surkunda, and these were again subdivided and parcelled out to inferior leaders, according to the number of horse they brought into the field. Each took his portion as a co-sharer, and held it in absolute independence.|source = ''Origin of the Sikh power in the Punjab'' (1834) p. 33 – [[Henry Thoby Prinsep]]}}
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| [[File:Sikh Misldars holding a conference.jpg|thumb|Sikh Misldars holding a conference]]
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| The Sikh Misls had four different classes of administrative divisions. The patadari, misaldari, tabadari, and jagirdari were the different systems of [[land tenure]] used by the misls, and land granted by the misl left the responsibility of establishing law and order to the owner of the land. The land under the direct administration of the chief of the misl was known as the ''sardari'' and the tabadari and jagirdari systems used land directly given by the chief from the sardari. The patadari and misaldari systems formed the basis of a misl, while tabadari and jagirdari lands would only be created after large acquisitions of land. The type of system that was used in an area depended on the importance of the chief [[sardar]] of the area to the rest of the misl.
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| The ''Patadari system'' affected newly annexed territories and was the original method used by the misls in administrating land.<ref>{{harvnb|Prinsep|1834|page=33}}</ref> The patadari system relied on the cooperation of surkundas, the rank of a leader of a small party of [[cavalrymen]]. The chief of the misl would take his/her portion and divide the other parcels among his [[Sardar]]s proportional to the number of [[cavalrymen]] they had contributed to the misl.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=34">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1834|page=34}}</ref> The Sardars would then divide their parcels among their Surkundas, and then the Surkundas subdivided the land they received among their individual cavalrymen. The Surkundas receiving parcels of land with settlements were required to fortify them{{#tag:ref|The owners of larger villages were required to erect [[stockade]]s and [[ditch (fortification)|ditches]] while the owners of towns erected either [[keep]]s or [[fortification|forts]].<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=34"/>|group=note}} and establish fines and laws for their [[zamindar]]s and [[ryot]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Prinsep|1834|page=34–35}}</ref> Parcels of land in the patadari system could not be sold, but could be given to relatives in an [[inheritance]].<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=35">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1834|page=35}}</ref> The soldiers who received parcels from the Patadari system held their land in complete freedom.<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=73"/>
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| The ''Misaldari system'' applied to sardars with a small number of cavalrymen as well as independent bodies of cavalrymen who voluntarily attached themselves to a misl.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=35"/> They kept the lands they held before joining the misl as an allotment for their cooperation with the misl. The leaders of these groups, called misaldars, could transfer their allegiance and land to another misl without punishment.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=35"/>
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| The ''Tabadari system'' referred to land under the control of a misl's tabadars. Tabadars served a similar function to retainers in Europe. They were required to serve as cavalrymen to the misl and were subservient to the misl's leader. Although tabadars received their land as a reward, their ownership was subject entirely on the misl's leader.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=36">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1834|page=36}}</ref> The tabadari grants were only hereditary on the choice of the chief of the misl.
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| The ''Jagirdari system'' used the grant of [[jagir]]s by the chief of the misl. [[Jagir]]s were given by the chief of the misl to relations, dependents, and people who "deserved well".<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=36"/> The owners of jagirs were subservient to the chief of the misl as their ownership was subject to his/her needs. Like the Tabadars, jagirdars were subject to personal service when the chief of the misl requested.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=36"/> However, because jagirs entailed more land and profit, they were required to use the money generated by their jagirs to equip and mount a quota of [[cavalrymen]] depending on the size of their jagir.<ref name="Prinsep 1834 page=36"/> Jagirdari grants were hereditary in practice but a misl's chief could revoke the rights of the heir. Upon the death of the owner of a tabadari or jagadari grant, the land would revert to direct control of the chief (sardari).
