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{{short description|1976 death of an Indian man in police custody}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox person | |||
The '''Rajan case''' refers to the death of '''P. Rajan''', a student of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|Regional Engineering College, Calicut]], as a result of torture in local police custody in [[Kerala]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] in 1976, and the legal battle that followed, which | | name = P. Rajan | ||
| image = Rajan.JPG | |||
| caption = | |||
| birth_date = | |||
| birth_name = | |||
| alias = | |||
| birth_place = | |||
| death_date = 2 March 1976 | |||
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India | |||
| death_cause = [[Torture murder]] | |||
| body_discovered = | |||
| education = | |||
| occupation = Student | |||
| spouse = | |||
| partner = | |||
| known_for = Unlawful arrest and subsequent death in custody | |||
}} | |||
The '''Rajan case''' refers to the death of '''P. Rajan''', a student of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|Regional Engineering College, Calicut]], as a result of torture in local police custody in [[Kakkayam torture camp|Kakkayam]], [[Kerala]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] in 1976, and the legal battle that followed, which revealed facts of the incident<ref name="rediff2000jun26">{{cite news | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm | title=Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him' | work=Rediff.com | first=George | last=Iype | date=26 June 2000 | access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301082725/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2011 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Fresh probe in Rajan case sought |date=25 January 2011}}</ref> to the public. His remains are yet to be recovered. | |||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
During [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] between 1975 and 1977, [[Fundamental Rights in India|Fundamental Rights]] of | During [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] between 1975 and 1977, [[Fundamental Rights in India|the Fundamental Rights]] of citizens were suspended by the government, creating a period of police activism.<ref name="rediff2000jun26" /> In Kerala, the [[Naxalite|Naxal]] movement was at its peak during this period. Major operations of Naxals in Kerala were attacks on police stations in rural areas. The police acted with vengeance upon the Naxalites and used the word Naxal to address those upon whom they had vengeance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blog |first=Forensics |date=2022-11-05 |title=Rajan – An Victim of a Police Brutality In Terrifying Emergency (1977) - Forensic's blog |url=https://forensicfield.blog/rajan-an-victim-of-a-police-brutality-in-terrifying-emergency-1977/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> | ||
== Incident == | == Incident == | ||
Rajan, a student of the Calicut Regional Engineering College (presently the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]]), was arrested by the [[Kerala Police]] on 1 March 1976,<ref name="pucl_rajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm | title=What Happened to the Rajan Case ? | publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties website Archives | date=Oct 1981 | access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] along with his fellow student, Joseph Chaaly.As was later revealed by a petition in the [[High Court of Kerala]], he was held in police custody and tortured as part of the interrogation. He died from torture of extreme kind,<ref name=express_hero>{{cite news|title=Once there was a hero|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2|access-date=27 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 Nov 2010}}</ref> especially due to something called ''uruttal'' (a practice of "rolling" a heavy wooden log over the body of the victim). His body was then disposed of by the police | P. Rajan, a student of the Calicut Regional Engineering College (presently the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]]), was arrested by the [[Kerala Police]] on 1 March 1976,<ref name="pucl_rajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm | title=What Happened to the Rajan Case ? | publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties website Archives | date=Oct 1981 | access-date=27 May 2012 | archive-date=28 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228002844/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] , along with his fellow student, Joseph Chaaly. As was later revealed by a petition in the [[High Court of Kerala]], he was held in police custody in [[Kakkayam torture camp|Kakkayam]] and tortured as part of the interrogation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarat |first=Shivani |date=2023-06-01 |title=The First Habeas Corpus Case of Kerala: The Rajan Kolacase |url=https://www.pinklungi.com/the-first-habeas-corpus-case-of-kerala-the-rajan-kolacase/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=pinklungi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He died from torture of an extreme kind,<ref name=express_hero>{{cite news|title=Once there was a hero|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2|access-date=27 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 Nov 2010}}</ref> especially due to something called ''[[uruttal]]'' (a practice of "rolling" a heavy wooden log over the body of the victim). His body was then disposed of by the police and was never recovered. | ||
