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{{Short description|1731 Indian yoga text}} | |||
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The '''''Joga Pradīpikā''''' ("A Small Light on Yoga") is a [[hatha yoga]] text by Ramanandi Jayatarama written in 1737 in a mixture of [[Hindi]], [[Braj Bhasa]], [[Khari Boli]] and forms close to [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Jayataramā|1999}}{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=28-29, 38-63}} It presents 6 [[Shatkarma|cleansing methods]], 84 [[asana]]s, 24 [[mudra]]s and 8 [[kumbhaka]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|pp=770–781}} The text is illustrated in an 1830 manuscript with 84 paintings of [[asana]]s, prepared about a hundred years after the text.{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=38-63}} | The '''''Joga Pradīpikā''''' (जोगप्रदीपिका, "A Small Light on Yoga") is a [[hatha yoga]] text by Ramanandi Jayatarama written in 1737 in a mixture of [[Hindi]], [[Braj Bhasa]], [[Khari Boli]] and forms close to [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Jayataramā|1999}}{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=28-29, 38-63}} It presents 6 [[Shatkarma|cleansing methods]], 84 [[asana]]s, 24 [[mudra]]s and 8 [[kumbhaka]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|pp=770–781}} The text is illustrated in an 1830 manuscript with 84 paintings of [[asana]]s, prepared about a hundred years after the text.{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=38-63}} | ||
==Topics== | ==Topics== | ||
[[File:Mahamudra in Jogapradipika.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[ | [[File:Mahamudra in Jogapradipika.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)|Mahāmudrā]]'' is listed among the text's asanas, thus conflating mudras with asanas.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=232-233}}]] | ||
The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' covers a broad range of topics on yoga, including the nature of the yogic [[subtle body]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=492}} [[Shatkarma|preliminary purifications]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=50}} yogic seals (mudrās),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=232-233}} [[asana]]s,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=89-92}} [[pranayama|prānāyāma]] (breath-control),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=127, 131, 133, 166-170, 264}} [[mantra]]s,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=264}} [[meditation]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=290}} liberation ([[moksha]]),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=401-3, 416, 431-432}} and [[samādhi]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=324-326, 343, 358}} | The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' covers a broad range of topics on yoga, including the nature of the yogic [[subtle body]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=492}} [[Shatkarma|preliminary purifications]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=50}} yogic seals (mudrās),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=232-233}} [[asana]]s,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=89-92}} [[pranayama|prānāyāma]] (breath-control),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=127, 131, 133, 166-170, 264}} [[mantra]]s,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=264}} [[meditation]],{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=290}} liberation ([[moksha]]),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=401-3, 416, 431-432}} and [[samādhi]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=324-326, 343, 358}} | ||
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Prānāyāma is stated to result in liberation, on its own,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=127, 168}} though some of its breath-control techniques also use mantras.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=264, 168-169}} The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' however asks the yogi to stay on as a physical body to serve the Lord, rather than choosing liberation.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=401, 416}} | Prānāyāma is stated to result in liberation, on its own,{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=127, 168}} though some of its breath-control techniques also use mantras.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=264, 168-169}} The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' however asks the yogi to stay on as a physical body to serve the Lord, rather than choosing liberation.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=401, 416}} | ||
The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' conflates the [[mudrās]] with asanas by describing the [[mahāmudrā]] as one of its 84 asanas. Like other late texts, it describes a relatively large number of mudrās, 24 in all.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=232-233}} | The ''Joga Pradīpikā'' conflates the [[mudrās]] with asanas by describing the [[Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)|mahāmudrā]] as one of its 84 asanas. Like other late texts, it describes a relatively large number of mudrās, 24 in all.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=232-233}} | ||
