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[[File:Mustard plant flower.jpg|thumb|Flower of mustard plant]] | [[File:Mustard plant flower.jpg|thumb|Flower of mustard plant]] | ||
The '''mustard plant''' is any one of several plant species in the genera ''[[Brassica]]'' and ''[[Sinapis]]'' in the family [[Brassicaceae]] (the mustard family). [[Mustard seed]] is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as [[Mustard (condiment)|prepared mustard]]. The seeds can also be pressed to make [[mustard oil]], and the edible leaves can be eaten as [[Brassica juncea|mustard greens]]. | The '''mustard plant''' is any one of several plant species in the genera ''[[Brassica]]'', ''[[Rhamphospermum]]'' and ''[[Sinapis]]'' in the family [[Brassicaceae]] (the mustard family). [[Mustard seed]] is used as a [[spice]]. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as [[Mustard (condiment)|prepared mustard]]. The seeds can also be pressed to make [[mustard oil]], and the edible leaves can be eaten as [[Brassica juncea|mustard greens]]. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyerges|first=Christopher|title=Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods|publisher=Falcon Guides|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4930-2534-3|location=Guilford, CT|oclc=965922681}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flora.org.il/en/books/plant-stories-2/chapter-e/useful_plants_e2/|title=Edible Leaves and Fruits}}</ref><ref>Warnock, Barton H. (1977) "Wildflowers of the Davis Mountains and the Marathon Basin, Texas", p. 111</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]] | [[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]] | ||
Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, | Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, [[Archaeology|archeological]] records for any of these crops are not reported. Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the [[radish]] and [[turnip]], can be found throughout West Asia and Europe, suggesting their [[domestication]] took place somewhere in that area.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK |year=2012 |page=139|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11300}}</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' states that mustard was grown by the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Civilization]] of 2500–1700 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to [[Sumer]]ian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".<ref>"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <{{cite web |url=http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |title=The Mustard Site | What is Mustard? |access-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325032401/http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |archive-date=2016-03-25 }}>.</ref> | ||
A | A 2021 genetic study of ''B. rapa'' concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in [[Central Asia]], and turnips or oilseeds might have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.<ref name="mbe">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlvay AC, Ragsdale AP, Mabry ME, Qi X, Bird KA, Velasco P, An H, Pires JC, Emshwiller E |title=Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=3358–3372 |date=July 2021 |pmid=33930151 |pmc=8321528 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab108}}</ref> | ||
==Species== | ==Species== | ||
[[File:WhiteMustard.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wild white mustard (''Sinapis alba'')]] | [[File:WhiteMustard.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wild white mustard (''Sinapis alba'')]] | ||
[[White mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'') grows wild in [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], and [[Mediterranean]] Europe, and has spread | [[White mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'') grows wild in [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], and [[Mediterranean]] Europe, and has spread further by long [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]]; brown mustard (''[[Brassica juncea]]''), initially from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/agriculture/2021/01/21/excellent-mustard-production-likely-in-rangpur-region|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> and the United States; black mustard (''[[Brassica nigra]]'') is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.<!--Strictly, 57% of the total produced by top-20 producers. However, since Canada and Nepal between them grew more than 11,000 times as much mustard as the 20th place producer (336,000t vs 30t — about one truck load) the contribution of producers outside the top-20 is negligible.--><ref>{{cite web | title=FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity | url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx | publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization | access-date=2012-05-08 | archive-date=2016-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016200146/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> White mustard is commonly used as a [[cover crop]] in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany<ref>BSL Getreide 2015 [https://www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl getreide 2015.pdf www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl_getreide_2015.pdf]</ref> and the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw|url=https://www.kennisakker.nl/files/Kennisdocument/Rassenbulletin_groenbemesters_2014.pdf|access-date=2023-02-07|website=www.kennisakker.nl}}</ref> mostly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (''[[Heterodera schachtii]]''). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with [[sugar beets]], suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.{{citation needed|date = July 2021}} | ||
