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{{Original research|date=May 2021}}{{Short description|Nationalism of Kangleipak}}
{{Short description|Nationalism of Kangleipak}}
[[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|thumb|Flag of Kangleipak]]
{{Multiple issues|
'''Meitei nationalism'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzduAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=Meitei+nationalism&hl=en|title=Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik|date=2005|publisher=Shipra Publications|isbn=978-81-7541-218-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}} ([[Meitei language|Meitei:]]ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯕ) refers to [[Nationalism|nationalism]] among [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=S.|date=2001|title=The sacred alphabet and the divine body: The case of Meitei mayek in north-eastern India.|url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5308752|language=en|pages=1}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2021|reason=The source mentions "Manipuri nationalism". Even then it doesn't give a definition of what it is. Please provide a quotation to verify.}} In the Meitei context this include various movement throughout history to sustain Meitei cultural identity,political boundary, ethnicity and history to regain [[Sovereign state|sovereign state]] status of [[Kangleipak]] (now known as Manipur).{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Original research|date=May 2021}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2024}}
}}
[[File:Salai Taret Flag.svg|thumb|The Salai Taret flag used by Meitei nationalists]]
'''Meitei nationalism'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p--5BwAAQBAJ&dq=meiteinationalism&pg=PA283 |title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21332-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzduAAAAMAAJ&q=Meitei+nationalism|title=Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik|date=2005|publisher=Shipra Publications|isbn=978-81-7541-218-7|language=en}}</ref> ([[Meitei language|Meitei:]] ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯕ) refers to [[nationalism]] among the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationalism and Hindutva : a Christian response : papers from the 10th CMS consultation |date=2005 |publisher=CMS/UBS/ISPCK |others=Mark T. B. Laing |isbn=81-7214-838-0 |location=Delhi |pages=62 |oclc=61453464}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=S.|date=2001|title=The sacred alphabet and the divine body: The case of Meitei mayek in north-eastern India.|url=https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=5308752|language=en|pages=1}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2021|reason=The source mentions "Manipuri nationalism". Even then it doesn't give a definition of what it is. Please provide a quotation to verify.}} In the Meitei context this includes various movements throughout history to sustain Meitei cultural identity, political boundary, ethnicity and history to regain [[sovereign state]] status of [[Kangleipak]] (presently known as [[Manipur]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neken |first=Seram |date=12 March 2022 |title=Challenges Before Meitei Nationalism |work=[[e-Pao]] |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Challenges-Before-Meitei-Nationalism}}</ref>
 
== History ==
== History ==
Historically the [[Manipur (princely state)|kingdom of Meitei]] also known as Meitei Leipak<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas Callan Hodson|url=http://archive.org/details/meitheis00hodsgoog|title=The Meitheis|date=1908|publisher=D. Nutt|others=Harvard University|language=English}}</ref> remained sovereign for at least 1951 years,<ref>{{Cite web|title=States Uts - Manipur - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/manipur.php|access-date=2021-05-16|website=knowindia.gov.in|quote= The independence and sovereignty of Manipur remained uninterrupted until the Burmese invaded and occupied it for seven years in the first quarter of the 19th century (1819-25). Then came British Paramountcy in 1891...}}</ref>although there were matrimonial alliance as well as wars with the neighbouring country or kingdom of [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arora|first=Vibha|last2=Kipgen|first2=Ngamjahao|date=2012|title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=61|issue=3|pages=429–449|issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by the Meitei dynasty...At one time in history, the river Chindwin in Myanmar formed Manipur's natural eastern frontier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singha|first=Memchaton|date=2016|title=MARRIAGE DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE STATES OF MANIPUR AND BURMA, 18TH TO 19TH CENTURIES|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=77|pages=874–879|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Meitei kingdom (Meitei Leipak) lost its sovereignty in 1891 as a result of [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo Manipur War]] and regained its sovereign status in 1947 but it was short lived due to the controversial Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2022}}
 