Rajan's father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], complained to the authorities about his missing son. The police finally confirmed that he died in custody upon a [[habeas corpus]] suit, the first such suit in the history of Kerala, filed by his father in the [[High Court of Kerala]].<ref name="Bālakr̥ṣṇan1997">{{cite book|author=Veṅṅānūr Bālakr̥ṣṇan|title=Jayar̲āṃ Paṭikkalint̲e kr̲aiṃ ḍayari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-grQHAAACAAJ|access-date=27 May 2012|year=1997|publisher=Dhanuṣmān Grūp ōph Pabḷikkēṣans}}</ref> | Rajan's father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], complained to the authorities about his missing son. The police finally confirmed that he died in custody upon a [[habeas corpus]] suit, the first such suit in the history of Kerala, filed by his father in the [[High Court of Kerala]].<ref name="Bālakr̥ṣṇan1997">{{cite book|author=Veṅṅānūr Bālakr̥ṣṇan|title=Jayar̲āṃ Paṭikkalint̲e kr̲aiṃ ḍayari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-grQHAAACAAJ|access-date=27 May 2012|year=1997|publisher=Dhanuṣmān Grūp ōph Pabḷikkēṣans}}</ref> | ||
== Inquiries by family== | == Inquiries by the family== | ||
P. Rajan's mother had become mentally unstable from the developments and was hospitalised. His father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], lost all of his money, but he did not know why his son was arrested. He made enquiries to police officers, who, he felt, would be able to give him the details about his son's arrest and also about his whereabouts. He made representations to the authorities, which produced no result. Somehow, he discovered that Rajan had been arrested under the directions of the DIG of Police, Crime Branch, Thiruvananthapuram. He met the then Home Minister of the State, [[K. Karunakaran]]. He sent petitions to the Home Secretary to the government of Kerala three times. There was not even a single reply or acknowledgement. | |||
Rajan's mother had become mentally unstable from the developments and was hospitalised. His father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], lost all of his money but he did not know why his son was arrested | |||
Warrier continued his efforts at getting some information about his son by similar representations made to the President of India and the Home Minister of the government of India, with copies to all the Members of Parliament from Kerala. He made similar representations to the Prime Minister of India and others, all to no effect. He met several police officers and learned that some arrested students were similarly detained in the Central Jail. He was vigorously searching in vain for his son in the three Central Jails and also in the various other police camps and other places. He met the Chief Minister several times because the Chief Minister had personal knowledge of the arrest of his son and also of his detention. On the last occasion, he met Sri. Achutha Menon, who expressed his helplessness in the matter and said that the matter was being dealt with by [[K. Karunakaran]], Minister for Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency in Kerala: The trains ran on time, young students like P Rajan were killed |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/emergency-indira-gandhi-kerala-p-rajan-case-c-achutha-menon-k-karunakaran-31239 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref> | |||
He appealed to the general public in Kerala by expressing his grievance in a pamphlet distributed to the public. The Home Minister who was a candidate in the recent elections addressed several public meetings in Mala, Kalpetta and other constituencies of the State and in some of the meetings he made mention of the fact that Rajan was involved as an accused in a murder case and that was why he was | He appealed to the general public in Kerala by expressing his grievance in a pamphlet distributed to the public. The Home Minister, who was a candidate in the recent elections, addressed several public meetings in Mala, Kalpetta and other constituencies of the State, and in some of the meetings, he made mention of the fact that P. Rajan was involved as an accused in a murder case and that was why he was detained. Rajan was never produced before a Magistrate.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.ahrchk.net |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124094221/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
== Findings == | == Findings == | ||
Rajan's father fought a long battle against the establishment to bring to light the facts behind the disappearance and expose atrocities committed by the state. The petition and subsequent investigations found that Rajan had indeed been taken into custody, and perhaps died | P. Rajan's father fought a long battle against the establishment to bring to light the facts behind the disappearance and expose the atrocities committed by the state. The petition and subsequent investigations found that Rajan had indeed been taken into custody, and perhaps died while in police custody. His body was not found, and many charges against the accused in this case had to be dropped. The accused included the chief of the Crime Branch wing of [[Kerala Police]], [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] [[Jayaram Padikkal]], who was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2|title=Once there was a hero...|date=2 November 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Karunakaran was the Home Minister during the emergency. He resigned from the post of the Chief Minister of Kerala in 1978 due to an adverse judgment in the case. Warrier wrote the book, ''Memories of a Father'', narrating his fights.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> | ||
== In popular culture == | == In popular culture == | ||
[[File:'Ormakal Zindabad'.jpg|thumb|A scene from ''Ormakal Zindabad'']] | |||