Mustard species are a common host plant to ''[[Phaedon cochleariae]]'', a beetle native to Europe.<ref name="Reifenrath-2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Reifenrath |first1=Kerstin |last2=Müller |first2=Caroline |date=March 2008 |title=Multiple feeding stimulants in Sinapis alba for the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5 |journal=Chemoecology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |bibcode=2008Checo..18...19R |doi=10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5 |issn=0937-7409|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warchałowski |first=Andrzej |title=Chrysomelidae: the leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area |publisher=Natura Optima dux Foundation |year=2003 |isbn=978-83-918040-0-1 |location=Warsawa |oclc=77850541}}</ref> Due to their particular diet, they have been colloquially referred to as mustard leaf beetles.<ref name="Reifenrath-2008"/> | |||
Species in another Brassicacea genus, [[Sisymbrium]], are also commonly referred to as mustards, and their seeds and leaves are used for culinary purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+officinale |title=''Sisymbrium officinale''|accessdate=29 July 2025|publisher=Plants for a Future|date=2025}}</ref> | |||
== Gallery == | == Gallery == | ||
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Flower of Mustard Plant.jpg|Flower close-up| | Flower of Mustard Plant.jpg|Flower close-up| | ||
Black-mustard-seeds.jpg|Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)| | Black-mustard-seeds.jpg|Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)| | ||
Mustard plant bangladesh.jpg|[[Bangladesh]] | Mustard plant bangladesh.jpg|[[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] mustard plants | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Black mustard]] | |||
* [[Brown mustard]] | |||
* [[Green manure]] | * [[Green manure]] | ||
* [[Sisymbrium]] | |||
* [[List of mustard brands]] | * [[List of mustard brands]] | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*{{Commons-inline}} | * {{Commons-inline}} | ||
{{Brassica}} | {{Brassica}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustard Plant}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Mustard Plant}} | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]] | [[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]] | ||
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]] | [[Category:Leaf vegetables]] | ||
[[Category:Plant common names]] | [[Category:Plant common names]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:39, 11 December 2025
The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica, Rhamphospermum and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.[1][2][3]
History[edit | edit source]
Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in Hellenistic and Roman times, archeological records for any of these crops are not reported. Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the radish and turnip, can be found throughout West Asia and Europe, suggesting their domestication took place somewhere in that area.[4] The Encyclopædia Britannica states that mustard was grown by the Indus Civilization of 2500–1700 BC.[5] According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".[6]
A 2021 genetic study of B. rapa concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in Central Asia, and turnips or oilseeds might have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.[7]
Species[edit | edit source]
White mustard (Sinapis alba) grows wild in North Africa, West Asia, and Mediterranean Europe, and has spread further by long cultivation; brown mustard (Brassica juncea), initially from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh[8] and the United States; black mustard (Brassica nigra) is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.[9] White mustard is commonly used as a cover crop in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany[10] and the Netherlands,[11] mostly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with sugar beets, suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.[citation needed]
Mustard species are a common host plant to Phaedon cochleariae, a beetle native to Europe.[12][13] Due to their particular diet, they have been colloquially referred to as mustard leaf beetles.[12]
Species in another Brassicacea genus, Sisymbrium, are also commonly referred to as mustards, and their seeds and leaves are used for culinary purposes.[14]
Gallery[edit | edit source]
-
Mustard field -
Flower -
Flower close-up -
Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter) -
Bangladeshi mustard plants
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC 965922681.
- ↑ "Edible Leaves and Fruits".
- ↑ Warnock, Barton H. (1977) "Wildflowers of the Davis Mountains and the Marathon Basin, Texas", p. 111
- ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 139.
- ↑ "Indus civilization | History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ "What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <"The Mustard Site | What is Mustard?". Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-16.>.
- ↑ McAlvay AC, Ragsdale AP, Mabry ME, Qi X, Bird KA, Velasco P, An H, Pires JC, Emshwiller E (July 2021). "Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (8): 3358–3372. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab108. PMC 8321528. PMID 33930151.
- ↑ "Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region". Dhaka Tribune. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ "FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity". UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 2016-10-16. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ↑ BSL Getreide 2015 getreide 2015.pdf www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl_getreide_2015.pdf
- ↑ "Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw" (PDF). www.kennisakker.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Reifenrath, Kerstin; Müller, Caroline (March 2008). "Multiple feeding stimulants in Sinapis alba for the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae". Chemoecology. 18 (1): 19–27. Bibcode:2008Checo..18...19R. doi:10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5. ISSN 0937-7409.
- ↑ Warchałowski, Andrzej (2003). Chrysomelidae: the leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area. Warsawa: Natura Optima dux Foundation. ISBN 978-83-918040-0-1. OCLC 77850541.
- ↑ "Sisymbrium officinale". Plants for a Future. 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025.