Azim-ush-Shan: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by HistoryofIran
Last edited February 28, 2026
VisualWikitext
>HistoryofIran
No edit summary
 
small fixed references for clarity also and improved wording
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Mughal prince (1664–1712)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Azim-us-Shan
| name = Azim-ush-Shan
| image       = Azim us-Shan Bahadur.jpg
| image = Muhammed_Azim-ush-shan.jpg
| alt         =  
| title = [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Past present: Emperor's new names |url=http://dawn.com/2011/01/02/past-present-emperors-new-names/ |work=Dawn |date=1 January 2011 |quote=the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.}}</ref>
| caption     = Azim us-Shan Bahadur
| alt =  
| birth_name   = Muhammad Azimuddin
| caption = Azim-ush-Shan holding a jewelled sarpech {{circa|1710}}
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Muhammad Azim-ud-Din
| birth_place = [[Agra Fort]]
| succession = [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1712|03|18|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| reign = 22 September 1697 &ndash; 18 March 1712
| death_place = Near Agra
| regent = [[Aurangzeb]]<br />[[Azam Shah]]<br />[[Bahadur Shah I]]
| burial_place = Humayun Tomb  
| reg-type = Monarch
| issue       = Muhammad Karim Mirza<br>Humayun Bakht Mirza<br>Ruh-ul-Daula Mirza<br>Ahsanullah Mirza<br>[[Farrukhsiyar]]
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Khan II]]
| full name   = Sultan Azhar ud-din Muhammad Azim Mirza, Azim us-Shan Bahadur
| successor = [[Murshid Quli Khan]]
| father       = [[Bahadur Shah I]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| mother       = Amrita Bai
| birth_place = [[Agra Fort]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| religion     = [[Islam]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1712|03|18|1664|12|15|df=yes}}
| image_size   =  
| death_place = [[Ravi River]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_date =  
| burial_place = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouses     = Bai Jas Kaur<br>Aisha Begum<br>Gitti Ara Begum<br>Sahiba Niswan
| issue = {{ubl|Muhammad Karim Mirza|Humayun Bakht Mirza|Ruh-ul-Daula Mirza|Ahsanullah Mirza|[[Farrukhsiyar]]}}
| full name = Sultan Azhar-ud-Din Muhammad Azim Mirza Azim-ush-Shan Bahadur
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]
| mother = Amrit Kanwar
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| image_size =  
| burial_date =  
| spouses = {{ubl|
{{Marriage|Yash Kanwarji<br/>|1678}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}
|{{marriage|Aisha Begum|1692|1709|end=died}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}
|{{marriage|Gitti Ara Begum<br/>|1709}}{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}|Sahiba Niswan<ref name="che">{{cite book|first=G. S |last=Cheema|title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|year=2002|pages=179|isbn=9788173046018}}</ref>}}
}}
}}


'''Prince Azim-us-Shan''' (15 December 1664 – 18 March 1712) was the second son of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I]], by his second wife, Maharajkumari Amrita Bai Sahiba. He was the grandson of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], during whose reign, he was the ''[[subahdar]]'' (viceroy) of [[Bengal Subah]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] from 1697 to his death in 1712, and the great grandson of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]].
'''Mirza Azim-ush-Shan''' (15 December 1664 – 18 March 1712) was the second son of the 8th [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]] and his [[Rajput|Rathore Rajput]] wife Amrit Kanwar. He was the great grandson of [[Shah Jahan]] and the grandson of [[Aurangzeb]] during whose reign he was the imperial ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Bengal Subah]] from the year 1697 to his death in 1712.


==Reign==
==Reign==
[[File:Azim ush-Shan on the imperial throne receives the investiture of Khizr ca. 1712 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Azim ush-Shan on the imperial throne receives the investiture of ''[[Khizr]]'']]
[[File:Mogul- Azim-us-Shaan - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548556.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of Azim-us-Shaan]]
In 1697 he was appointed the viceroy of [[Bengal Subah]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjali |year=2012 |chapter=Azim-us-Shan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Shortly after, he took successful military initiative against Rahim Khan. Azim gave the [[East India Company]] permission to build [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]] (presently Kolkata) in 1696. Using [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] permission, the Dutch also built Fort Gustavas in [[Chinsura]] and the French built Fort Orleans in [[Chandernagore]] (presently Chandannagar).<ref name=bpedia/>
In 1697, Azim-ush-Shan was appointed the viceroy of [[Bengal Subah]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjali |year=2012 |chapter=Azim-us-Shan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, he took successful military initiative against Rahim Khan. Azim gave the [[East India Company]] permission to build [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]] (presently Kolkata) in 1696. Using [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] permission, the Dutch also built [[Dutch Bengal|Fort Gustavas]] in [[Chinsura]] and the French built Fort Orleans in [[Chandernagore]] (presently Chandannagar).<ref name=bpedia/>


