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{{Speciesbox | {{Speciesbox | ||
| image = Rhacophorus_pseudomalabaricus.jpg | | image = Rhacophorus_pseudomalabaricus.jpg | ||
| status = | | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref name= | | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T59016A166109863 |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/59016/166109863|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> | ||
| taxon = Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus | | taxon = Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus | ||
| authority = {{Interlanguage link | | authority = {{Interlanguage link|Karthikeyan Vasudevan|fr|lt=Vasudevan}} and Dutta, 2000 | ||
| synonyms = | | synonyms = | ||
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> | | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
Adult males measure {{convert|47|-|54|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|66|-|72|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> The eyes are protruding. The supra-tympanic fold is distinct.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> The fingers and toes are extensively webbed; the webbing is light yellow. Juveniles have distinctive black zebra-like pattern that becomes fainter in adults, resembling venation of leaf; the background colour is green.<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> | Adult males measure {{convert|47|-|54|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|66|-|72|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> The eyes are protruding. The supra-tympanic fold is distinct.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> The fingers and toes are extensively webbed; the webbing is light yellow to red-orange in color. Juveniles have distinctive black zebra-like pattern that becomes fainter in adults, resembling venation of leaf; the background colour is green.<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Scientists note that this is the only species in ''Rhacophorus'' to resemble a leaf in this way and speculate its purpose is [[camouflage]].<ref name=Amph /> | ||
==Habitat and conservation== | ==Habitat and conservation== | ||
''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' has been recorded in tropical moist evergreen forest,<ref name=IUCN/> in secondary forests on the fringe of abandoned cardamom plantation, in a marshy area beside a perennial stream outside a cardamom plantation,<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> and near an artificial water hole between the evergreen forest and tea plantation.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> Specimens have been recorded both in lower canopy and understorey vegetation and on the ground.<ref name= | ''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' has been recorded in tropical moist evergreen forest,<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar |date=2004 |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T59016A11869234 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59016A11869234.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> in secondary forests on the fringe of abandoned cardamom plantation, in a marshy area beside a perennial stream outside a cardamom plantation,<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> and near an artificial water hole between the evergreen forest and tea plantation.<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> Specimens have been recorded both in lower canopy and understorey vegetation and on the ground.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /><ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/><ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Its elevational range is {{convert|955|–|1430|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> Scientists note that one easy way to tell this frog apart from ''[[Rhacophorus malabaricus|R. malabaricus]]'' is to obeserve the elevation at which the specimen was found: ''R. malabaricus'' lives closer to sea level.<ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb | ||
|title= ''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 | |||
|author1= Amanda Lukas|author2= Rachel Alsheikh|author3= Jolina Liao | |||
|editor1= Ann T. Chang | |||
|date=March 26, 2018 | |||
|language= | |||
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/6527 | |||
|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> | |||
This species is known from at least two protected areas, [[Indira Gandhi National Park]]<ref name= | Reproduction takes place on vegetation overhanging marshy areas, ponds, and streams.<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /><ref name="Biju et al. 2013"/> The male frog's advertisement call resembles "trrr tik tik tik tik trrrr." [[Amplexus]] can last one hour. The female frog uses her hind legs and fluid from a gland near her cloaca to make a foam nest in which she deposits eggs, which the male subsequently fertilizes. The female frog will then cover the nest with leaves or grass using her front limbs.<ref name=Amph /> | ||
This species is known from at least two protected areas, [[Indira Gandhi National Park]]<ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022" /> and [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012"/> Outside the protected areas, it is threatened by [[habitat loss]] caused by conversion of forests to other uses as well as by timber extraction,<ref name="iucn status 14 November 2021" /> and conversion of forest to pastureland.<ref name=Amph /> | |||
Many nearby humans harbor a dislike for this frog: Cardamom farmers believe that the frog eats cardamom fruit and so consider the frog an agricultural pest. Scientists note that there is currently no evidence for or against this belief. Some farmers will pay others to catch and kill the frog. There is also a local belief that the frog is a bad omen, especially for pregnant women.<ref name=Amph /> | |||
This frog is one of many that is subject to capture for the illegal pet trade.<ref name=Amph /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|30em|refs= | {{Reflist|30em|refs= | ||
