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{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name          = Chandraharam
| name          = Chandraharam
| image          = Chandraharam.jpg  
| image          = Chandraharam.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster  
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director      = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]<br/>[[L. V. Prasad]] {{small|(Supervision)}}
| director      = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]<br />[[L. V. Prasad]] {{small|(Supervision)}}
| producer      = [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]]<br />[[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]]
| producer      = [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]]<br />[[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]]
| writer        = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]<br />{{small|(story / dialogues / songs)}}<br />[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] {{small|(Tamil)}}
| writer        = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]<br />{{small|(story / dialogues / songs)}}<br />[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] {{small|(Tamil)}}
| starring      = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />[[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]]
| starring      = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />[[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]]
| music          = [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]]
| music          = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing        = Jambulingam  
| editing        = Jambulingam
| studio        = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| studio        = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| released      =  {{film date|df=yes|1954|1|6|}}  
| released      =  {{film date|df=yes|1954|1|6|}}
| runtime        = 174 minutes
| runtime        = 174 minutes
| country        = India
| country        = India
| language      = Telugu<br />Tamil
| language      = Telugu<br />Tamil
| budget        =
| gross          =
}}
}}


'''''Chandraharam''''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: చంద్రహారం; {{lang-ta|சந்திரஹாரம்}}) is a 1954 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] bilingual [[swashbuckling|swashbuckling film]], produced by [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]]-[[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] under the [[Vijaya Productions]] banner and directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Sriranjani Jr.]] and music composed by [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|authors=Ashish Rajadhyaksha & Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages= 328 & 585 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref>
'''''Chandraharam''''' is a 1954 Indian [[swashbuckler film]] directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] in his debut. It was produced by [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]]-[[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] under the [[Vijaya Productions]] banner. The film, a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual, stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Sriranjani Jr.]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=330–331 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> It was not commercially successful.<ref name="idlebrain12">{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |title=Telugu Cinema – Past and Present |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-tc4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006211806/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-tc4.html |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema (Part 13) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207113115/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema13.htm |archive-date=7 February 2012 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=CineGoer.com}}</ref>


==Plot==
== Plot ==
The events of the film take place in the kingdom of Chandana Desam. Its king was blessed with a baby boy with the boon of Lord Chandra. which he named Chandanraju. Chadan was born with a necklace called Chandraharam and his life is preserved in it. At the age of five, Chandan was sent to Maali (S. V. Ranga Rao) for education and was brought up in the care of Maali. Chandan (N. T. Rama Rao) is obligated to get married lest his life be in danger, hence his parents procure portraits of neighboring princesses. All the while, Chandan has a dream girl and wants to marry her. The king asks Maali to search for such a girl and sends Chandan to tour the country. Chandan's brother-in-law Dhoomekatu (Relangi) is greedy for the kingdom and wants to break the marriage of Chandran so that he will die. He sends Niksheparayudu to follow Chandan. Niksheparayudu sees Chandan's dream girl Gauri (Sriranjani Jr.) in a village. Niksheparayudu cleverly manages Gauri's stepmother and hides Gauri there. Gauri's father disapproves of this proposal and sends away Gauri secretly. Chanchala (Savitri), an angel, loves Chandan but he refuses. She snatches his Chadraharam and says he will be alive only in the night. Chanchala's sister Achala notices Gauri in an unconscious state and takes her to Chandan. Maali performs their marriage. Dhoomketu threatens the king to get him crowned, to which the helpless king agrees. During this time, Niksheparayudu notices Gauri at Maali's house. Maali takes Gauri and hides her inside a temple. Meanwhile, Chanchala gets angry at Chandan as he has left for the palace, so she kills him. Dhoomketu orders to keep Gauri also on the funeral pyre. Finally, Gauri's devotion and willpower brings Chandan back to life. Chanchala is cursed by [[Lord Indra]] (R. Nageswara Rao) by stripping her supernatural powers. Dhoomekatu and Niksheparayudu also realize their mistake. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the crowning ceremony of Chadanraju.
The film begins in the kingdom of Chandana Desam, a baby boy, Chandanraju, is born to its king by the boon of Chandra with a necklace ''Chandraharam'' which preserves his life. At the age of five, Maali Chandan's mentor starts turning him into a jack of all trades with ethical and royal moralities. Years roll by, and Chandan must get nuptial lest his life is in danger; hence, his parents procure portraits of neighboring princesses. All the while, Chandan has a dream girl and affirms to knit her. The king edicts Maali to quest for the girl and sends Chandan to tour the country. Chandan's sly brother-in-law, Dhoomekatu, wants to usurp the kingdom and ploys to break Chandan's intention and sends his sidekick, Niksheparayudu, behind him. Niksheparayudu detects the girl Gauri and tricky hides her. Besides, Chanchala is an angel who entices Chandan, which he denies. So, she snatches his Chadraharam and says he will be alive only in the night. Meanwhile, Gauri absconds and collapses when Chanchala's sister Achala aids her land at Chandan, whom Maali splices. Dhoomketu threatens the king to crown him, and as inevitable, he agrees. During this time, Niksheparayudu detects Gauri's presence at Maali's residence, whom he put out of sight in a temple. Consequently, infuriated Chanchala kills Chandan when Dhoomketu incriminates and sentences Gauri to the funeral pyre. At last, Gauri's adoration retrieves Chandan to life. Chanchala is cursed by [[Indra]] by stripping her divinity. Dhoomekatu and Niksheparayudu also plead pardon. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the crowning ceremony of Chadanraju.


