Church Mission Society: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by Ajay Kumar
Last edited March 25, 2026
VisualWikitext
Created a new article
 
enhanced section also and added references
 
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
|name         = Church Mission Society
| name                     = Church Mission Society
|abbreviation = CMS
| abbreviation             = CMS
|formation   = {{launch date and age|12 April 1799}}
| formation               = {{launch date and age|12 April 1799}}
|headquarters = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
| headquarters             = [[Oxford]], England
|image        = Church Missionary Society 1799.gif
| logo                    = Church Mission Society logo.png
|caption     = CMS logo
| image                    =
|type         = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
| caption                 =  
|founder     = [[Clapham Sect]]
| type                     = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
|leader_title = Chief Executive Officer
| founder                 = [[Clapham Sect]]
|leader_name = Alastair Bateman from May 2019
| leader_title             = Chief Executive Officer
|website     = {{URL|https://churchmissionsociety.org|Official website}}
| leader_name             = Alastair Bateman from May 2019
| website                 = {{URL|https://churchmissionsociety.org|Official website}}
}}
}}


The '''Church Mission Society''' ('''CMS'''), formerly known as the '''Church Missionary Society''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> is a British mission society working with Christians around the world. Founded in 1799,<ref name="I1">{{cite journal |last=Mounstephen |first=Philip |title=Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS |url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year=2015 |journal=Intermission |volume=22}}</ref><ref name="CV1">{{cite book |title=The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf |year=1902 |publisher= London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref> CMS has attracted over nine thousand men and women to serve as mission partners during its 200-year history. The society has also given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.
The '''Church Mission Society''' ('''CMS'''), formerly known as the '''Church Missionary Society''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> is a British [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Christian mission|mission]] society working internationally with Christians. CMS was founded in 1799,<ref name="I1">{{cite journal |last=Mounstephen |first=Philip |title=Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS |url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year=2015 |journal=Intermission |volume=22}}</ref><ref name="CV1">{{cite book |title=The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf |year=1902 |publisher= London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref> and has given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.


==History==
==History==
===Foundation===
===Foundation===
[[File:Church Missionary Society 1799.gif|thumb|left|The logo of Church Missionary Society in 1799]]
The original proposal for the mission came from [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] and [[George Udny (planter)|George Udny]] of the [[East India Company]] and [[David Brown (East India Company chaplain)|David Brown]], of [[Calcutta]], who sent a proposal in 1787 to [[William Wilberforce]], then a young member of [[parliament]], and [[Charles Simeon]], a young [[clergy]]man at [[Cambridge University]].<ref name="CMSatlasHviii">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages=  210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref> Hans J. Hillerbrand, ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set'', Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390</ref>
The original proposal for the mission came from [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] and [[George Udny (planter)|George Udny]] of the [[East India Company]] and [[David Brown (East India Company chaplain)|David Brown]], of [[Calcutta]], who sent a proposal in 1787 to [[William Wilberforce]], then a young member of [[parliament]], and [[Charles Simeon]], a young [[clergy]]man at [[Cambridge University]].<ref name="CMSatlasHviii">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages=  210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref> Hans J. Hillerbrand, ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set'', Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390</ref>


Line 27: Line 28:
The first [[Missionary|missionaries]] went out in 1804. They came from the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg]] and had trained at the Berlin [[Seminary]]. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed ''The Church Missionary Society''.<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/>
The first [[Missionary|missionaries]] went out in 1804. They came from the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg]] and had trained at the Berlin [[Seminary]]. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed ''The Church Missionary Society''.<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/>


In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. [[Henry Graham (Medical missionary)|Henry Graham]] was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to [[Sierra Leone]] and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |url=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Register_01 |access-date=3 January 2021 |format=Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals}}</ref><ref name=GrahamPapers>[http://www.researchsource.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_IV_Part2_Reel36_Vol5 West Africa (Sierra Leone) : Original papers, missionaries : Henry Graham. 1830-1834. C A 1 O106. Africa Missions. Church Missionary Society Archive. (Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham). (Adam Matthew Digital)]</ref>
In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. [[Henry Graham (Medical missionary)|Henry Graham]] was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to [[Sierra Leone]] and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |url=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Register_01 |access-date=3 January 2021 |format=Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals}}</ref><ref name=GrahamPapers>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_IV_Part2_Reel36_Vol5|title=West Africa (Sierra Leone): Original papers, 1820-1869 - AM Scholar - Adam Matthew Digital|website=www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>
 
===Missions===
In 1802 [[Josiah Pratt]] was appointed secretary, a position he held until 1824, becoming an early driving force in the CMS. The principal missions, the founding missionaries, and the dates of the establishment of the missions are:<ref name="CMSatlasHxi">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages=  xi|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
 
