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{{Short description|Genus of apes}} | {{Short description|Genus of apes}} | ||
{{Automatic taxobox | {{Automatic taxobox | ||
| name = Hoolock gibbons<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Primates | id = 12100753 | pages=178–179}}</ref><ref name=Mootnick>{{cite journal | last1= Mootnick | first1= A. |author2= Groves, C. P. | year = 2005 | title = A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae) | journal = International Journal of Primatology | issue = | | name = Hoolock gibbons<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Primates | id = 12100753 | pages=178–179}}</ref><ref name=Mootnick>{{cite journal | last1= Mootnick | first1= A. |author2= Groves, C. P. | year = 2005 | title = A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae) | journal = International Journal of Primatology | issue = 4 | pages = 971–976 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4 | volume = 26| s2cid= 8394136 }}</ref> | ||
| image = Gibbon Hoolock de l'ouest.JPG | | image = Gibbon Hoolock de l'ouest.JPG | ||
| taxon = Hoolock | | taxon = Hoolock | ||
| authority = [[Alan Mootnick|Mootnick]] & [[Colin Groves|Groves]], 2005 | | authority = [[Alan Mootnick|Mootnick]] & [[Colin Groves|Groves]], 2005 | ||
| type_species = ''[[Hoolock hoolock|Simia hoolock]]'' | |||
| type_species_authority = [[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1834<ref name=Mootnick /> | |||
| subdivision_ranks = Species | | subdivision_ranks = Species | ||
| subdivision = | | subdivision = *''[[Hoolock hoolock]]'' | ||
*''[[Hoolock hoolock]]'' | |||
*''[[Hoolock leuconedys]]'' | *''[[Hoolock leuconedys]]'' | ||
*''[[Hoolock tianxing]]''<ref name="FanEtAl2017">{{cite journal|last1=Fan|first1=P-F|last2=He|first2=K|last3=Chen|first3=X|last4=Ortiz|first4=A|last5=Zhang|first5=B|last6=Zhao|first6=C|last7=Li|first7=Y-Q|last8=Zhang|first8=H-B|last9=Kimock|first9=C|last10=Wang|first10=W-Z|last11=Groves|first11=C|last12=Turvey|first12=S.T|last13=Roos|first13=C|last14=Helgen|first14=K.M|last15=Jiang|first15=X-L|title=Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy | *''[[Hoolock tianxing]]''<ref name="FanEtAl2017">{{cite journal|last1=Fan|first1=P-F|last2=He|first2=K|last3=Chen|first3=X|last4=Ortiz|first4=A|last5=Zhang|first5=B|last6=Zhao|first6=C|last7=Li|first7=Y-Q|last8=Zhang|first8=H-B|last9=Kimock|first9=C|last10=Wang|first10=W-Z|last11=Groves|first11=C|last12=Turvey|first12=S.T|last13=Roos|first13=C|last14=Helgen|first14=K.M|last15=Jiang|first15=X-L|title=Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |date=2017 |issue=5 |article-number=e22631 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22631 |pmid=28073165 |s2cid=3882019 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529319/11/turvey_A%20new%20hoolock%20gibbon-0826%20AJP-CR1_Fan3_STT_AO-CR_1027.pdf |access-date=2019-02-01 |archive-date=2018-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722060305/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529319/11/turvey_A%20new%20hoolock%20gibbon-0826%20AJP-CR1_Fan3_STT_AO-CR_1027.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
Hoolocks are the second-largest of the gibbons, after the [[siamang]]. They reach a size of 60 to 90 | Hoolocks are the second-largest of the gibbons, after the [[siamang]]. They reach a size of {{cvt|60 to 90|cm}} and weigh {{cvt|6 to 9|kg}}. The sexes are about the same size, but they differ considerably in coloration; males are black-colored with remarkable white brows, while females have a grey-brown fur, which is darker at the chest and neck. White rings around their eyes and mouths give their faces a mask-like appearance. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' says that the name "hoolock" is from "a language of Assam." | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
In northeast India, the hoolock | [[File:Range of the 4 gibbon genera.jpg|thumb|400px|Range of the hoolock and other gibbons]] | ||
In Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbons were distributed across 35 forest fragments. The largest of these (Lawachara and Kaptai) supported 42 and 84 individuals respectively, but 17 of the fragments had less than ten individuals. For a better overview the forest fragments are grouped into 13 areas. All areas are located within Chittagong and Sylhet divisions, mostly near the eastern border of the country. In China, in historical times, the skywalker gibbon was recorded in nine counties in the west bank of the Salween River in westernmost Yunnan province. Based on more recent interview surveys conducted in | In northeast India, the western hoolock gibbons' range extends into the seven northeastern states of India, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Anwaruddin |title=Ecology of the hoolock gibbon (''Hylobates hoolock''), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |date=1991 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=147–153 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400005228 |jstor=2559687|s2cid=86606996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Anwaruddin |title=The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, ''Hoolock hoolock'', in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India |journal=Primate Conservation |date=2006 |volume=20 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79|doi-access=free }}</ref> The hoolock is found south of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]], and the north bank and east areas of the [[Dibang River|Dibang river]].