On meditation, the text reworks the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'''s meditation of the goddess [[Sītā]] and the god [[Rāma]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=290}} On samādhi, the yogi reaches it by the "bee cave" in the [[Sahasrara|sahasrara chakra]], the "thousand-petalled lotus", with an unending "unstruck sound".{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=358}} | On meditation, the text reworks the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''{{'}}s meditation of the goddess [[Sītā]] and the god [[Rāma]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=290}} On samādhi, the yogi reaches it by the "bee cave" in the [[Sahasrara|sahasrara chakra]], the "thousand-petalled lotus", with an unending "unstruck sound".{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=358}} | ||
==Asanas== | == Asanas == | ||
The description of 84 asanas occupies 314 out of 964 verses in the 1737 version. Most of the asanas are said to [[Yoga as therapy|bring therapeutic benefits]]; all of them ask the practitioner to direct the gaze ([[Drishti (yoga)|drishti]]) at the point between the eyebrows or at the end of the nose.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=89-92}} | The description of 84 asanas occupies 314 out of 964 verses in the 1737 version. Most of the asanas are said to [[Yoga as therapy|bring therapeutic benefits]]; all of them ask the practitioner to direct the gaze ([[Drishti (yoga)|drishti]]) at the point between the eyebrows or at the end of the nose.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=89-92}} | ||
The 84 asanas described and illustrated in the 1830 document include some that are widely practised in modern [[yoga as exercise|yoga]], but its selection differs markedly from that in other [[hatha yoga]] texts such as the ''[[Hatha Ratnavali]]''. Many of the illustrated poses are [[Meditation seat|seated asanas used for meditation]], including the ancient [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] and [[Siddhasana]], both of which appear twice in the set of illustrations. The number 84 is symbolic rather than literal, indicating that a set is complete and sacred.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|pp=770–781}}{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=38-63}} | The 84 asanas described and illustrated in the 1830 document include some that are widely practised in modern [[yoga as exercise|yoga]], but its selection differs markedly from that in other [[hatha yoga]] texts such as the ''[[Hatha Ratnavali]]''. Many of the illustrated poses are [[Meditation seat|seated asanas used for meditation]], including the ancient [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] and [[Siddhasana]], both of which appear twice in the set of illustrations. The number 84 is symbolic rather than literal, indicating that a set is complete and sacred.{{efn|name=symbolism|84's symbolism may derive from its astrological and numerological properties: it is the product of 7, the number of planets in [[astrology]], and 12, the number of [[signs of the zodiac]], while in [[numerology]], 7 is the sum of 3 and 4, and 12 is the product, i.e. 84 is (3+4)×(3×4).<ref name="Rosen 2017">{{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Rosen (yoga teacher) |title=Yoga FAQ: Almost Everything You Need to Know about Yoga-from Asanas to Yamas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oBPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |year=2017 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-8348-4057-7 |pages=171–}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|pp=770–781}}{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=38-63}}{{-}} | ||
<gallery mode=packed heights=175px> | <gallery mode=packed heights=175px> | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References== | == Notes == | ||
{{notelist}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
==Sources== | == Sources == | ||
* {{cite book |last=Bühnemann |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions |date=2007 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8124604175 |pages= | * {{cite book |last=Bühnemann |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions |date=2007 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8124604175 |pages=38–63 }} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Jayataramā |first1=Ramanandi |title=Jogpradīpikā of Jayataramā |editor1-last=Gharote |editor1-first=M. L. |date=1999 |publisher=Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute |location=Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India}} | * {{cite book |last1=Jayataramā |first1=Ramanandi |title=Jogpradīpikā of Jayataramā |editor1-last=Gharote |editor1-first=M. L. |date=1999 |publisher=Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute |location=Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India}} | ||
* {{cite | * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |entry=Haṭha Yoga |encyclopedia=Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=3 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |pages=770–781}} | ||