* [[West Africa]] (1804): Melchior Renner and Peter Hartwig were sent to the [[Pongo River (Guinea)|Pongo River]], the country of the [[Susu people]] in [[Guinea]].<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="CMSatlafrica">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Christianity in Africa)|pages=  23–64|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The West Africa mission was extended to [[Sierra Leone]] (1816). [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], a [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] by birth, was selected to accompany the missionary [[James Schön]] on the [[Niger expedition of 1841]].  Crowther (later appointed first African Anglican bishop in [[Nigeria]]) was the principal missionary to [[Yorubaland]] in 1844 and the [[Niger]] in 1857.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlafrica"/>
* [[West Indies]] (1813): The CMS started work in [[Antigua]] and expanded to other islands. By 1838 the CMS had congregations of 8,000, with 13 ordained missionaries, 23 lay teachers and 70 schools. In about 1848 a shortage of funds resulted in the CMS withdrawing from the West Indies.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[New Zealand]] (1814): [[Samuel Marsden]]<ref name="The Marsden Collection">{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=The Marsden Collection|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> became the chaplain of the penal colony at [[Parramatta]], Australia in 1774.<ref name="CMSatlasNZ">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (New Zealand)|pages=  210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Samuel Marsden attempted to establish a mission in New Zealand in 1809, however it was not until 1814 that the [[New Zealand Church Missionary Society#History of the CMS mission in New Zealand|CMS mission in New Zealand]] was established when Marsden officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at Oihi Bay in the [[Bay of Islands]].<ref name="CMSatlasNZ"/>
* [[India]] (1814): [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], the founder of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]] was the pioneer of the [[Evangelical]], [[Protestant]] missionary movement in India who arrived in 1793. The [[Church Missionary Society in India|CMS Mission in India]] began in 1814 when 7 missionaries arrived: two were placed at [[Chennai]] (Madras), two at [[Bengal]] and three at [[Travancore]] (1816).<ref name="CMSatlasHind">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (India)|pages=  95–156|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The Indian missions were extended in the following years to a number of locations including [[Agra]], [[Meerut district]], [[Varanasi]]  (Benares), [[Mumbai]]  (Bombay) (1820), [[Tirunelveli]] (Tinnevelly) (1820), [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) (1822), [[Telugu Christian|Telugu Country]] (1841) and the [[Punjab region]] (1852).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlasHind"/> While the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]] resulted in damage to the missions in the North West Provinces, after the revolt the CMS expanded its missions to [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[Allahabad]], the [[Santhal people]] (1858), and to [[Kashmir]] (1865).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlasHind"/><ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[Middle East]] (1815): [[William Jowett]] was appointed to commence the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Mediterranean Mission]], however the mission was only intermittently able to establish missions in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] in 1819–21 as the result of resistance to the Christian faith by the Turkish authorities;<ref name="CMS-RK"/> an attempt in 1862 to open a mission station in [[Constantinople]] also failed.<ref name="CMSatlasHme">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Middle East)|pages=  67–76|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lanka]] (Ceylon) (1817):  Four CMS missionaries were sent to Ceylon in 1817 and in the following 5 years mission stations were established at [[Kandy]], [[Baddegama]], [[Kotte]] (Cotta) and [[Jaffna]]. In 1850 a mission station was established at [[Colombo]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHsl">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Ceylon)|pages=  163–168|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* North West America Mission ([[Canada]]) (1822): The CMS provided financial assistance in 1820 to [[John West (missionary)|John West]], chaplain to the [[Hudson’s Bay Company]], towards the education of some Native American children, including [[James Settee]] of the [[Swampy Cree]] nation,<ref name="March1857">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857|work= Missionary Work Around the Winnepegoosis Lake, Rupert's Land|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1857_03/3| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[Charles Pratt (Askenootow)]] and [[Henry Budd]] of the [[Cree]] nation. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in what was then known as the [[Red River Colony]] in what is now the province of [[Manitoba]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlascan">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Canada)|pages=  220–226|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He was succeeded in 1823 by David Jones who was joined by William Cockram and his wife in 1825.<ref name="CMSatlascan"/> The mission worked among the [[Cree]], [[Ojibwe]], [[Chippewa]], and [[Gwich'in]]  (Tukudh) of the upper west [[Great Plains]].<ref name="CMSatlascan"/> The North West America Mission was extended to the people of the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]] in [[Saskatchewan]] (1840),<ref name="Sept1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1877|work= The Red Indians of the Saskatchewan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_09/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> the Cree and [[Inuit]] of [[Hudson Bay]] (1851),<ref name="Dec1853">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1853|work= The Eskimos (part 1)|access-date=23 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1853_12/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Dec1854">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1854 |work= The Eskimos (part 2)|access-date=23 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1854_12/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="JUNE1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1877|work= The First Missionary to the Eskimos|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_06/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> the [[Anishinaabe]] of [[Manitoba]] and towards the Arctic Circle to the [[Naskapi]] ([[Innu]]) (1858–1862).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlascan"/>