The 2018 Malayalam movie Kaattu Vithachavar, directed by [[Satheesh Paul]], presents an investigation by a police team into the disappearance of P. Rajan. The movie acted by [[Prakash Bare]], [[Tini Tom]] and [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4279762/ Jayaprakash Kuloor] provides a factual review of events, though the names of characters have been slightly changed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Kaattu Vithachavar Review {{!}} Kaattu Vithachavar Malayalam Movie Review by K. R. Rejeesh |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21188/malayalam/kaattu-vithachavar/11431/review/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The | The 1988 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Piravi]],'' directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]], has its plotline adapted from this incident. The 2013 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' references the case. Raman, one of the protagonists, throws ink at the Kerala Home Minister in protest against the Rajan case not being resolved. Malayalam movie ''Sahapaadi'' (1975) also touches on the issue. | ||
[[Unarthupattu]] (1980) - Awakening Song - directed by [[P. A. Backer|PA Backer]] , also explores the brutalities of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] through the eyes of an aged father searching for answers regarding the untimely death of his only son, who was also the family's sole support. The prints of this black & white movie are believed to be lost [https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/analysis/adam-ayyubs-wide-angle-part-41-268904]. | |||
In 1977, the All Kerala Rajan Memorial Music Competition was started at the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] (then known as REC Calicut) to commemorate P. Rajan's life. Every year since 1987, the institute has conducted its annual cultural festival, [[Ragam (festival)|Ragam]] , in memory of Rajan.<ref name="ina2020">{{cite news |last1=Special |first1=Correspondant |title=Ragam fest inaugurated at NIT-C |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ragam-fest-inaugurated-at-nit-c/article30528554.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=10 Jan 2020}}</ref> In 2006, the Ragam festival started with an audio message delivered by Rajan's father [[T. V. Eachara Warrier|, Eachara Warrier]].<ref name="Ragam06">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Colourful start to Ragam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022307230300.htm |publisher=hindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303190509/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022307230300.htm |archive-date=3 March 2006 }}</ref> | |||
[[C. R. Omanakuttan]] has written a book named ''Shavamtheenikal,'' which is an exposé of the brutality involved in the incident. In 2006, ''[[Ormakal Zindabad]]'' (Memories live long), directed by G. Ajayan, was staged in certain places in Kerala, based on the custodial death of Rajan. Leading characters Jayaram Padikkal and P. Rajan were portrayed by Salih Rawther and Shabu Madhavan, respectively. | |||
The 2021 Tamil movie [[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]] directly references the Rajan case as an example of a [[habeas corpus]] wherein the rare occurrence of a cross-examination in a high court as grounds for not producing a detainee by the state police is permitted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/review/jai-bhim-movie-review|title = ന്യായം, നീതി: മനസ് തുറന്നു കാണേണ്ട സിനിമ| date=4 November 2021 }}</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Arikkad Varghese|Naxal Varghese]] | * [[Arikkad Varghese|Naxal Varghese]] | ||
* [[Kakkayam torture camp]] | |||
* [[Uruttal]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 44: | Line 63: | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
*[http://www.calicutnet.com/articles/gopinath/pinarayi_ambushed_by_rajan_case.htm | *[http://www.calicutnet.com/articles/gopinath/pinarayi_ambushed_by_rajan_case.htm Articles T. P. Gopinath Pinarayi ambushed by Rajan case – Karunakaran is also victim!] | ||
*[http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ Revised link of the "Ebook on Rajan by his father"] | *[http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf Ebook on Rajan by his father] | ||
*[http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ Revised link of the "Ebook on Rajan by his father"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527184750/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ |date=27 May 2005 }} | |||
*[http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/books/memories-of-a-father/Memories%20of%20a%20Father%20-English.pdf PDF-Ebook(English)] | *[http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/books/memories-of-a-father/Memories%20of%20a%20Father%20-English.pdf PDF-Ebook(English)] | ||
{{Indian Emergency}} | {{Indian Emergency}} | ||
| Line 53: | Line 72: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan Case}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan Case}} | ||
[[Category:1970s missing person cases]] | [[Category:1970s missing person cases]] | ||
[[Category:1976 | [[Category:1976 murders in India]] | ||
[[Category:1976 in | [[Category:1976 in Indian law]] | ||
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]] | [[Category:Crime in Kerala]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Enforced disappearances in India]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:1970s in Kerala]] | ||
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]] | [[Category:Missing person cases in India]] | ||
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]] | [[Category:People murdered in Kerala]] | ||
[[Category:Political history of Kerala]] | [[Category:Political history of Kerala]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]] | ||
[[Category:Torture in India]] | |||
[[Category:Police brutality in India]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:39, 25 March 2026
P. Rajan | |
|---|---|
| File:Rajan.JPG | |
| Died | 2 March 1976 Kerala, India |
| Cause of death | Torture murder |
| Occupation | Student |
| Known for | Unlawful arrest and subsequent death in custody |
The Rajan case refers to the death of P. Rajan, a student of the Regional Engineering College, Calicut, as a result of torture in local police custody in Kakkayam, Kerala during the nationwide Emergency in India in 1976, and the legal battle that followed, which revealed facts of the incident[1][2] to the public. His remains are yet to be recovered.