<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1987) "Notes on the distribution and conservation of Phayre's leaf monkey and Hoolock gibbon in India." ''Tigerpaper'' 14(2): 2–6</ref> In Assam the species is protected at the [[Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary|Hollongapar Gibbon sanctuary]], which support 125 individuals of the species, as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ashvita |date=2023-11-25 |title=In Assam, railway line expansion and electrification threaten the hoolock gibbon, India's only ape |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059458/in-assam-railway-line-expansion-and-electrification-threaten-the-hoolock-gibbon-indias-only-ape |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126082829/https://scroll.in/article/1059458/in-assam-railway-line-expansion-and-electrification-threaten-the-hoolock-gibbon-indias-only-ape |url-status=live }}</ref> In Meghalaya they are found in every district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Anwaruddin |date=2006 |title=The Distribution and Status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79 |journal=Primate Conservation |language=en |volume=20 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79 |issn=0898-6207}}</ref> | ||
In Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbons were distributed across 35 forest fragments. The largest of these (Lawachara and Kaptai) supported 42 and 84 individuals respectively, but 17 of the fragments had less than ten individuals. For a better overview the forest fragments are grouped into 13 areas. All areas are located within Chittagong and Sylhet divisions, mostly near the eastern border of the country. | |||
In China, in historical times, the skywalker gibbon was recorded in nine counties in the west bank of the Salween River in westernmost Yunnan province. Based on more recent interview surveys conducted in October–November 2008 and field surveys conducted in Mar, Apr, and Aug 2009, the current Chinese population of hoolock gibbons was found to be restricted to three counties (Baoshan, Tengchong, and Yingjiang). The population size was estimated to be less than 200 individuals. | |||
In Myanmar, all three species of hoolock gibbon can be found in the forested areas west of Thanlwin river. Of all four distribution countries, Myanmar holds the key population of all three species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Grindley |first2=M. E. |first3=Ngwe |last3=Lwin |first4=Saw Soe |last4=Aung |first5=Thet Naing |last5=Aung |first6=Saw Blaw |last6=Htoo |last7=Momberg |first7=F. |year=2013 |title=The Conservation Status of Hoolock Gibbons in Myanmar |publisher=Gibbon Conservation Alliance |location=Zürich, Switzerland |pages=xii + 157 |isbn=978-3-033-04358-9}}</ref> | |||
==Behaviour and diet== | ==Behaviour and diet== | ||
Like the other gibbons, they are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] and [[arboreal]], [[brachiation|brachiating]] through the trees with their long arms. They live together in monogamous pairs, which stake out a territory. Their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. Their diet consists mainly of fruits, insects and leaves. | Like the other gibbons, they are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] and [[arboreal]], [[brachiation|brachiating]] through the trees with their long arms. They live together in monogamous pairs, which stake out a territory. Their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. Their diet consists mainly of fruits, insects and leaves. | ||
==Breeding and lifecycle== | ==Breeding and lifecycle== | ||
Young hoolocks are born after a 7-month gestation, with milky white or buff-colored hair. After about 6 months, the hair of males darkens and turns black, while the females' hair remains buff-colored throughout their lives. After | Young hoolocks are born after a 7-month gestation, with milky white or buff-colored hair. After about 6 months, the hair of males darkens and turns black, while the females' hair remains buff-colored throughout their lives. After 8–9 years, they are fully mature and their fur reaches its final coloration. Their life expectancy in the wild is about 25 years. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
[[File:Mâle Gibbon Hoolock de l'Ouest.jpg|thumb|Western hoolock gibbon]] | [[File:Mâle Gibbon Hoolock de l'Ouest.jpg|thumb|Western hoolock gibbon]] | ||
[[File:Hoolock Gibbon Call.ogg|thumb|Call of hoolock gibbon from Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Assam]] | [[File:Hoolock Gibbon Call.ogg|thumb|Call of hoolock gibbon from Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Assam]] | ||