* [[Egypt]] (1825) and [[Ethiopia]] (1827): Five missionaries were sent to [[Egypt]] in 1825. The CMS concentrated the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Mediterranean Mission]] on the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Church]] and in 1830 to its daughter [[Ethiopian Church]], which included the creation of a translation of the Bible in [[Amharic language|Amharic]] at the instigation of [[William Jowett]], as well as the posting of two missionaries to [[Ethiopia]] (Abyssinia), [[Samuel Gobat]] (later the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem)<ref name="SG">{{cite book |last1= Gobat|first1=Samuel |title= Journal of a Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia, in Furtherance of the Objects of the Church Missionary Society| year=2001 |publisher=  Adamant Media Corporation (Elibron Classics) facsimile reprint of a 1834 edition by Hatchard & Son; Seeley & Sons, London. | isbn= 1421253496}}</ref> and Christian Kugler arrived in that country in 1827.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref>Donald Crummey, ''Priests and Politicians'', 1972, Oxford University Press (reprinted Hollywood: Tsehai, 2007), pp. 12, 29f. For an account of the society's Amharic translation, see [[Edward Ullendorff]], ''Ethiopia and the Bible'' (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 62–67 and the sources cited there.</ref> Charles Isenberg (1806–64) joined the Abyssinian mission in 1835, followed by [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810–81) in 1837.<ref name="IK">{{cite book |author1=Charles William Isenberg |author2=Johann Ludwig Krapf |author3=James MacQueen|title= Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842)| year=2011 |publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 9781108034173}}</ref> The missionaries were expelled from Abyssinia in 1844.<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> The Egyptian Mission was abandoned by the CMS in 1862.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> The Egyptian Mission was revived in 1882 by [[Frederick Augustus Klein]].<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> [[Francis John Harpur]] established CMS hospitals and clinics around Egypt in 1889 including a hospital in Old Cairo and the [https://hmh-menouf.com/ Harpur Memorial Hospital] in Menouf(1910).
* [[Australia]] (1825): William Watson and Johann Simon Christian Handt arrived to establish the [[Wellington Valley Mission]] near to [[Wellington, New South Wales]]. However, because of drought and the lack of success of the mission, the CMS withdrew. In 1892 CMS Associations were set up in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> In 1916 the Church Missionary Association of Australia was formed, which was later renamed the Church Missionary Society of Australia. By 1927 the CMS Australia was active in the [[Northern Territory]], Australia, including in communities along the [[Roper River]] in the [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]] region.<ref name="CMSAU">{{cite web |title=History of the CMS-Australia |date=2016 |url=http://www.cms.org.au/about/cms-history |access-date=22 May 2016 |publisher=CMS Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325052342/http://www.cms.org.au/about/cms-history |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[South Africa]] (1837): Captain [[Allen Francis Gardiner]] R.N. obtained the permission of [[Dingane kaSenzangakhona|Dingaan]], a [[Zulu people|Zulu]] chief, to establish a CMS mission. Francis Owen arriving in August 1837, followed by W. Hewetson and a surgeon, R. Philips. However, following an armed conflict between the Zulus and the newly arrived [[Voortrekkers]] (Boers), the CMS abandoned the mission.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[East Africa]] (1844): [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] was in Abyssinia, however when the missionaries were forced out he moved to [[Mombasa]]. CMS missionaries, such as Krapf and [[Johannes Rebmann]], explored East and Central Africa, with Rebmann being the first European to reach [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] (1848) and Krapf was the first to reach [[Mount Kenya]] (1849).<ref name="CMSatlafrica"/> The East Africa Mission was revived in 1874 and extended to inland, [[Uganda]] (1877) and [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] (1878).<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlafrica"/>
:*[[Uganda]] (1877): [[Alexander Murdoch Mackay|Alexander Mackay]] established a mission in the [[History of Buganda|historical kingdom of Buganda]], now part of Uganda. On 29 October 1885, [[Mwanga II of Buganda|Kabaka Mwanga II]] had the incoming Anglican bishop [[James Hannington]] assassinated on the eastern border of his kingdom and he also ordered the execution of [[Uganda Martyrs|Christian converts among his people]].<ref name="AMWN">{{cite book |last1= Moorehead  |first1= Alan |title= The White Nile|year=1963|publisher= Penguin|isbn=9780060956394 |chapter=  Chapter 16, Paradise Reformed}}</ref><ref name=Ward>Kevin Ward, [http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html "A History of Christianity in Uganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123083842/http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html |date=23 November 2016 }} in ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''.</ref> Later the Uganda mission was centered at [[Kampala]] and was led by missionary brothers [[Albert Ruskin Cook]] and [[John Howard Cook]].
:*[[Ruanda-Urundi]] (1916–1919): The [[Ruanda Mission]] stations were later established in [[Ruanda-Urundi]] as medical missions by Drs. [[Algernon Stanley Smith]] and [[Leonard Sharp (doctor)|Leonard Sharp]]. This later became the independent Mid-Africa Ministry but was reincorporated into CMS in 1999. The Ruanda mission was divided into missions for [[Rwanda]] (1919) and [[Burundi]] (1934) with 1962 independence of each country.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=St. John |first1=Praticia Mary |title=Breath of Life: The Story of the Ruanda Mission |date=1971 |publisher=Norfolk Press |isbn=978-0852110041 |pages=238}}</ref>
* [[China]] (1844): [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], of the [[London Missionary Society]] established a mission in [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) in 1808. After the [[First Opium War]], [[Hong Kong]] came under the control of Great Britain and ports on the mainland, including Canton and [[Shanghai]], become open to Europeans. In 1844 the [[Church Missionary Society in China|South China Mission]] was established by [[George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)|George Smith]] (later [[Bishop of Victoria]], H.K.) and Thomas McClatchie at [[Shanghai]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHchina">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (China)|pages=  179–196|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1850, [[William Welton (missionary)|William Welton]] opened the first CMS medical mission, a dispensary hospital, in China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Buckland|first=Augustus Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHoXAAAAYAAJ&q=william+welton|title=The Heroic in Missions: Pioneers in Six Fields|date=1894|publisher=T. Whittaker|language=en}}</ref> the work of CMS in China was carried out by a branch organization the [[Church Missionary Society in China]]. In 1883, a mission, hospital, and leper colony were started in Pakhoi (now Beihai) by [[Edward George Horder|Edward Horder]] and later [[Leopold George Hill|Leopold G. Hill]].