Background[edit | edit source]
During the nationwide Emergency in India between 1975 and 1977, the Fundamental Rights of citizens were suspended by the government, creating a period of police activism.[1] In Kerala, the Naxal movement was at its peak during this period. Major operations of Naxals in Kerala were attacks on police stations in rural areas. The police acted with vengeance upon the Naxalites and used the word Naxal to address those upon whom they had vengeance.[3]
Incident[edit | edit source]
P. Rajan, a student of the Calicut Regional Engineering College (presently the National Institute of Technology Calicut), was arrested by the Kerala Police on 1 March 1976,[4] during the nationwide Emergency in India , along with his fellow student, Joseph Chaaly. As was later revealed by a petition in the High Court of Kerala, he was held in police custody in Kakkayam and tortured as part of the interrogation.[5] He died from torture of an extreme kind,[6] especially due to something called uruttal (a practice of "rolling" a heavy wooden log over the body of the victim). His body was then disposed of by the police and was never recovered.
Rajan's father, T. V. Eachara Warrier, complained to the authorities about his missing son. The police finally confirmed that he died in custody upon a habeas corpus suit, the first such suit in the history of Kerala, filed by his father in the High Court of Kerala.[7]
Inquiries by the family[edit | edit source]
P. Rajan's mother had become mentally unstable from the developments and was hospitalised. His father, T. V. Eachara Warrier, lost all of his money, but he did not know why his son was arrested. He made enquiries to police officers, who, he felt, would be able to give him the details about his son's arrest and also about his whereabouts. He made representations to the authorities, which produced no result. Somehow, he discovered that Rajan had been arrested under the directions of the DIG of Police, Crime Branch, Thiruvananthapuram. He met the then Home Minister of the State, K. Karunakaran. He sent petitions to the Home Secretary to the government of Kerala three times. There was not even a single reply or acknowledgement.
Warrier continued his efforts at getting some information about his son by similar representations made to the President of India and the Home Minister of the government of India, with copies to all the Members of Parliament from Kerala. He made similar representations to the Prime Minister of India and others, all to no effect. He met several police officers and learned that some arrested students were similarly detained in the Central Jail. He was vigorously searching in vain for his son in the three Central Jails and also in the various other police camps and other places. He met the Chief Minister several times because the Chief Minister had personal knowledge of the arrest of his son and also of his detention. On the last occasion, he met Sri. Achutha Menon, who expressed his helplessness in the matter and said that the matter was being dealt with by K. Karunakaran, Minister for Home Affairs.[8]
He appealed to the general public in Kerala by expressing his grievance in a pamphlet distributed to the public. The Home Minister, who was a candidate in the recent elections, addressed several public meetings in Mala, Kalpetta and other constituencies of the State, and in some of the meetings, he made mention of the fact that P. Rajan was involved as an accused in a murder case and that was why he was detained. Rajan was never produced before a Magistrate.[9]
Findings[edit | edit source]
P. Rajan's father fought a long battle against the establishment to bring to light the facts behind the disappearance and expose the atrocities committed by the state. The petition and subsequent investigations found that Rajan had indeed been taken into custody, and perhaps died while in police custody. His body was not found, and many charges against the accused in this case had to be dropped. The accused included the chief of the Crime Branch wing of Kerala Police, DIG Jayaram Padikkal, who was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal.[10] Karunakaran was the Home Minister during the emergency. He resigned from the post of the Chief Minister of Kerala in 1978 due to an adverse judgment in the case. Warrier wrote the book, Memories of a Father, narrating his fights.[9]
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
The 2018 Malayalam movie Kaattu Vithachavar, directed by Satheesh Paul, presents an investigation by a police team into the disappearance of P. Rajan. The movie acted by Prakash Bare, Tini Tom and Jayaprakash Kuloor provides a factual review of events, though the names of characters have been slightly changed.[11]
The 1988 Malayalam film Piravi, directed by Shaji N. Karun, has its plotline adapted from this incident. The 2013 Malayalam film Idukki Gold references the case. Raman, one of the protagonists, throws ink at the Kerala Home Minister in protest against the Rajan case not being resolved. Malayalam movie Sahapaadi (1975) also touches on the issue.
