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{{Short description|Sunni, mostly Persian-speaking ethnic group of Afghanistan}}
{{Short description|Persian-speaking nomadic ethnic group of Afghanistan}}
{{Redirect|Aymāq|other uses|Aimaq (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Aymāq|other uses|Aimaq (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Aimaq<br>{{small|{{lang|fa|ایماق}}}}
| group            = Aimaq<br />{{small|{{lang|fa|ایماق}}}}
| image            =  
| image            =
| caption          =  
| caption          =  
| population      = '''1,593,418''' (2021)<br/> 4% of the Afghan population{{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|title = Population Matters|date = 3 March 2016}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population
| population      = '''1,593,418''' (2021)<br/> 4% of the population of Afghanistan{{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population |title="Afghanistan Population 2021" |author=World Population Review |date=19 September 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |website=reliefweb.int |date=14 August 2011 |publisher= |via=}}</ref>
| title="Afghanistan Population 2021"| author=World Population Review| date= 19 Sep 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/
| langs            = [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ir1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=AYMĀQ |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |last=Janata |first=A. |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater |edition=Online}}</ref>
| title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| author=statista.com| date= 20 Aug 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation
| rels            = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aimaq |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aimaq/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation| author=reliefweb.int| date= 14 Aug 2011| publisher= | via=}}</ref>
| related          = [[Hazaras]], [[Tajiks]]
| langs            = [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]]<ref name="ir1"/>
| rels            = Mainly [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aimaq|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aimaq/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Minority Rights Group|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| related          = [[Hazaras]], [[Moghol people|Moghols]], [[Tajiks]], and [[Pashtuns]]<ref name="ir1"/>
}}
}}


The '''Aimaq''' ({{lang-fa|ایماق|Aimāq}}) or '''Chahar Aimaq''' ({{lang|fa|چهار ایماق}}), also transliterated as '''Aimagh''', '''Aimak''' and '''Aymaq''', are a collection of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking<ref>{{Cite web|title=AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk|access-date=2021-02-01|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[nomadic]] and semi-nomadic tribes.<ref>Tom Lansford -''A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"</ref> They live mostly in the central and western highlands of [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Badghis Province|Badghis.]] Aimaqs were originally known as ''chahar'' ("four") Aymaqs: the ''[[Taymani]]'' (the main element in the population of Ghor), the ''[[Firozkohi]]'' (mostly in Badghis), the ''[[Jamshidi (tribe)|Jamshidi]]'' and the ''[[Timuri]]''.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Aimak|volume=1|page=439|noicon=y}}</ref> Other sources state that the [[Aimaq Hazara]] are one of the ''Chahar'', with the Timuri instead being of the "lesser Aimaqs" or ''Aimaq-e digar''<ref name="Vogelsang2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA37|title=The Afghans|author=Willem Vogelsang|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=9780631198413|pages=37–|access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> ("other Aimaqs").
The '''Aimaq''' ({{langx|prs|{{nq|ایماق}}|Aimāq}}),{{efn|Also transliterated as '''Aymaq''', '''Aimagh''', '''Aimak''', and '''Aymak'''.}} also known as the '''Chahar Aimaq''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aimaq {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aimaq |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> are a collection of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly [[Persian language|Persian-speaking]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[nomadic]] and semi-nomadic tribes.<ref>Tom Lansford -''A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"</ref> They live mainly in the central and western highlands of [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] and [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]. Aimaqs were originally known as ''chahar'' ("four") Aymaqs: [[Jamshidi (tribe)|Jamshidi]], [[Aimaq Hazara]], [[Firozkohi]], and [[Taymani]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> The [[Timuri]], which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as ''Aimaq-e dīgar'' ("Other Aimaq").<ref name="Vogelsang2002">{{cite book |last=Vogelsang |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA37 |title=The Afghans |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780631198413 |pages=37– |access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>


The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Persian language]], but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the [[Pashto language]].<ref name="Vogelsang">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18|title=The Afghans|last1=Vogelsang|first1=Willem|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=0631198415|page=18|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>
The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the [[Aimaq dialect]] of the [[Persian language]], but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the [[Pashto language]].<ref name="Vogelsang">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18 |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=0631198415 |page=18 |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>