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa#The Ottoman Empire (Palestine)|Palestine]] (1851): [[Frederick Augustus Klein]] arrived in [[Nazareth]] in 1851 where he lived for 5–6 years, then he moved to [[Jerusalem]] until 1877. In 1855 [[John Zeller]] was sent to [[Nablus]]. In 1857, he moved to Nazareth, where he stayed for the next 20 years, then he moved to Jerusalem.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> [[Edith Eleanor Newton]] began a mission in 1887 and served as the Sister Head of the Medical Mission Hospital. In 1892, she became owner and operator of the Jaffa Mission Hospital.
* [[Mauritius]] (1854): Bishop Vincent W Ryan was appointed the bishop of Mauritius in 1854 and the same year David Fenn established a mission station.<ref name="CMSatlasHmaur">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Mauritius)|pages=  157–159|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* North Pacific Mission ([[British Columbia]]) (1857): [[William Duncan (missionary)|William Duncan]], a lay missionary, arrived at the remote [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) fort settlement at [[Lax Kw'alaams, British Columbia]], then part of [[New Caledonia (Canada)|HBC's New Caledonia district]] and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson. His work included founding the [[Tsimshian]] communities of [[Metlakatla, British Columbia]], in Canada, and [[Metlakatla, Alaska]], in the United States.<ref name="CMSatlasbc">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (British Columbia)|pages=  227–232|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> R. S. Tugwell joined the mission in October 1860.<ref name="March1861">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1861|work= First Letter from a New Missionary to British Columbia|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1861_03/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In the early 1870s [[William Collison]] served with Duncan in Metlakatla.<ref name="CMSatlasbc"/> Collison extended the work of the North Pacific Mission to the [[Haida people]]  of the archipelago of [[Haida Gwaii]] (formerly the [[Queen Charlotte Islands]]) in northern [[British Columbia]]. [[Robert Tomlinson (missionary)|Robert Tomlinson]], a medical missionary, re-established Robert A. Doolan's three-year-old Anglican mission among the [[Nisga'a]] people by relocating it from the lower Nass River to a newly established community, Kincolith (today known as [[Gingolx]]), at the mouth of the [[Nass River]].<ref name="CMSatlasbc"/>
* [[Madagascar]] (1863): Two CMS missionaries operated a mission station from 1863 until their deaths in 1864.<ref name="CMSatlasHmade">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Madagascar)|page=  160|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* [[Tanzania]] (1864): The [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] and the Church Missionary Society began work in 1864 and 1878 at [[Mpwapwa]]. The Province was inaugurated in 1970 following the division of the Province of East Africa into the Province of Kenya and the Province of Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church.aspx?church=tanzania | title=Anglican Church in Tanzania | publisher=Anglican Communion | access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[Japan]] (1868): George Ensor established a mission station at [[Nagasaki]] and in 1874 he was replaced by H Burnside. The same year the mission was expanded to include C. F. Warren at [[Osaka]], [[Philip Fyson]] at [[Yokohama]], J. Piper at [[Tokyo]] (Yedo), H. Evington at [[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]] and W. Dening at [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hokkaido]].<ref name="Sept1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1874|work= C.M.S. Missionaries in Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_09/11| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Dec1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1874|work= Our Missionaries in Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_12/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="May1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1877|work= The Ainos of Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_05/0| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="CMSatlasHjapan">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Japan)|pages=  205–2009|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> H. Maundrell joined the Japan mission in 1875 and served at Nagasaki.<ref name="Jan1875">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1875|work= Appointment of Rev. H. Maundrell to Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1875_01/18 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]] was a missionary to the [[Ainu people]] of Hokkaido from 1877 to 1941. [[Hannah Riddell]] arrived in [[Kumamoto]], [[Kyūshū]] in 1891. She worked to establish the Kaishun Hospital (known in English as the Kumamoto Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope) for the treatment of [[Leprosy]], with the hospital opening on 12 November 1895. Hannah Riddell left the CMS in 1900 to run the hospital.
*[[Iran]] (Persia) (1869): [[Henry Martyn]] visited Persia in 1811, however the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Persian Mission]] was not established until 1869 when Robert Bruce established a mission station at [[New Julfa|Julfa]] in [[Ispahan]].<ref name="May1876">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1876|work= The New Mission to Persia|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1876_05/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Feb1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1877|work= From London to Ispahan |access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_02/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The mission in Persia expanded to include [[Kerman]], [[Yezd]] (1893) and [[Shiraz]] (1900).<ref name="CMS-RK"/> After Bishop [[Edward Stuart]] resigned as the [[Anglican Diocese of Waiapu|Bishop of Waiapu]] in New Zealand, he then served as a missionary in Julfa from 1894 to 1911.<ref name="CMSatlasHper">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Persia)|pages=  78–80|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* [[Iraq]] (1883): the CMS started work in [[Baghdad]] in 1883 and expanded to [[Mosul]] in 1901.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa#Sudan|Sudan]] (1899): [[Llewellyn Gwynne]], [[Archibald Shaw]] and Dr Frank Harpur established mission stations in Northern Sudan at [[Omdurman]] (1899) and [[Khartoum]] (1900). The first station in Southern Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw at Malek, near [[Bor, South Sudan]] (1905).<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
 