Historically, the [[Manipur (princely state)|kingdom of Meitei]] also known as Meitei Leipak<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas Callan Hodson|url=http://archive.org/details/meitheis00hodsgoog|title=The Meitheis|date=1908|publisher=D. Nutt|others=Harvard University|language=English}}</ref> remained sovereign for at least 1951 years,<ref>{{Cite web|title=States Uts - Manipur - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/manipur.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821082230/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/manipur.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 21, 2017|access-date=2021-05-16|website=knowindia.gov.in|quote= The independence and sovereignty of Manipur remained uninterrupted until the Burmese invaded and occupied it for seven years in the first quarter of the 19th century (1819-25). Then came British Paramountcy in 1891...}}</ref> although there were matrimonial alliance as well as wars with the neighbouring country or kingdom of [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arora|first1=Vibha|last2=Kipgen|first2=Ngamjahao|date=2012|title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=61|issue=3|pages=429–449|doi=10.1177/0038022920120303|jstor=26290634|s2cid=157167951|issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by the Meitei dynasty...At one time in history, the river Chindwin in Myanmar formed Manipur's natural eastern frontier|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singha|first=Memchaton|title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18Th to 19Th Centuries|date=2016|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=77|pages=874–879|jstor=26552717|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Meitei kingdom (Meitei Leipak) lost its sovereignty in 1891 as a result of [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo Manipur War]] and regained its sovereign status in 1947 but it was short lived due to the controversial Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-10-15 |title=Shutdown in parts of Manipur against 1949 merger with India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shutdown-in-parts-of-manipur-against-1949-merger-with-india/article29689664.ece |access-date=2022-05-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref> {{Cite book|last1=McDuie-Ra|first1=Duncan|chapter=1. Introduction |title=Borderland City in New India|date=2016|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|chapter-url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d8hb58|pages=13–36|doi=10.1515/9789048525362-003 |jstor=j.cttd8hb58 |isbn=9789048525362 }} </ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
In the  19th century [[Hijam Irabot]] was the pioneer of nationalism in Manipur<ref>{{Cite book|last=India|first=United Service Institution of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jubsAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=meitei+nationalism&hl=en|title=National Security, Economic Globalisation, and Militancy|date=2006|publisher=United Service Institution of India|isbn=978-81-87966-49-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}} who firstly revolted against [[Monarchy|monarchy rule]] demanding a democratic government for the people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=N. Joykumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl1uAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Revolutionary Movements in Manipur|date=2005|publisher=Akansha Publishing House|isbn=978-81-87606-92-5|language=en}}</ref> Various demands ranging from self determination to liberation of Manipur all took its root from not accepting the instrument of Merger act with the Indian Union.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Scholar Paula Banerjee states that Merger agreement was seen by Manipuris as an "illegal and illegitimate annexation".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ujjwal Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|date=2009-01-06|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-7829-884-9|page=134|language=en}}</ref>Meitei nationalists <ref>{{Cite journal|last=RAY|first=SOHINI|date=2015|title=Boundaries Blurred? Folklore, Mythology, History and the Quest for an Alternative Genealogy in North-east India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307692|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=25|issue=2|pages=247–267|issn=1356-1863}}</ref> began claiming Manipur was a sovereign state in 1949 with democratic rule under '[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]'  and Maharaja of Manipur [[Bodhchandra Singh]] was in no position to sign the merger agreement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=S. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8F5uAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=meitei+reject+Manipur+merger+agreement&hl=en|title=Insurgency, Or, Ethnic Conflict: With Reference to Manipur|date=2000|publisher=Magnum Business Associates|isbn=978-81-7525-138-0|page=111|language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}}


== References ==
In the  19th century [[Hijam Irabot]] was the pioneer of nationalism in Manipur<ref>{{Cite book|last=India|first=United Service Institution of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jubsAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+nationalism|title=National Security, Economic Globalisation, and Militancy|date=2006|publisher=United Service Institution of India|isbn=978-81-87966-49-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}} who firstly revolted against [[Monarchy|monarchy rule]] demanding a democratic government for the people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=N. Joykumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl1uAAAAMAAJ|title=Revolutionary Movements in Manipur|date=2005|publisher=Akansha Publishing House|isbn=978-81-87606-92-5|language=en}}</ref> Various demands ranging from self determination to liberation of Manipur all took its root from not accepting the instrument of Merger act with the Indian Union.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} Scholar Paula Banerjee states that Merger agreement was seen by Manipuris as an "illegal and illegitimate annexation".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ujjwal Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|date=2009-01-06|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-7829-884-9|page=134|language=en}}</ref> Meitei and Pangal nationalists<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RAY|first=SOHINI|date=2015|title=Boundaries Blurred? Folklore, Mythology, History and the Quest for an Alternative Genealogy in North-east India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307692|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=25|issue=2|pages=247–267|jstor=43307692|issn=1356-1863}}</ref> began claiming Manipur was a sovereign state in 1949 with democratic rule under '[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]'  and Maharaja of Manipur [[Bodhchandra Singh]] was in no position to sign the merger agreement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=S. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8F5uAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+reject+Manipur+merger+agreement|title=Insurgency, Or, Ethnic Conflict: With Reference to Manipur|date=2000|publisher=Magnum Business Associates|isbn=978-81-7525-138-0|page=111|language=en}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=May 2021}}
{{reflist}}