The classification of this gibbon has changed several times in the past few years. Classically, all gibbons were classified in the genus ''Hylobates'', with the exception of the siamang. After some studies, the genus was divided into three subgenera (including the | The classification of this gibbon has changed several times in the past few years. Classically, all gibbons were classified in the genus ''Hylobates'', with the exception of the siamang. After some studies, the genus was divided into three subgenera (including the siamangs ''Symphalangus''), and then into four (recognizing ''[[Bunopithecus]]'' as the hoolock subgenus distinct from other gibbon subgenera). These four subgenera were elevated to full genus status. However, the [[type species]] for ''Bunopithecus'' is ''[[Bunopithecus|Bunopithecus sericus]]'', an extinct gibbon or gibbon-like ape from [[Sichuan]], China. Very recent investigations have shown that the hoolock gibbons are not closely related to ''B. sericus'', so they have been placed in their own genus, ''Hoolock''. In the process, the two subspecies of hoolock gibbons have been raised to species level.<ref name=MSW3/><ref name=Mootnick/> A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, ''H. hoolock mishmiensis''.<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> A further new species, ''H. tianxing'', with an estimated population of about 200, was discovered in southwest China in 2017.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/11/new-species-of-gibbon-discovered-in-china |title=New species of gibbon discovered in China |first=Georgia |last=Brown |date=11 January 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427204527/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/11/new-species-of-gibbon-discovered-in-china |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The species of hoolock are:<ref name=Mootnick/><ref name="guardian"/> | The species of hoolock are:<ref name=Mootnick/><ref name="guardian"/> | ||
{{Species table |genus=[[Hoolock]] |authority-name= [[Alan Mootnick|Mootnick]] & [[Colin Groves|Groves]]|authority-year= 2005 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}} | |||
{{Species table/row | |||
|name= Western hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock hoolock]] | |||
|image=File:Hoolock hoolock 001.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt= | |||
|authority-name=Harlan |authority-year= 1834|authority-not-original=yes | |||
|range= India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar | |||
|range-image=File:Western Hoolock Gibbon area.png | |||
|range-image-size=180px | |||
|size= | |||
|habitat= | |||
|hunting= | |||
|iucn-status= EN | |||
|population= | |||
|direction= | |||
|subspecies= | |||
}} | |||
{{Species table/row | |||
|name= Eastern hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock leuconedys]] | |||
|image=File:Unknown animal 5 (Sitesh Babu's Zoo).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt= | |||
|authority-name=Groves |authority-year= 1967|authority-not-original=yes | |||
|range= China(Yunnan) and Myanmar | |||
|range-image=File:Eastern Hoolock Gibbon area.png | |||
|range-image-size=180px | |||
|size= | |||
|habitat= | |||
|hunting= | |||
|iucn-status= VU | |||
|population= | |||
|direction= | |||
|subspecies= | |||
}} | |||
{{Species table/row | |||
|name= Skywalker hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock tianxing]]<ref name="FanEtAl2017"/> | |||
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt= | |||
|authority-name=Fan et al. |authority-year= 2017|authority-not-original= | |||
|range= Myanmar and southwestern China | |||
|range-image=File:Distribution Hoolock tianxing.jpg | |||
|range-image-size=180px | |||
|size= | |||
|habitat= | |||
|hunting= | |||
|iucn-status= EN | |||
|population=150 | |||
|direction= | |||
|subspecies= | |||
}} | |||
{{Species table/end}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*ARKive – [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423075532/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Bunopithecus_hoolock/ images and movies of the hoolock gibbon ''(Bunopithecus hoolock)''] | |||
*ARKive | |||
*[http://www.gibbons.de/main/photo/08hool.html Hoolock gibbon photos] | *[http://www.gibbons.de/main/photo/08hool.html Hoolock gibbon photos] | ||
*[http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound/07hool.html Hoolock gibbon songs] | *[http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound/07hool.html Hoolock gibbon songs] | ||
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{{Hylobatidae nav}} | {{Hylobatidae nav}} | ||
{{Haplorhini|Ho.}} | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q303166}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q303166}} | ||
[[Category:Hoolock| ]] | [[Category:Hoolock gibbons| ]] | ||
[[Category:Gibbons]] | [[Category:Gibbons]] | ||
[[Category:Taxa named by Colin Groves]] | [[Category:Taxa named by Colin Groves]] | ||
Latest revision as of 03:27, 24 March 2026
| Hoolock gibbons[1][2] | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| : | [[Template:Taxonomy/Hoolock]] Mootnick & Groves, 2005 |
| Type species | |
| Simia hoolock | |
| Species | |
The hoolock gibbons are three primate species of genus Hoolock in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, native to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India, Myanmar, and Southwest China.
Description[edit | edit source]
Hoolocks are the second-largest of the gibbons, after the siamang. They reach a size of 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) and weigh 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb). The sexes are about the same size, but they differ considerably in coloration; males are black-colored with remarkable white brows, while females have a grey-brown fur, which is darker at the chest and neck. White rings around their eyes and mouths give their faces a mask-like appearance. The Oxford English Dictionary says that the name "hoolock" is from "a language of Assam."