Up to 1886 the Society had entered 103 women, unmarried or widows, on its list, and the Annual Report for 1886–87 showed twenty-two then on its staff, the majority being widows or daughters of missionaries.<ref name="CV6">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=6}}</ref> From the beginning of the organisation until 1894 the total number of CMS missionaries amounted to 1,335 (men) and 317 (women). During this period the indigenous clergy ordained by the branch missions totalled 496 and about 5,000 lay teachers had been trained by the branch missions.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> In 1894 the active members of the CMS totalled: 344 ordained missionaries, 304 indigenous clergy (ordained by the branch missions) and 93 lay members of the CMS. As of 1894, in addition to the missionary work, the CMS operated about 2,016 schools, with about 84,725 students.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/>
 
In the first 25 years of the CMS nearly half the missionaries were Germans trained in Berlin and later from the [[Basel]] Seminary.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> The [[Church Missionary Society College, Islington]] opened in 1825 and trained about 600 missionaries; about 300 joined the CMS from universities and about 300 came from other sources.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> 30 CMS missionaries were appointed to the [[episcopate]], serving as bishops.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/>
 
The CMS published ''The Church Missionary Gleaner'', from April 1841 to September 1857.<ref name="CMG">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner|work= Church Missionary Society (1841–1857)|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> From 1813 to 1855 the society published ''The Missionary Register'', "containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world". From 1816, "containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society".<ref name=yale>{{Cite web |url=http://guides.library.yale.edu/missionperiodicals* |title=Mission Periodicals Online (Yale University) |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310130029/http://guides.library.yale.edu/missionperiodicals |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Training===
===Training===
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitehead |first1=JAck |title=The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington |url=https://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/willows/final1/page1.htm |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>  Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Outlook_1922_05 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> The training center was called "The Willows," under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918 |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=j1y1nwskjbz5siqourtmtxvt&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk%2fDocuments%2fSearchDetails%2fCMS_IV_Part18_Reel386_Vol1&login=http://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=4cbky2ks1m3gbnnz3iamadvd&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2fExplore%2fBiographies&login=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Mary Wells]] took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1918_08 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitehead |first1=JAck |title=The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington |url=https://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/willows/final1/page1.htm |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>  Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Outlook_1922_05 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918 |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=j1y1nwskjbz5siqourtmtxvt&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk%2fDocuments%2fSearchDetails%2fCMS_IV_Part18_Reel386_Vol1&login=http://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=4cbky2ks1m3gbnnz3iamadvd&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2fExplore%2fBiographies&login=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Mary Wells]] took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1918_08 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>