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author-link1=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=[[Roots of Yoga]] | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104 }} | * {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author-link1=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=[[Roots of Yoga]] | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104 }} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:58, 17 October 2025
The Joga Pradīpikā (जोगप्रदीपिका, "A Small Light on Yoga") is a hatha yoga text by Ramanandi Jayatarama written in 1737 in a mixture of Hindi, Braj Bhasa, Khari Boli and forms close to Sanskrit.[1][2] It presents 6 cleansing methods, 84 asanas, 24 mudras and 8 kumbhakas.[3] The text is illustrated in an 1830 manuscript with 84 paintings of asanas, prepared about a hundred years after the text.[4]
Topics[edit | edit source]
The Joga Pradīpikā covers a broad range of topics on yoga, including the nature of the yogic subtle body,[6] preliminary purifications,[7] yogic seals (mudrās),[5] asanas,[8] prānāyāma (breath-control),[9] mantras,[10] meditation,[11] liberation (moksha),[12] and samādhi.[13]
One of the purifications in the text is the mulashishnasodhana, "the cleansing of the anus and the penis", which calls for water to be drawn into the anus and squirted out through the penis, which James Mallinson and Mark Singleton gloss as "a feat which is, of course, anatomically impossible."[7]
Prānāyāma is stated to result in liberation, on its own,[14] though some of its breath-control techniques also use mantras.[15] The Joga Pradīpikā however asks the yogi to stay on as a physical body to serve the Lord, rather than choosing liberation.[16]
The Joga Pradīpikā conflates the mudrās with asanas by describing the mahāmudrā as one of its 84 asanas. Like other late texts, it describes a relatively large number of mudrās, 24 in all.[5]
On meditation, the text reworks the Bhagavata Purana's meditation of the goddess Sītā and the god Rāma.[11] On samādhi, the yogi reaches it by the "bee cave" in the sahasrara chakra, the "thousand-petalled lotus", with an unending "unstruck sound".[17]
Asanas[edit | edit source]
The description of 84 asanas occupies 314 out of 964 verses in the 1737 version. Most of the asanas are said to bring therapeutic benefits; all of them ask the practitioner to direct the gaze (drishti) at the point between the eyebrows or at the end of the nose.[8]
The 84 asanas described and illustrated in the 1830 document include some that are widely practised in modern yoga, but its selection differs markedly from that in other hatha yoga texts such as the Hatha Ratnavali. Many of the illustrated poses are seated asanas used for meditation, including the ancient Padmasana and Siddhasana, both of which appear twice in the set of illustrations. The number 84 is symbolic rather than literal, indicating that a set is complete and sacred.[lower-alpha 1][3][4]
-
-
-
-
16 Mayurasana -
17 Kapali asana -
22 Gorakshasana -
-
-
81 Kurmasana -
84 Siddhasana
_from_Jogapradipika_1830.jpg)
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 84's symbolism may derive from its astrological and numerological properties: it is the product of 7, the number of planets in astrology, and 12, the number of signs of the zodiac, while in numerology, 7 is the sum of 3 and 4, and 12 is the product, i.e. 84 is (3+4)×(3×4).[18]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Jayataramā 1999.
- ↑ Bühnemann 2007, pp. 28-29, 38-63.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallinson 2011, pp. 770–781.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bühnemann 2007, pp. 38-63.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 232-233.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 492.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 50.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 89-92.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 127, 131, 133, 166-170, 264.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 264.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 290.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 401-3, 416, 431-432.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 324-326, 343, 358.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 127, 168.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 264, 168-169.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 401, 416.
- ↑ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 358.
- ↑ Rosen, Richard (2017). Yoga FAQ: Almost Everything You Need to Know about Yoga-from Asanas to Yamas. Shambhala. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-8348-4057-7.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Bühnemann, Gudrun (2007). Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld. pp. 38–63. ISBN 978-8124604175.
- Jayataramā, Ramanandi (1999). Gharote, M. L. (ed.). Jogpradīpikā of Jayataramā. Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India: Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute.
- Mallinson, James (2011). "Haṭha Yoga". In Knut A. Jacobsen; et al. (eds.). Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. ISBN 978-90-04-27128-9.
- Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.