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{{Short description|1665 treaty | {{Short description|1665 treaty between Mughals and Shivaji}} | ||
[[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|[[Shivaji]] On the way to meet [[Jai Singh I]].]] | [[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|[[Shivaji]] On the way to meet [[Jai Singh I]].]] | ||
The '''Treaty of Purandar''' was signed on 11 June 1665, between [[Jai Singh I]], commander of the [[Mughal Empire]], and [[Shivaji]]. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged [[Purandar fort]]. | The '''Treaty of Purandar''' was signed on 11 June 1665, between [[Jai Singh I]], commander of the [[Mughal Empire]], and [[Shivaji]]. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged [[Purandar fort]]. The terms of the treaty made Shivaji | ||
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] receiving [[Shivaji]] a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar (12 June 1665).]] | [[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] receiving [[Shivaji]] a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar (12 June 1665).]] | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
Shivaji | Following Shivaji's rebellion and hostilities against the Mughal empire in collaboration with the Adilshahi dynasty. Aurangzeb sent his senior most general Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to subdue Shivaji Maharaj and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times lo |publisher=Longmass, Green and co. |year=1920 |edition=Second |location=New York, United States of America |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Siege of Purandar== | ==Siege of Purandar== | ||
{{Further|Battle of Purandar}} | {{Further|Battle of Purandar}} | ||
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort in 1665. He | Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort in 1665. He conquered the neighbouring Vajragad fort in the middle of April. He surrounded Purandar and attacked the walls of the fort with cannons. The Marathas suffered heavy casualties. Due to this, Shivaji decided to meet Jai Singh and accept the terms of peace. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times |publisher=Longmass, Green and co. |year=1920 |edition=Second |location=New York, United States of America |pages=138–137 |language=en |chapter=Shivaji And Jai Singh 1665}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref> | ||
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}} | |||
==Terms of | |||
==Terms of the treaty== | |||
[[File:The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg|thumb|Shivaji submits to Jai Singh]] | |||
Following are the main points of the treaty: | Following are the main points of the treaty: | ||
# Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 [[lakh]]) huns. | # Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 [[lakh]]) huns.<ref name="Marathas2008" > Gordon Stewart (2008), The Marathas 1600-1818 pg 73-4</ref> | ||
# Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required | # Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required. <ref name="Marathas2008" /> | ||
# Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force to fight for Mughals as Mansabdar. | # Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force to fight for Mughals as Mansabdar.<ref name="Marathas2008" /> | ||
# If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]'s control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals. | # If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]'s control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals.<ref name="Marathas2008" /> | ||
# He had to give up his 23 forts, which include [[Purandar fort|Purandar]], Rudramal, [[Kondana]], [[Karnala Fort|Karnala]], [[Lohagad]], [[Visapur|Isagad]], Tung, [[Tikona]], [[Rohida fort]], Nardurga, [[Mahuli]], Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, [[Manikgad (Raigad)]], Saroopgad, [[Sagargad]], Marakgad, [[Ghangad|Ankola]], [[Songad]], and [[Fort Mangad|Mangad]]. | # He had to give up his 23 forts, which include [[Purandar fort|Purandar]], Rudramal, [[Kondana]], [[Karnala Fort|Karnala]], [[Lohagad]], [[Visapur|Isagad]], Tung, [[Tikona]], [[Rohida fort]], Nardurga, [[Mahuli]], Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, [[Manikgad (Raigad)]], Saroopgad, [[Sagargad]], Marakgad, [[Ghangad|Ankola]], [[Songad]], and [[Fort Mangad|Mangad]]. <ref name="Marathas2008" /> | ||
Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit [[Agra]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] for further political talks. | Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit [[Agra]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] for further political talks.<ref name="Marathas2008" /> | ||
== Aftermath == | == Aftermath == | ||
Jai Singh | Following Shivaji's surrender, Jai Singh ended the siege on Purandar, allowing 7000 residents of the fort to come out which included 4000 Maratha soldiers. Shivaji handed over his forts to Jai Singh. Following the failed rebellion, Shivaji wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref> | ||