Azim got into conflict with [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the newly appointed [[Divan]] of Bengal, over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Murshid Quli Khan, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar.<ref name=bpedia/> In 1703 he transferred the capital to Rajmahal and then again to Pataliputra (present-day [[Patna]]). He renamed [[Pataliputra]] to ''Azimabad'' after his own name.<ref name=bpedia/>
Azim got into conflict with [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the newly appointed [[Divan|Diwan]] of Bengal, over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Murshid Quli Khan, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar. Murshid Quli Khan later transformed his succession as a semi-independent princely state known as [[Nawab of Bengal]].<ref name=bpedia/> In 1703, he transferred the capital to Rajmahal and then again to Pataliputra (present-day [[Patna]]). He renamed [[Pataliputra]] to ''[[Azimabad]]'' after his own name.<ref name=bpedia/>


In 1712, at the time of his father's death, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor. However, he was killed (drowned in the [[Ravi River]]) shortly afterwards in the succession struggles that ensued.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
In 1712, at the time of his father's death, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor but the other three princes, [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] and [[Rafi-ush-Shan]], united and waged war against Azim. In the battle, a shot from a heavy gun struck the trunk of the elephant that Azim was on, leading the elephant to run towards [[Ravi River]] and falling into [[quick sand]], which killed both the elephant and Azim.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=177}}


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Azim-us-shan's first wife was Rajkumari Bai Jas Kaur, the daughter of Kunwar Kirat Singh, who was the son of Raja [[Jai Singh I]], Kachwaha ruler of Amber. She married Azim-ud-din in 1678, and was the mother of Muhammad Karim Mirza born on 12 October 1679.{{sfn|Irvine|p=145}} She died at Delhi on 19 February 1721, and was buried at the Qutb.{{sfn|Irvine|p=144}}
Azim-us-shan's first wife was a [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] princess Yash Kanwarji the last of her house to enter the imperial harem , elder daughter of Raja Kirat Singh, who was the second surviving son of [[Jai Singh I|Amir-ul-Umara Mirza Raja Jai Singh]],the [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha]] ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]. She married Azim-ud-din in 1678, and was the mother of Prince Muhammad Karim Mirza born on 12 October 1679.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=145}} She died at Delhi on 19 February 1721, and was buried at the Qutb.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}


His second wife was Sahiba Niswan, a Kasmiri lady, and the sister of Khwajah Inayatullah entitled Shaista Khan. She was the mother of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. Upon Farrukhsiyar's accession on 11 January 1719, she occupied an eminent position in the imperial harem.<ref>{{cite book|first=G. S |last=Cheema|title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|year=2002|pages=179|isbn=9788173046018}}</ref> She died at Delhi in February 1729, having outlived her son for nearly ten years.{{sfn|Irvine|p=144}}
His second wife was Jahanzeb Banu Begum,<ref name="mirza">{{cite book|author=Mirza Mohammad bin Rustam|title=Tarikh-i-Muhammadi – Volume II|year=1960|publisher=Syed Noor-ul-Hassan|page=89}}</ref> known as ''Sahiba Niswan'', a Kashmiri lady, and the sister of Khwajah Inayatullah entitled Shaista Khan. She was the mother of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. Upon Farrukhsiyar's accession on 11 January 1713, she occupied an eminent position in the imperial harem.<ref>{{cite book|first=G. S |last=Cheema|title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2002|pages=179|isbn=}}</ref> She died at Delhi in February 1729, having outlived her son for nearly ten years.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}<ref name="mirza"/>


His third wife was Aisha Begum, the daughter of Ruhullah Khan Yazdi, the Mir Bakhshi. She was the granddaughter of Khalilullah Khan. The marriage took place on 26 June 1692.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta|year=1947|pages=209}}</ref> She was the mother of Prince Humayun Bakht Mirza, and Prince Ruh-ud-daula Mirza. Azim-ush-shan is said to have been very fond of her. On 24 May 1709, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. She died at Daulatabad on 15 July 1709, and was buried there, near the tomb of Burhan ud-din.{{sfn|Irvine|p=144}}
His third wife was Aisha Begum, the daughter of Ruhullah Khan Yazdi, the Mir Bakhshi. She was the granddaughter Khalilullah Khan. The marriage took place on 26 June 1692.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta|year=1947|pages=209|isbn=}}</ref> She was the mother of Prince Humayun Bakht Mirza, and Prince Ruh-ud-daula Mirza. Azim-ush-shan is said to have been very fond of her. On 24 May 1709, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. She died at Daulatabad on 15 July 1709, and was buried there, near the tomb of Burhan ud-din.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}