===20th century===
===20th century===
 
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2026}}
During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] direction under the leadership of [[Eugene Stock]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stock|1923}}.<br />The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 ''English–Kikuyu Vocabulary'', whose author, CMS member {{Nowrap|A. W. McGregor}}, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" ({{Harvnb|McGregor|1904|p=iii}}).</ref> There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the [[Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society]] (BCMS, now [[Crosslinks]]).
During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] direction under the leadership of [[Eugene Stock]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stock|1923}}.<br />The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 ''English–Kikuyu Vocabulary'', whose author, CMS member {{Nowrap|A. W. McGregor}}, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" ({{Harvnb|McGregor|1904|p=iii}}).</ref> There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the [[Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society]] (BCMS, now [[Crosslinks]]).


Line 78: Line 46:


===21st century===
===21st century===
 
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2026}}
In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of [[Anglican]] and, later, some [[Protestant]] mission agencies to form [https://web.archive.org/web/20191203145436/http://faith2share.net/ Faith2Share], an international network of mission agencies.
In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of [[Anglican]] and, later, some [[Protestant]] mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies.


In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.
In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.
Line 98: Line 66:


==Leadership==
==Leadership==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
'''Secretary or Honorary Secretary'''
'''Secretary or Honorary Secretary'''
* [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] (1799–1802)
* [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] (1799–1802)
* [[Josiah Pratt]] (1802–1824)
* [[Josiah Pratt]] (1802–1824)
* [[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] (1824–1831)
* [[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] (1824–1831)
*[[Charles Hodgson (missionary)|Charles Hodgson]] (1832-
* [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]] (1841–1872)
* [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]] (1841–1872)
* Henry Wright (1872–1880)  
* Henry Wright (1872–1880)  
Line 108: Line 78:
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}


'''President'''
* [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral Gambier]] (first President, 1812–1834)
* [[Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester]] (1834–1886)
* Captain the Hon. Francis Maude (1886–1887)
* [[Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet]] (1887–1919)
* 1969 to 1982: [[Diana Reader Harris]]
* 1998 to 2007: [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]]
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}
=== CEO (with title changes) ===
'''General Secretary'''
'''General Secretary'''
* 1942 to 1963: [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]]
* 1942 to 1963: [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]]
Line 122: Line 102:
* From May 2019: Alastair Bateman
* From May 2019: Alastair Bateman