==See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Paona Brajabasi]]
*[[Paona Brajabasi]]
*[[Chinglen Sana]]
*[[Chinglen Sana]]
*[[Wangkhei Meiraba]]
*[[Wangkhei Meiraba]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Stateless nationalism in Asia}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in Asia]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in Asia]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Stateless nationalism in Asia]]
{{Manipur-stub}}

Latest revision as of 12:44, 18 July 2025


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The Salai Taret flag used by Meitei nationalists

Meitei nationalism[1][2] (Meitei: ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯕ) refers to nationalism among the Meitei people.[3][4][failed verification] In the Meitei context this includes various movements throughout history to sustain Meitei cultural identity, political boundary, ethnicity and history to regain sovereign state status of Kangleipak (presently known as Manipur).[5]

History[edit | edit source]

Historically, the kingdom of Meitei also known as Meitei Leipak[6] remained sovereign for at least 1951 years,[7] although there were matrimonial alliance as well as wars with the neighbouring country or kingdom of Burma.[8][9] Meitei kingdom (Meitei Leipak) lost its sovereignty in 1891 as a result of Anglo Manipur War and regained its sovereign status in 1947 but it was short lived due to the controversial Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949.[10][11][citation needed]

In the 19th century Hijam Irabot was the pioneer of nationalism in Manipur[12][need quotation to verify] who firstly revolted against monarchy rule demanding a democratic government for the people.[13] Various demands ranging from self determination to liberation of Manipur all took its root from not accepting the instrument of Merger act with the Indian Union.[citation needed] Scholar Paula Banerjee states that Merger agreement was seen by Manipuris as an "illegal and illegitimate annexation".[14] Meitei and Pangal nationalists[15] began claiming Manipur was a sovereign state in 1949 with democratic rule under 'Manipur State Constitution Act 1947' and Maharaja of Manipur Bodhchandra Singh was in no position to sign the merger agreement.[16][need quotation to verify]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Lintner, Bertil (2015-04-01). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21332-4.
  2. ↑ Nayar, V. K. (2005). Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik. Shipra Publications. ISBN 978-81-7541-218-7.
  3. ↑ Nationalism and Hindutva : a Christian response : papers from the 10th CMS consultation. Mark T. B. Laing. Delhi: CMS/UBS/ISPCK. 2005. p. 62. ISBN 81-7214-838-0. OCLC 61453464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ↑ Ray, S. (2001). "The sacred alphabet and the divine body: The case of Meitei mayek in north-eastern India": 1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ Neken, Seram (12 March 2022). "Challenges Before Meitei Nationalism". e-Pao.
  6. ↑ Thomas Callan Hodson (1908). The Meitheis. Harvard University. D. Nutt.
  7. ↑ "States Uts - Manipur - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved 2021-05-16. The independence and sovereignty of Manipur remained uninterrupted until the Burmese invaded and occupied it for seven years in the first quarter of the 19th century (1819-25). Then came British Paramountcy in 1891...
  8. ↑ Arora, Vibha; Kipgen, Ngamjahao (2012). "The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur". Sociological Bulletin. 61 (3): 429–449. doi:10.1177/0038022920120303. ISSN 0038-0229. JSTOR 26290634. S2CID 157167951. Historically Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by the Meitei dynasty...At one time in history, the river Chindwin in Myanmar formed Manipur's natural eastern frontier
  9. ↑ Singha, Memchaton (2016). "Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18Th to 19Th Centuries". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 77: 874–879. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 26552717.
  10. ↑ Staff Reporter (2019-10-15). "Shutdown in parts of Manipur against 1949 merger with India". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  11. ↑ McDuie-Ra, Duncan (2016). "1. Introduction". Borderland City in New India. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 13–36. doi:10.1515/9789048525362-003. ISBN 9789048525362. JSTOR j.cttd8hb58.
  12. ↑ India, United Service Institution of (2006). National Security, Economic Globalisation, and Militancy. United Service Institution of India. ISBN 978-81-87966-49-4.
  13. ↑ Singh, N. Joykumar (2005). Revolutionary Movements in Manipur. Akansha Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-87606-92-5.
  14. ↑ Singh, Ujjwal Kumar (2009-01-06). Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements. SAGE Publications. p. 134. ISBN 978-81-7829-884-9.
  15. ↑ RAY, SOHINI (2015). "Boundaries Blurred? Folklore, Mythology, History and the Quest for an Alternative Genealogy in North-east India". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (2): 247–267. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 43307692.
  16. ↑ Sharma, S. C. (2000). Insurgency, Or, Ethnic Conflict: With Reference to Manipur. Magnum Business Associates. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7525-138-0.

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