His fourth wife was Gitti Ara Begum, the daughter of Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]. The marriage took place on 1 November 1709.{{sfn|Irvine|p=35}} She died at Delhi on 12 June 1724 at age over forty years.{{sfn|Irvine|p=144}}
His fourth wife was Gitti Ara Begum, the daughter of Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]. The marriage took place on 1 November 1709.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=35}} She died at Delhi on 12 June 1724 at age over forty years.{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=144}}


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
Line 50: Line 63:
|1= 1. '''Azim-ush-Shan'''
|1= 1. '''Azim-ush-Shan'''
|2= 2. [[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor]]
|2= 2. [[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor]]
|3= 3. Amrita Bai
|3= 3. Amrit Kanwar
|4= 4. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]
|4= 4. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Nawab Bai|Nawab Bai Begum]]
|5= 5. [[Nawab Bai|Nawab Bai Begum]]
|6= 6. Rup Singh, [[Raja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]{{sfn|Irvine|p=128}}
|6= 6. [[Raja]] Roop Singh of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]{{sfn|Irvine|1921|p=128}}
|7=
|8= 8. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]
|8= 8. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|9= 9. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|10= 10. Taj-ud-din Khan, [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]]<ref>Charles Francis Massy, ''Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab'' (1890), p. 396</ref>
|10= 10. Taj-ud-Din Khan, [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]]<ref>Charles Francis Massy, ''Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab'' (1890), p. 396</ref>
|11=
|12= 12. Bharmal Rathore of Babera<ref>Vijay Kumar Mathur, ''Marvels of Kishangarh paintings: from the collection of the National Museum, New Delhi'' (2000), p. 8</ref>
|12= 12. Bharmal Rathore of Babera<ref>Vijay Kumar Mathur, ''Marvels of Kishangarh paintings: from the collection of the National Museum, New Delhi'' (2000), p. 8</ref>
|13=
|24=24. [[Raja]] [[Kishan Singh of Kishangarh]]}}
|14=
|15= }}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Azimabad]], former name of Patna, after prince Azim-ush-Shan
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of Bihar]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Odisha]]


==References==
==References==
Line 73: Line 83:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{cite book|title=The Later Mughals|author-link=William Irvine (historian)|first=William|last=Irvine|ISBN=8175364068|publisher=Low Price Publications}}
{{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Later Mughals |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14116/page/n61/mode/1up |year=1921 |volume=I |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |location=Calcutta}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Azim-Ush-Shan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azim-Ush-Shan}}
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:1664 births]]
[[Category:1664 births]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
Line 83: Line 92:
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bihar]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Odisha]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Latest revision as of 01:22, 28 February 2026


Azim-ush-Shan
Mirza[1]
Azim-ush-Shan holding a jewelled sarpech c. 1710
Subahdar of Bengal
Reign22 September 1697 – 18 March 1712
PredecessorIbrahim Khan II
SuccessorMurshid Quli Khan
MonarchAurangzeb
Azam Shah
Bahadur Shah I
BornMuhammad Azim-ud-Din
(1664-12-15)15 December 1664
Agra Fort, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire
Died18 March 1712(1712-03-18) (aged 47)
Ravi River, Kangra, Mughal Empire
Burial
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India
Spouses
  • Yash Kanwarji
    ​
    (
    m. 1678)
    [2]
  • Aisha Begum
    ​
    (
    m. 1692; died 1709)
    [2]
  • Gitti Ara Begum
    ​
    (
    m. 1709)
    [2]
  • Sahiba Niswan[3]
Issue
  • Muhammad Karim Mirza
  • Humayun Bakht Mirza
  • Ruh-ul-Daula Mirza
  • Ahsanullah Mirza
  • Farrukhsiyar
Names
Sultan Azhar-ud-Din Muhammad Azim Mirza Azim-ush-Shan Bahadur
HouseMughal dynasty
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherShah Alam I
MotherAmrit Kanwar
ReligionSunni Islam

Mirza Azim-ush-Shan (15 December 1664 – 18 March 1712) was the second son of the 8th Mughal Emperor Shah Alam I and his Rathore Rajput wife Amrit Kanwar. He was the great grandson of Shah Jahan and the grandson of Aurangzeb during whose reign he was the imperial subahdar (governor) of Bengal Subah from the year 1697 to his death in 1712.