<ref name="Biju et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=S. D. |last2=Kamei |first2=Rachunliu G. |last3=Mahony |first3=Stephen |last4=Thomas |first4=Ashish |last5=Garg |first5=Sonali |last6=Sircar |first6=Gargi |last7=Suyesh |first7=Robin |name-list-style=amp |title=Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus ''Rhacophorus'' from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour |journal=Zootaxa |date=2013 |volume=3636 |issue=2 |pages=257–289 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.3}}</ref> | <ref name="Biju et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=S. D. |last2=Kamei |first2=Rachunliu G. |last3=Mahony |first3=Stephen |last4=Thomas |first4=Ashish |last5=Garg |first5=Sonali |last6=Sircar |first6=Gargi |last7=Suyesh |first7=Robin |name-list-style=amp |title=Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus ''Rhacophorus'' from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour |journal=Zootaxa |date=2013 |volume=3636 |issue=2 |pages=257–289 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.3|pmid=26042293 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Rhacophorus/Rhacophorus-pseudomalabaricus |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: | <ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Rhacophorus/Rhacophorus-pseudomalabaricus |title=''Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus'' Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jobin |first1=K. M. |last2=Nameer |first2=P. O. |name-list-style=amp |title=Diversity of rhacophorids (Amphibia: Anura) in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, Kerala, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=2012-10-26 |volume=4 |issue=13 |pages=3205–3214 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3081.3205-14|doi-access=free }}</ref> | <ref name="Jobin and Nameer 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jobin |first1=K. M. |last2=Nameer |first2=P. O. |name-list-style=amp |title=Diversity of rhacophorids (Amphibia: Anura) in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, Kerala, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=2012-10-26 |volume=4 |issue=13 |pages=3205–3214 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3081.3205-14|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
| Line 39: | Line 52: | ||
[[Category:Frogs of India]] | [[Category:Frogs of India]] | ||
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]] | [[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]] | ||
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]] | |||
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2000]] | [[Category:Amphibians described in 2000]] | ||
[[Category:Taxa named by Karthikeyan Vasudevan]] | [[Category:Taxa named by Karthikeyan Vasudevan]] | ||
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] | [[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:34, 17 March 2026
| Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| : | [[Template:Taxonomy/Rhacophorus]] |
| Species: | Template:Taxonomy/RhacophorusR. pseudomalabaricus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxonomy/RhacophorusRhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000
| |
Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus, also known as Anaimalai flying frog, false Malabar gliding frog,[2] and false Malabar tree frog,[3] is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to the Anaimalai Hills, a part of the southern the Western Ghats in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, India.[2]
Description[edit | edit source]
Adult males measure 47–54 mm (1.9–2.1 in) and adult females 66–72 mm (2.6–2.8 in) in snout–vent length.[4] The eyes are protruding. The supra-tympanic fold is distinct.[3] The fingers and toes are extensively webbed; the webbing is light yellow to red-orange in color. Juveniles have distinctive black zebra-like pattern that becomes fainter in adults, resembling venation of leaf; the background colour is green.[4] Scientists note that this is the only species in Rhacophorus to resemble a leaf in this way and speculate its purpose is camouflage.[5]
Habitat and conservation[edit | edit source]
Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus has been recorded in tropical moist evergreen forest,[6] in secondary forests on the fringe of abandoned cardamom plantation, in a marshy area beside a perennial stream outside a cardamom plantation,[4] and near an artificial water hole between the evergreen forest and tea plantation.[3] Specimens have been recorded both in lower canopy and understorey vegetation and on the ground.[6][3][4] Its elevational range is 955–1,430 m (3,133–4,692 ft) above sea level.[4] Scientists note that one easy way to tell this frog apart from R. malabaricus is to obeserve the elevation at which the specimen was found: R. malabaricus lives closer to sea level.[5]
Reproduction takes place on vegetation overhanging marshy areas, ponds, and streams.[6][4] The male frog's advertisement call resembles "trrr tik tik tik tik trrrr." Amplexus can last one hour. The female frog uses her hind legs and fluid from a gland near her cloaca to make a foam nest in which she deposits eggs, which the male subsequently fertilizes. The female frog will then cover the nest with leaves or grass using her front limbs.[5]
This species is known from at least two protected areas, Indira Gandhi National Park[1] and Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.[3] Outside the protected areas, it is threatened by habitat loss caused by conversion of forests to other uses as well as by timber extraction,[6] and conversion of forest to pastureland.[5]
Many nearby humans harbor a dislike for this frog: Cardamom farmers believe that the frog eats cardamom fruit and so consider the frog an agricultural pest. Scientists note that there is currently no evidence for or against this belief. Some farmers will pay others to catch and kill the frog. There is also a local belief that the frog is a bad omen, especially for pregnant women.[5]
This frog is one of many that is subject to capture for the illegal pet trade.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T59016A166109863. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Jobin, K. M. & Nameer, P. O. (26 October 2012). "Diversity of rhacophorids (Amphibia: Anura) in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, Kerala, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 4 (13): 3205–3214. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3081.3205-14.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Biju, S. D.; Kamei, Rachunliu G.; Mahony, Stephen; Thomas, Ashish; Garg, Sonali; Sircar, Gargi & Suyesh, Robin (2013). "Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour". Zootaxa. 3636 (2): 257–289. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.3. PMID 26042293.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Template:BioRef
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar (2004). "Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004 e.T59016A11869234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59016A11869234.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)