== Origin and culture ==
== Etymology ==
The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|editor-last=Winston|editor-first=Robert|location=New York|pages=432}}</ref> Other tribes such as the [[Taymani (Aimaq tribe)]] and [[Firozkohi]] claim descent from other [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|first=A. |last=Janata |title=Aymāq |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk|url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=A Kākaṛ Pashtun from Baluchistan, Tayman, formed a coalition in Ḡūr around 1650. The traditional chiefs of the northern Fīrūzkūhī, Zay Ḥākem, claim descent from Ačakzay Pashtun ancestors.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170352/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |archive-date=2011-04-29 }}</ref>
The word "Aimaq" is derived from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word "Oymaq" that means "tribe" and "group of tribes".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


Aimaq is a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word that means "tribe" or "grazing territory". Of all Aimaqs, [[Aimaq Hazara]] and [[Timuri]] are closest to the [[Turco-Mongol tradition]] since they are semi-nomadic tribes and some of them live in [[yurt]]s, whereas other Aimaqs live in traditional Afghan black tents.<ref>[http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-External/Hazara%20Baluchistan.pdf A Sociological Study of the Hazara Tribe in Baluchistan (An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Change)]</ref> The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.<ref name=":0" />
== Origin ==
The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-0520-2 |editor-last=Winston |editor-first=Robert |location=New York |pages=432}}</ref> The [[Taymani (Aimaq tribe)|Taymani]] and [[Firozkohi]] claim descent from [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes.<ref>{{cite web|first=A. |last=Janata |title=Aymāq |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=A Kākaṛ Pashtun from Baluchistan, Tayman, formed a coalition in Ḡūr around 1650. The traditional chiefs of the northern Fīrūzkūhī, Zay Ḥākem, claim descent from Ačakzay Pashtun ancestors. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170352/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref>


== Classification of tribes ==
== Culture and society ==
'''Aimaq tribes'''
The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Name
=== Religion ===
!Tribal kind
Aimaqs are largely [[Sunni Muslim]] except for the Jamshidi who are mainly [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili Shia Muslims]].<ref>"Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>
!Note
|-
|[[Aimaq Hazara]]
|Aimaq-e digar
|"[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] subtribe of [[Hazaras|Hazara]] origin"
|-
|[[Chagatai people|Chagatai]]
|Aimaq-e digar
|"[[Turco-Mongols]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]]"
|-
|[[Changezi]]
|Aimaq-e digar
|"Descendant of [[Genghis Khan]]"
|-
|[[Firozkohi]]
|Chahar Aimaq
|
|-
|[[Jamshidi (Hazara tribe)|Jamshidi]]
|Chahar Aimaq
|"The Jamshidi, forcibly moved from one exile to the other, became indistinguishable from Turkmen in their way of life. During this period, small groups of Aimaq Hazara and Jamshidi settled in Persian [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] and Turkmenistan."<ref name="ir1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=AYMĀQ|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|location=United States|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk|last=Janata|first=A.|editor=Ehsan Yarshater|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|edition=Online}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kipchak (Aimaq tribe)|Kipchak]]
|Aimaq-e digar
|"Descendant of [[Kipchaks]]"
|-
|[[Timuri]]
|Chahar Aimaq
|"Descendant of [[Timur]]"
|-
|[[Taymani]]
|Chahar Aimaq
|
|-
|Zuri
|Aimaq-e digar
|
|-
|}


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|right|300px|CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan]] (2005)]]
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan]] (2005)]]
Estimates of the Aimaq population vary between 250,000 and 500,000. They are largely [[Sunni Muslims]]—except for the Jamshidi who are mainly [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] in the main—and in contrast to the [[Hazara people|Hazara]], who are mostly [[Shia Muslims]].<ref>"Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite.  Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>
In 2021, the Aimaq made up 4% of Afghanistan's population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan Population 2024 (Live) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Aimaq Hazara]]
* [[Hazaras]]
* [[Farsiwan]]
* [[Moghols]]
* [[Qara'unas]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 85: Line 43:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Macgregor, ''Central Asia'', (Calcutta, 1871)
* Macgregor, ''Central Asia'', (Calcutta, 1871)
* {{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |publisher=Brill |language=en}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
 