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}} | |||
Later Shivaji travelled to Agra to Aurangzeb's court. But Aurangzeb put him under house arrest for a few months. Shivaji managed to escape and returned home. Aurangzeb blamed Jai Singh's son Ram Singh for Shivaji's escape and demoted him.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| editor = Gordan Stewart | | editor = Gordan Stewart | ||
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ||
| | | isbn = 9780521268837 | ||
}}. | }}. | ||
* {{Citation | * {{Citation | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Purandar (1665)}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Purandar (1665)}} | ||
[[Category:1665 treaties]] | [[Category:1665 treaties]] | ||
[[Category:Treaties of the Mughal Empire|Purandar 1665]] | [[Category:Treaties of the Mughal Empire|Purandar 1665]] | ||
[[Category:Treaties of the Maratha Empire|Purandar 1665]] | [[Category:Treaties of the Maratha Empire|Purandar 1665]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:05, 3 March 2026
The Treaty of Purandar was signed on 11 June 1665, between Jai Singh I, commander of the Mughal Empire, and Shivaji. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. The terms of the treaty made Shivaji
Background[edit | edit source]
Following Shivaji's rebellion and hostilities against the Mughal empire in collaboration with the Adilshahi dynasty. Aurangzeb sent his senior most general Mirza Raja Jai Singh to subdue Shivaji Maharaj and the Adil Shahi dynasty.[1]
Siege of Purandar[edit | edit source]
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort in 1665. He conquered the neighbouring Vajragad fort in the middle of April. He surrounded Purandar and attacked the walls of the fort with cannons. The Marathas suffered heavy casualties. Due to this, Shivaji decided to meet Jai Singh and accept the terms of peace. [2] Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: [3][4]
"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."
Terms of the treaty[edit | edit source]
Following are the main points of the treaty:
- Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 lakh) huns.[5]
- Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required. [5]
- Shivaji's son Sambhaji was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force to fight for Mughals as Mansabdar.[5]
- If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under Bijapur's control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals.[5]
- He had to give up his 23 forts, which include Purandar, Rudramal, Kondana, Karnala, Lohagad, Isagad, Tung, Tikona, Rohida fort, Nardurga, Mahuli, Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, Manikgad (Raigad), Saroopgad, Sagargad, Marakgad, Ankola, Songad, and Mangad. [5]
Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit Agra to meet Aurangzeb for further political talks.[5]
Aftermath[edit | edit source]
Following Shivaji's surrender, Jai Singh ended the siege on Purandar, allowing 7000 residents of the fort to come out which included 4000 Maratha soldiers. Shivaji handed over his forts to Jai Singh. Following the failed rebellion, Shivaji wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."[6][7] On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:[3]
Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...
Later Shivaji travelled to Agra to Aurangzeb's court. But Aurangzeb put him under house arrest for a few months. Shivaji managed to escape and returned home. Aurangzeb blamed Jai Singh's son Ram Singh for Shivaji's escape and demoted him.[1]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). Shivaji And His Times lo (Second ed.). New York, United States of America: Longmass, Green and co.
- ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). "Shivaji And Jai Singh 1665". Shivaji And His Times (Second ed.). New York, United States of America: Longmass, Green and co. pp. 138–137.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Eraly, Abraham (2007). "The Maratha Nemesis". Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls. Penguin Books Limited. p. 661. ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7.
- ↑ Sardesai, H. S. (2002). Shivaji, the Great Maratha. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 347. ISBN 978-81-7755-284-3.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Gordon Stewart (2008), The Marathas 1600-1818 pg 73-4
- ↑ Wink, André (2007-12-03). "Brahman,king and emperor". Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya. Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-05180-4.
- ↑ Mahendra Pratap Singh (2001). Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism. Books India International. p. 201.
- Stewart, S. (1993), Gordan Stewart (ed.), The Marathas 1600-1818 (vol 2) Pg No. 73-74., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521268837.
- John Murray, S. (1841), Mountstuart Elphinstone (ed.), The History of India (Vol. 2) Pg No. 475-476..