Unarthupattu (1980) - Awakening Song - directed by PA Backer , also explores the brutalities of the Emergency through the eyes of an aged father searching for answers regarding the untimely death of his only son, who was also the family's sole support. The prints of this black & white movie are believed to be lost [1].
In 1977, the All Kerala Rajan Memorial Music Competition was started at the National Institute of Technology Calicut (then known as REC Calicut) to commemorate P. Rajan's life. Every year since 1987, the institute has conducted its annual cultural festival, Ragam , in memory of Rajan.[12] In 2006, the Ragam festival started with an audio message delivered by Rajan's father , Eachara Warrier.[13]
C. R. Omanakuttan has written a book named Shavamtheenikal, which is an exposé of the brutality involved in the incident. In 2006, Ormakal Zindabad (Memories live long), directed by G. Ajayan, was staged in certain places in Kerala, based on the custodial death of Rajan. Leading characters Jayaram Padikkal and P. Rajan were portrayed by Salih Rawther and Shabu Madhavan, respectively.
The 2021 Tamil movie Jai Bhim directly references the Rajan case as an example of a habeas corpus wherein the rare occurrence of a cross-examination in a high court as grounds for not producing a detainee by the state police is permitted.[14]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Iype, George (26 June 2000). "Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him'". Rediff.com. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ↑ "Fresh probe in Rajan case sought". The Hindu. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011.
- ↑ Blog, Forensics (5 November 2022). "Rajan – An Victim of a Police Brutality In Terrifying Emergency (1977) - Forensic's blog". Retrieved 16 August 2025.
- ↑ "What Happened to the Rajan Case ?". People's Union for Civil Liberties website Archives. October 1981. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ↑ Sarat, Shivani (1 June 2023). "The First Habeas Corpus Case of Kerala: The Rajan Kolacase". pinklungi.com. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
- ↑ "Once there was a hero". The Indian Express. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ↑ Veṅṅānūr Bālakr̥ṣṇan (1997). Jayar̲āṃ Paṭikkalint̲e kr̲aiṃ ḍayari. Dhanuṣmān Grūp ōph Pabḷikkēṣans. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ↑ "Emergency in Kerala: The trains ran on time, young students like P Rajan were killed". www.dailyo.in. Retrieved 16 August 2025.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Archived copy" (PDF). www.ahrchk.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Once there was a hero..." The Indian Express. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ↑ "Kaattu Vithachavar Review | Kaattu Vithachavar Malayalam Movie Review by K. R. Rejeesh". NOWRUNNING. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2026.
- ↑ Special, Correspondant (10 January 2020). "Ragam fest inaugurated at NIT-C". thehindu.com.
- ↑ Staff Reporter. "Colourful start to Ragam". hindu.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006.
- ↑ "ന്യായം, നീതി: മനസ് തുറന്നു കാണേണ്ട സിനിമ". 4 November 2021.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Articles T. P. Gopinath Pinarayi ambushed by Rajan case – Karunakaran is also victim!
- Ebook on Rajan by his father
- Revised link of the "Ebook on Rajan by his father" Archived 27 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- PDF-Ebook(English)