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| ==Territory==
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| [[File:NORTHERN INDIA 1780 by hellbat.jpg|thumb|200x200px|A map of the [[Punjab region]] showing general areas of the Misls]]
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| The two main divisions in territory between the misls were between those who were in the [[Malwa]] region and those who were in the [[Majha]] region. While eleven of the misls were north of the [[Sutlej]] river, one, the [[Phulkian Misl]] was south of the Sutlej.<ref>{{harvnb|Oberoi|1994|page=73}}</ref> The Sikhs north of the Sutlej river were known as the [[Majha]] Sikhs while the Sikhs that lived south of the [[Sutlej]] river were known as the [[Malwa]] Sikhs.<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=164"/> In the smaller territories were the Dhanigeb Singhs in the [[Sind Sagar Doab]], the Gujrat Singhs in the [[Jech Doab]], the Dharpi Singhs in the [[Rechna Doab]], and the Doaba Singhs in the [[Jalandhar Doab]].<ref name="Kakshi 2007 page=164"/>
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| ==Sikh women in state affairs==
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| {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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| * Mai Fateh Kaur (d.1773) of Patiala Sikh dynasty
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| * Mai [[Desan Kaur]] (d.1778) of Sukerchakia Sikh Misl
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| * Bibi Rajinder Kaur (1739–1791) of Patiala Sikh dynasty
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| * Mai Sukkhan Kaur (r.1802) of Bhangi Sikh Misl
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| * Mai Lachhmi Kaur of Bhangi Sikh Misl
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| * [[Rani]] [[Sada Kaur]] (1762–1832) of Kanhaiya Sikh Misl
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| * Bibi Rattan Kaur of Dallewalia Sikh Misl
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| * Mai [[Karmo Kaur]] of Nakai Sikh Misl
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| * Bibi Sahib Kaur (1771–1801) of Patiala Sikh dynasty
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| * [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] of Sikh Empire (maiden name Raj Kaur of Nakai Misl) (1784–1838)
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| * Rani Aus Kaur (1772–1821) of Patiala Sikh dynasty
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| * [[Maharani Jind Kaur]] (1817–1863) of Sikh Empire
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| * Bibi Daya Kaur (d.1823) of Nishanwalia Sikh Misl
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| * Rani Desa Kaur Nabha of Nabha Sikh dynasty
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| * [[Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon]] Of Sikh Empire
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| * [[Maharani]] [[Chand Kaur]] (1802–1842) of Sikh Empire
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| {{div col end}}
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| ==Battles fought by Sikhs==
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| # [[Battle of Rohilla]]
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| # [[Battle of Kartarpur]]
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| # [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
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| # [[Battle of Lahira]]
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| # [[Battle of Bhangani]]
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| # [[Battle of Nadaun]]
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| # [[Battle of Guler (1696)]]
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| # [[Battle of Basoli]]
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| # [[First Battle of Anandpur]]
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| # [[Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)]]
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| # [[Second Battle of Anandpur]]
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| # [[Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]]
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| # [[Battle of Muktsar]]
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| # [[Battle of Sonepat]]
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| # [[Battle of Ambala]]
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| # [[Battle of Samana]]
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| # [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]
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| # [[Battle of Sadhaura]]
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| # [[Battle of Rahon (1710)]]
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| # [[Battle of Lohgarh]]
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| # [[Battle of Jammu]]
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| # [[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)]]
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| # [[Siege of Gurdaspur]] or [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]]
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| # [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]]
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| # [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]
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| # [[Battle of Lahore (1759)]]
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| # [[Battle of Sialkot (1761)]]
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| # [[Battle of Gujranwala (1761)]]
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| # [[Sikh Occupation of Lahore]]<ref name="Mehta">{{Cite book|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250 |access-date=23 September 2010}}</ref>
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| # [[Sikh holocaust of 1762]] or [[Battle of Kup]]
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| # [[Battle of Harnaulgarh]]
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| # [[Battle of Amritsar (1762)]]
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| # [[Battle of Sialkot (1763)]]
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| # [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]
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| # [[Battle of Delhi (1783)]]
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| # [[Battle of Amritsar(1797)]]
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| # [[Gurkha-Sikh War]]
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| # [[Battle of Sialkot (disambiguation)|Battles of Sialkot]]