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Man-with-Children-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Ghor-Province-Posters_i2672763_.htm Aimaq Man with Children, Pal-Kotal-I-Guk, Ghor Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819155221/http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Man-with-Children-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Ghor-Province-Posters_i2672763_.htm |date=2021-08-19 }}
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Man-with-Children-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Ghor-Province-Posters_i2672763_.htm Aimaq Man with Children, Pal-Kotal-I-Guk, Ghor Province]
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Nomad-Camp-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Between-Chakhcharan-and-Jam-Afghanistan-Posters_i2672820_.htm Aimaq Nomad Camp Pal-Kotal-I-Guk Between Chakhcharan and Jam Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909004851/https://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Nomad-Camp-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Between-Chakhcharan-and-Jam-Afghanistan-Posters_i2672820_.htm |date=2018-09-09 }}
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Nomad-Camp-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Between-Chakhcharan-and-Jam-Afghanistan-Posters_i2672820_.htm Aimaq Nomad Camp Pal-Kotal-I-Guk Between Chakhcharan and Jam Afghanistan]
{{Commons category}}
 
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Iranian peoples}}
{{Iranian peoples}}
{{Mongol ethnic groups}}
{{Turkic peoples}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Aimaq}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aimaq}}
[[Category:Aymaq]]
[[Category:Aymaq]]
[[Category:Afghan nomads]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]

Latest revision as of 23:58, 22 November 2025


"Aymāq" redirects here. For other uses, see Aimaq (disambiguation).
Aimaq
ایماق
Total population
1,593,418 (2021)
4% of the population of Afghanistan[lower-alpha 1][2][3]
Languages
Aimaq dialect of Persian[4]
Religion
Sunni Islam[5]
Related ethnic groups
Hazaras, Tajiks

The Aimaq (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.),[lower-alpha 2] also known as the Chahar Aimaq,[6] are a collection of Sunni and mostly Persian-speaking[7] nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes.[8] They live mainly in the central and western highlands of Afghanistan, especially in Ghor and Badghis. Aimaqs were originally known as chahar ("four") Aymaqs: Jamshidi, Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, and Taymani.[9] The Timuri, which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as Aimaq-e dīgar ("Other Aimaq").[10]

The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the Aimaq dialect of the Persian language, but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the Pashto language.[11]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The word "Aimaq" is derived from the Turkic-Mongolic word "Oymaq" that means "tribe" and "group of tribes".[7][9]

Origin[edit | edit source]

The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of Genghis Khan.[12] The Taymani and Firozkohi claim descent from Pashtun tribes.[13]

Culture and society[edit | edit source]

The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.[12]

Religion[edit | edit source]

Aimaqs are largely Sunni Muslim except for the Jamshidi who are mainly Isma'ili Shia Muslims.[14]

Demographics[edit | edit source]

Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan and Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan (2005)

In 2021, the Aimaq made up 4% of Afghanistan's population.[15]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the ongoing conflict in the country, no official census has been conducted since.[1]
  2. ↑ Also transliterated as Aymaq, Aimagh, Aimak, and Aymak.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Population Matters". 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  2. ↑ World Population Review (19 September 2021). ""Afghanistan Population 2021"".
  3. ↑ "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation". reliefweb.int. 14 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Janata, A. "AYMĀQ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
  5. ↑ "Aimaq". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Aimaq | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Tom Lansford -A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Spuler, B. (2012-04-24), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2023-07-14
  10. ↑ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 37–. ISBN 9780631198413. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  11. ↑ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 0631198415. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 432. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  13. ↑ Janata, A. "Aymāq". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2021. A Kākaṛ Pashtun from Baluchistan, Tayman, formed a coalition in Ḡūr around 1650. The traditional chiefs of the northern Fīrūzkūhī, Zay Ḥākem, claim descent from Ačakzay Pashtun ancestors.
  14. ↑ "Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
  15. ↑ "Afghanistan Population 2024 (Live)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2025-01-17.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Macgregor, Central Asia, (Calcutta, 1871)
  • Spuler, B. (2012-04-24), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Template:Iranian peoples Template:Mongol ethnic groups Template:Turkic peoples

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