'''President'''
=== Clinical leadership ===
* [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral Gambier]] (first President, 1812–1834)
'''Medical Superintendent'''
* [[Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester]] (1834–1886)
*[[Harold Gilbee Anderson]] (1938-1959)
* Captain the Hon. Francis Maude (1886–1887)
{{expand list|date=January 2024}}
* [[Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet]] (1887–1919)
* 1969 to 1982: [[Diana Reader Harris]]
* 1998 to 2007: [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]]
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[History of Christian missions]]
* [[Christian mission]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in India]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in India]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in China]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in China]]
Line 141: Line 119:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Groten, Miel. “Gates to the ‘Heathen World.’” in ''The Architecture of Empire in Modern Europe: Space, Place, and the Construction of an Imperial Environment, 1860-1960'' (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), pp. 41–84. [https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2zjz71m.6 online in JSTOR]
* {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=John W. |title=We wish we'd done more: Ninety years of CMS and Aboriginal issues in north Australia |date=1998 |publisher=Openbook Publishers |location=Adelaide |isbn=0859108961 |url={{GBurl|srKUOwAACAAJ}}}}
* Hewitt, Gordon, ''The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910–1942'', Vol I (1971) ''In Tropical Africa. The Middle East.  At Home'' {{ISBN|0-334-00252-4}};  Vol II (1977)''Asia Overseas Partners'' {{ISBN|0-334-01313-5}}
* Hewitt, Gordon, ''The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910–1942'', Vol I (1971) ''In Tropical Africa. The Middle East.  At Home'' {{ISBN|0-334-00252-4}};  Vol II (1977)''Asia Overseas Partners'' {{ISBN|0-334-01313-5}}
* {{Cite book
* {{Cite book
Line 153: Line 135:
  | isbn =0-340-34501-2
  | isbn =0-340-34501-2
}}.
}}.
* Porter, Andrew, ed. '' The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914''. (2003).
*{{Cite book
*{{Cite book
  | last =Stock
  | last =Stock
Line 164: Line 148:
  }}.
  }}.
*{{Cite book |last=Stock |first=Eugene |year=1923 |title=The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. |edition=Reprinted from the ''Church Missionary Review'' |location=London |publisher=CMS}}.
*{{Cite book |last=Stock |first=Eugene |year=1923 |title=The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. |edition=Reprinted from the ''Church Missionary Review'' |location=London |publisher=CMS}}.
* Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. ''The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999'' (Eerdmans, 2000). [https://www.amazon.com/Mission-Christianity-1799-1999-Christian-Missions/dp/0802838758 excerpt]
* Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. ''The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999'' (Eerdmans, 2000). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Church_Mission_Society_and_World_Chr/r7UlAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&printsec=frontcover  online]
* ''Missionary Register''; containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813–1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London
* Ward, Kevin. ''A  History of Global Anglicanism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Global_Anglicanism/hQwU04vx98MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=A++History+of+Global+Anglicanism&printsec=frontcover online]
* ''Missionary Register''; containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813 to 1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London
:Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtsNAAAAQAAJ 1814], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtsNAAAAQAAJ 1815], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ 1822], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0nAAAAYAAJ 1823], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUUUAAAAYAAJ 1826], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SgIbAAAAMAAJ 1828], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkYUAAAAYAAJ 1829], [https://books.google.com/books?id=kUQUAAAAYAAJ 1831], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HykPAAAAIAAJ 1834], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5MEPAAAAIAAJ 1846].
:Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtsNAAAAQAAJ 1814], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtsNAAAAQAAJ 1815], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ 1822], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0nAAAAYAAJ 1823], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUUUAAAAYAAJ 1826], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SgIbAAAAMAAJ 1828], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkYUAAAAYAAJ 1829], [https://books.google.com/books?id=kUQUAAAAYAAJ 1831], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HykPAAAAIAAJ 1834], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5MEPAAAAIAAJ 1846].
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 187: Line 173:
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:1799 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1799 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]

Latest revision as of 10:28, 25 March 2026


Church Mission Society
AbbreviationCMS
Formation12 April 1799; 227 years ago (12 April 1799)
FounderClapham Sect
TypeEvangelical Anglicanism
Ecumenism
Protestant missionary
British Commonwealth
HeadquartersOxford, England
Chief Executive Officer
Alastair Bateman from May 2019
WebsiteOfficial website

The Church Mission Society (CMS), formerly known as the Church Missionary Society,[1] is a British Anglican mission society working internationally with Christians. CMS was founded in 1799,[2][3] and has given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.

History[edit | edit source]

Foundation[edit | edit source]

The logo of Church Missionary Society in 1799

The original proposal for the mission came from Charles Grant and George Udny of the East India Company and David Brown, of Calcutta, who sent a proposal in 1787 to William Wilberforce, then a young member of parliament, and Charles Simeon, a young clergyman at Cambridge University.[4][5]

The Society for Missions to Africa and the East (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of the Eclectic Society, supported by members of the Clapham Sect, a group of activist Anglicans who met under the guidance of John Venn, the Rector of Clapham.[2] Their number included Charles Simeon, Basil Woodd,[4][6] Henry Thornton, Thomas Babington[7] and William Wilberforce. Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, but he declined to take on this role and became a vice-president. The treasurer was Henry Thornton and the founding secretary was Thomas Scott,[8] a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were also involved in creating the Sierra Leone Company and the Society for the Education of Africans.[9]

The first missionaries went out in 1804. They came from the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and had trained at the Berlin Seminary. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed The Church Missionary Society.[4]

In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. Henry Graham was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to Sierra Leone and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.[10][11]

Training[edit | edit source]

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.[12] Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.[13] The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.[14][15] Elizabeth Mary Wells took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.[16]

20th century[edit | edit source]

During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more liberal direction under the leadership of Eugene Stock.[17] There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society (BCMS, now Crosslinks).

In 1957 the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society was absorbed into the CMS.

Notable general secretaries of the society later in the 20th century were Max Warren and John Vernon Taylor. The first woman president of the CMS, Diana Reader Harris (serving 1969–1982), was instrumental in persuading the society to back the 1980 Brandt Report on bridging the North-South divide. In the 1990s CMS appointed its first non-British general secretary, Michael Nazir-Ali, who later became Bishop of Rochester in the Church of England, and its first women general secretary, Diana Witts. Gillian Joynson-Hicks was its president from 1998 to 2007.