Reign[edit | edit source]

Coin of Azim-us-Shaan

In 1697, Azim-ush-Shan was appointed the viceroy of Bengal Subah, Bihar and Odisha by Emperor Aurangzeb.[4] Shortly afterwards, he took successful military initiative against Rahim Khan. Azim gave the East India Company permission to build Fort William in Calcutta (presently Kolkata) in 1696. Using Mughal permission, the Dutch also built Fort Gustavas in Chinsura and the French built Fort Orleans in Chandernagore (presently Chandannagar).[4]

Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan, the newly appointed Diwan of Bengal, over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Murshid Quli Khan, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar. Murshid Quli Khan later transformed his succession as a semi-independent princely state known as Nawab of Bengal.[4] In 1703, he transferred the capital to Rajmahal and then again to Pataliputra (present-day Patna). He renamed Pataliputra to Azimabad after his own name.[4]

In 1712, at the time of his father's death, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor but the other three princes, Jahandar Shah, Jahan Shah and Rafi-ush-Shan, united and waged war against Azim. In the battle, a shot from a heavy gun struck the trunk of the elephant that Azim was on, leading the elephant to run towards Ravi River and falling into quick sand, which killed both the elephant and Azim.[5]

Personal life[edit | edit source]

Azim-us-shan's first wife was a Kachhwaha Rajput princess Yash Kanwarji the last of her house to enter the imperial harem , elder daughter of Raja Kirat Singh, who was the second surviving son of Amir-ul-Umara Mirza Raja Jai Singh,the Kachwaha ruler of Amber. She married Azim-ud-din in 1678, and was the mother of Prince Muhammad Karim Mirza born on 12 October 1679.[6] She died at Delhi on 19 February 1721, and was buried at the Qutb.[2]

His second wife was Jahanzeb Banu Begum,[7] known as Sahiba Niswan, a Kashmiri lady, and the sister of Khwajah Inayatullah entitled Shaista Khan. She was the mother of Emperor Farrukhsiyar. Upon Farrukhsiyar's accession on 11 January 1713, she occupied an eminent position in the imperial harem.[8] She died at Delhi in February 1729, having outlived her son for nearly ten years.[2][7]

His third wife was Aisha Begum, the daughter of Ruhullah Khan Yazdi, the Mir Bakhshi. She was the granddaughter Khalilullah Khan. The marriage took place on 26 June 1692.[9] She was the mother of Prince Humayun Bakht Mirza, and Prince Ruh-ud-daula Mirza. Azim-ush-shan is said to have been very fond of her. On 24 May 1709, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. She died at Daulatabad on 15 July 1709, and was buried there, near the tomb of Burhan ud-din.[2]

His fourth wife was Gitti Ara Begum, the daughter of Prince Muhammad Azam Shah. The marriage took place on 1 November 1709.[10] She died at Delhi on 12 June 1724 at age over forty years.[2]

Ancestry[edit | edit source]

Ancestors of Azim-ush-Shan
8. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor
4. Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
9. Mumtaz Mahal
2. Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor
10. Taj-ud-Din Khan, Raja of Rajauri[12]
5. Nawab Bai Begum
1. Azim-ush-Shan
24. Raja Kishan Singh of Kishangarh
12. Bharmal Rathore of Babera[13]
6. Raja Roop Singh of Kishangarh[11]
3. Amrit Kanwar

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Past present: Emperor's new names". Dawn. 1 January 2011. the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Irvine 1921, p. 144.
  3. ↑ Cheema, G. S (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. p. 179. ISBN 9788173046018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chatterjee, Anjali (2012). "Azim-us-Shan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  5. ↑ Irvine 1921, p. 177.
  6. ↑ Irvine 1921, p. 145.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mirza Mohammad bin Rustam (1960). Tarikh-i-Muhammadi – Volume II. Syed Noor-ul-Hassan. p. 89.
  8. ↑ Cheema, G. S (1 January 2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. p. 179.
  9. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1947). Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. p. 209.
  10. ↑ Irvine 1921, p. 35.
  11. ↑ Irvine 1921, p. 128.
  12. ↑ Charles Francis Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab (1890), p. 396
  13. ↑ Vijay Kumar Mathur, Marvels of Kishangarh paintings: from the collection of the National Museum, New Delhi (2000), p. 8

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Irvine, William (1921). Sarkar, Jadunath (ed.). Later Mughals. Vol. I. Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar & Sons.

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azim-ush-Shan&oldid=463537"
Discover more