Distribution[edit | edit source]
In northeast India, the western hoolock gibbons' range extends into the seven northeastern states of India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura.[4][5] The hoolock is found south of Brahmaputra river, and the north bank and east areas of the Dibang river.[6] In Assam the species is protected at the Hollongapar Gibbon sanctuary, which support 125 individuals of the species, as of 2023.[7] In Meghalaya they are found in every district.[8]
In Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbons were distributed across 35 forest fragments. The largest of these (Lawachara and Kaptai) supported 42 and 84 individuals respectively, but 17 of the fragments had less than ten individuals. For a better overview the forest fragments are grouped into 13 areas. All areas are located within Chittagong and Sylhet divisions, mostly near the eastern border of the country.
In China, in historical times, the skywalker gibbon was recorded in nine counties in the west bank of the Salween River in westernmost Yunnan province. Based on more recent interview surveys conducted in October–November 2008 and field surveys conducted in Mar, Apr, and Aug 2009, the current Chinese population of hoolock gibbons was found to be restricted to three counties (Baoshan, Tengchong, and Yingjiang). The population size was estimated to be less than 200 individuals.
In Myanmar, all three species of hoolock gibbon can be found in the forested areas west of Thanlwin river. Of all four distribution countries, Myanmar holds the key population of all three species.[9]
Behaviour and diet[edit | edit source]
Like the other gibbons, they are diurnal and arboreal, brachiating through the trees with their long arms. They live together in monogamous pairs, which stake out a territory. Their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. Their diet consists mainly of fruits, insects and leaves.
Breeding and lifecycle[edit | edit source]
Young hoolocks are born after a 7-month gestation, with milky white or buff-colored hair. After about 6 months, the hair of males darkens and turns black, while the females' hair remains buff-colored throughout their lives. After 8–9 years, they are fully mature and their fur reaches its final coloration. Their life expectancy in the wild is about 25 years.
Classification[edit | edit source]
The classification of this gibbon has changed several times in the past few years. Classically, all gibbons were classified in the genus Hylobates, with the exception of the siamang. After some studies, the genus was divided into three subgenera (including the siamangs Symphalangus), and then into four (recognizing Bunopithecus as the hoolock subgenus distinct from other gibbon subgenera). These four subgenera were elevated to full genus status. However, the type species for Bunopithecus is Bunopithecus sericus, an extinct gibbon or gibbon-like ape from Sichuan, China. Very recent investigations have shown that the hoolock gibbons are not closely related to B. sericus, so they have been placed in their own genus, Hoolock. In the process, the two subspecies of hoolock gibbons have been raised to species level.[1][2] A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, H. hoolock mishmiensis.[10] A further new species, H. tianxing, with an estimated population of about 200, was discovered in southwest China in 2017.[11]
The species of hoolock are:[2][11] Template:Species table
Template:Species table/row Template:Species table/end
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:MSW3 Primates
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (4): 971–976. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4. S2CID 8394136.
- ↑ Fan, P-F; He, K; Chen, X; Ortiz, A; Zhang, B; Zhao, C; Li, Y-Q; Zhang, H-B; Kimock, C; Wang, W-Z; Groves, C; Turvey, S.T; Roos, C; Helgen, K.M; Jiang, X-L (2017). "Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 79 (5) e22631. doi:10.1002/ajp.22631. PMID 28073165. S2CID 3882019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
- ↑ Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1991). "Ecology of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 7 (1): 147–153. doi:10.1017/S0266467400005228. JSTOR 2559687. S2CID 86606996.
- ↑ Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2006). "The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India". Primate Conservation. 20: 79–87. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79.
- ↑ Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1987) "Notes on the distribution and conservation of Phayre's leaf monkey and Hoolock gibbon in India." Tigerpaper 14(2): 2–6
- ↑ Anand, Ashvita (2023-11-25). "In Assam, railway line expansion and electrification threaten the hoolock gibbon, India's only ape". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ↑ Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2006). "The Distribution and Status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India". Primate Conservation. 20: 79–87. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79. ISSN 0898-6207.
- ↑ Geissmann, T.; Grindley, M. E.; Lwin, Ngwe; Aung, Saw Soe; Aung, Thet Naing; Htoo, Saw Blaw; Momberg, F. (2013). The Conservation Status of Hoolock Gibbons in Myanmar. Zürich, Switzerland: Gibbon Conservation Alliance. pp. xii + 157. ISBN 978-3-033-04358-9.
- ↑ Choudhury, A. U. (2013). "Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from North East India". The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India. 9: 49–59.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Brown, Georgia (11 January 2017). "New species of gibbon discovered in China". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2017.