In 1995 the name was changed to the Church Mission Society.

At the end of the 20th century there was a significant swing back to the Evangelical position, probably in part due to a review in 1999 at the anniversary and also due to the re-integration of Mid Africa Ministry (formerly the Ruanda Mission). The position of CMS is now that of an ecumenical Evangelical society.

21st century[edit | edit source]

In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of Anglican and, later, some Protestant mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies.

In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.

In 2008, CMS was acknowledged as a mission community by the Advisory Council on the Relations of Bishops and Religious Communities of the Church of England. It currently has approximately 2,800 members who commit to seven promises, aspiring to live a lifestyle shaped by mission.

In 2010 CMS integrated with the South American Mission Society (SAMS).

In 2010 Church Mission Society launched the Pioneer Mission Leadership Training programme, providing leadership training for both lay people and those preparing for ordination as pioneer ministers. It is accredited by Durham University as part of the Church of England's Common Awards. In 2015 there were 70 students on the course, studying at certificate, diploma and MA level.

In October 2012, Philip Mounstephen became the Executive Leader of the Church Mission Society.[18]

On 31 January 2016 Church Mission Society had 151 mission partners in 30 countries and 62 local partners in 26 countries (this programme supports local mission leaders in Asia, Africa and South America in "pioneer settings"[19]) serving in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In addition, 127 mission associates (affiliated to Church Mission Society but not employed or financially supported through CMS) and 16 short-termers. In 2015–16, Church Mission Society had a budget of £6.8 million, drawn primarily from donations by individuals and parishes, supplemented by historic investments.[19]

The Church Mission Society Archive is housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

In Australia, the society operates on two levels: firstly, at a national/federal level as 'CMS Australia', training and supporting various missionaries; and secondly, at a state level with 6 Branches, recruiting missionaries and liaising with supporters and support churches.[20]

Leadership[edit | edit source]

Secretary or Honorary Secretary

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

President

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

CEO (with title changes)[edit | edit source]

General Secretary

Executive Leader

Chief Executive Officer

  • From May 2019: Alastair Bateman

Clinical leadership[edit | edit source]

Medical Superintendent

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive". www.ampltd.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mounstephen, Philip (2015). "Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS". Intermission. 22.
  3. ↑ The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 (PDF). London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University. 1902.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)". Adam Matthew Digital. 1896. pp. 210–219. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  5. ↑ Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390
  6. ↑ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1874". The Origin of the Church Missionary Society. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  7. ↑ Template:ODNBweb
  8. ↑ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1867". The Church Missionary Society (From the "American Church Missionary Register"). Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  9. ↑ Mouser, Bruce (2004). "African academy 1799–1806". History of Education. 33 (1). doi:10.1080/00467600410001648797. S2CID 144855979.
  10. ↑ Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 (Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals). Church Missionary Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  11. ↑ "West Africa (Sierra Leone): Original papers, 1820-1869 - AM Scholar - Adam Matthew Digital". www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk.
  12. ↑ Whitehead, JAck. "The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington". Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  13. ↑ "Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There". www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  14. ↑ "Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918". www.login.amdigital.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  15. ↑ "Biographies". www.login.amdigital.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  16. ↑ "02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital". www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  17. ↑ Stock 1923.
    The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 English–Kikuyu Vocabulary, whose author, CMS member A. W. McGregor, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" (McGregor 1904, p. iii).
  18. ↑ "Executive leader: Philip Mounstephen". Church Mission Society. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Church Mission Society Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 January 2016.
  20. ↑ "About CMS Australia". CMS Australia. Retrieved 16 October 2020.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • Groten, Miel. “Gates to the ‘Heathen World.’” in The Architecture of Empire in Modern Europe: Space, Place, and the Construction of an Imperial Environment, 1860-1960 (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), pp. 41–84. online in JSTOR
  • Stock, Eugene (1899–1916). The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men, and Its Work. Vol. 1–4. London: CMS..
  • Stock, Eugene (1923). The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. (Reprinted from the Church Missionary Review ed.). London: CMS..
  • Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999 (Eerdmans, 2000). online
  • Ward, Kevin. A History of Global Anglicanism (Cambridge University Press, 2006). online
  • Missionary Register; containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813 to 1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London
Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; 1814, 1815, 1822, 1823, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1834, 1846.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Protestant missions to Africa

Template:Protestant missions to Pacific Islands Template:Protestant missions to the Middle East Template:Protestant missions to Southeast Asia

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_Mission_Society&oldid=461043"
Discover more