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| # [[Battle of Jammu (1808)]]
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| # [[Battle of Attock]]
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| # [[Battle of Multan]]
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| # [[Battle of Shopian]]
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| # [[Battle of Balakot]]
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| # [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)]]
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| # [[Battle of Jamrud]]
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| # [[Sino-Sikh War]]
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| # [[Battle of Mudki]]
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| # [[Battle of Ferozeshah]]
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| # [[Battle of Baddowal]]
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| # [[Battle of Aliwal]]
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| # [[Battle of Sobraon]]
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| # [[Battle of Chillianwala]]
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| # [[Battle of Ramnagar]]
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| # [[Siege of Multan]]
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| # [[Battle of Gujrat]]
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| ==See also==
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| {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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| * [[History of Punjab]]
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| * [[Jat Mahasabha]]
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| * [[Khap]]
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| {{div col end}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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| * {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC |title=Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji |last=Nalwa |first=Vanit |year=2009 |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5}}
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| * {{cite book|last1=Narang|first1=K. S.|last2=Gupta|first2=H. R.|title=History of Punjab: 1500–1558|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6oGRgAACAAJ|access-date=15 July 2010|year=1969}}
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| * {{cite book|last=M'Gregor|first=William Lewis|title=The history of the Sikhs: containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/historysikhscon01gregoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historysikhscon01gregoog/page/n554 216]|access-date=2 July 2010|year=1846|publisher=J. Madden}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Fauja|title=Military system of the Sikhs: during the period 1799–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLk9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=1 July 2010|year=1964|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Prinsep|first=Henry Thoby|title=Origin of the Sikh power in the Punjab, and political life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh: with an account of the present condition, religion, laws and customs of the Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UkBAAAAQAAJ|access-date=8 June 2010|year=1834|publisher=G.H. Huttmann}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Cave-Browne|first=John|title=The Punjab and Delhi in 1857: being a narrative of the measures by which the Punjab was saved and Delhi recovered during the Indian Mutiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4xFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=10 June 2010|year=1861|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons}}
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| * {{cite book |ref=CITEREFSikh_Missionary_College|title=Brief History of the Sikh Misls |publisher=Sikh Missionary College |location=Jalandhar |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/sikh-misls/book-1.php?fldr=book}}
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| * {{cite book|last=Suri|first=Sohan Lal|title=Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, DAFTAR III, PARTS (I—V) 1831–1839 A.D.|year=1961|publisher=S. Chand & Co|location=Delhi}}
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| * {{cite book |title=Punjab Through the Ages |last1=Kakshi |first1=S.R. |first2=Rashmi |last2=Pathak |first3=S.R. |last3=Bakshi |first4=R. |last4=Pathak |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup and Son |isbn=978-81-7625-738-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC&q=nawab%20kapur%20singh&pg=PA163 }}
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| * {{cite book|last=Oberoi|first=Harjot|title=The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA73|access-date=14 June 2010|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6}}
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| * Ahmad Shah Batalia, Appendix to Sohan Lal Suri's Umdat-ut-Tawarikh. Daftar I, Lahore, 1X85, p. 15; Bute Shahs Tawarikh-i-Punjab, Daftar IV, (1848), (MS., Ganda Singh's personal collection. Patiala), p. 6; Kanaihya Lal, Tarikh-i-Punjab, Lahore, 1877, p. 88; Ali-ud-Din Mufti, Ibratnama, Vol. I, (1854), Lahore, 1961, p. 244. Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab (1891), Delhi, 1964, p. 296.
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| * Ian Heath, ''The Sikh Army, 1799–1849 (Men-at-arms),'' Osprey (2005) {{ISBN|1-84176-777-8}}
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| * Harbans Singh, ''The Heritage of the Sikhs,'' second rev. ed., Manohar (1994) {{ISBN|81-7304-064-8}}
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| * Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|81-215-0213-6}}
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| * Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls,'' rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001) {{ISBN|81-215-0165-2}}
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| * Gian Singh, Tawarikh Guru Khalsa, (ed. 1970), p. 261.
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| {{div col end}}
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|group=note}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Sikhism}}
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| [[Category:Misls| ]]
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| [[Category:History of Sikhism]]
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| [[Category:Sikh Empire]]
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| [[Category:Sikh warriors]]
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