==Cast==
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N.T. Rama Rao]] as Prince Chandan
*[[N.T. Rama Rao]] as Prince Chandan
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Chanchala
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Chanchala
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Gauri
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Gauri
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Mali
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Mali
*[[Relangi Venkata Ramaiah|Relangi]] as Dhumaketu
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Dhumaketu
*[[R. Nageswara Rao]]
*[[R. Nageswara Rao]]
*[[Padmanabham]]
*[[Padmanabham]]
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
*K. V. S. Sarma  
*K. V. S. Sarma
*Joga Rao
*Joga Rao
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Maridamma
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Maridamma
}}


==Soundtrack==
== Production ==
{{Infobox album
The film was produced by [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]] and [[Chakrapani (director)|Chakrapani]] under the banner [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Pictures]] simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil. This is the directorial debut for [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. The cinematography was by Marcus Bartley. [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] wrote the story while [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]] wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Telugu version.<ref name="encyclopedia" />
| name      = Chandraharam
 
| type      = film
[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Tamil version.<ref name="neelamegam" />
| artist    = [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]]
 
| cover      =
== Music ==
| alt        =
 
| released  = 1954
=== Telugu songs ===
| recorded  =
Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandraharam (1954) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0001325 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531210202/http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0001325 |archive-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| venue      =
| studio    =
| genre      = Soundtrack
| length    = 47:19
| label      =
| producer  = [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title =
| next_year  =
}}


Music composed by [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]. Music released on Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!S. No.!!Song Title !!Singers !!length
!Song title !!Singers !!Length
|-  
|-
|1
|"Idi Naa Cheli"
|"Idi Naa Cheli"
|Ghantasala  
|Ghantasala
|2:38
|2:38
|-  
|-
|2
|"Enchesthe Adhi Ghanakaryam"
|"Enchesthe Adhi Ghanakaryam"
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]]  
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]]
|2:34
|2:34
|-  
|-
|3
|"Vignana Deepamunu"
|"Vignana Deepamunu"
|Ghantasala
|Ghantasala
|3:30
|3:30
|-  
|-
|4
|"Laali Jaya Laali"
|"Laali Jaya Laali"
|N. Lalitha  
|N. Lalitha
|3:36
|3:36
|-  
|-
|5
|"Yemi Siksha Kaavalo"
|"Yemi Siksha Kaavalo"
|Ghantasala
|Ghantasala
|2:38
|2:38
|-  
|-
|6
|"Ye Saadhuvvlu"
|"Ye Saadhuvvlu"
|[[P. Leela]]
|[[P. Leela]]
| 6:03
| 6:03
|-  
|-
|7
|"Neeku Neeve Thodugaa"
|"Neeku Neeve Thodugaa"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|3:20
|3:20
|-  
|-
|8
|"Yevarivo Yechatanundivo"
|"Yevarivo Yechatanundivo"
|Ghantasala, [[A. P. Komala]]
|Ghantasala, [[A. P. Komala]]
|5:28
|5:28
|-  
|-
|9
|"Yevare Yevare"
|"Yevare Yevare"
|[[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|[[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|4:48
|4:48
|-  
|-
|10
|"Yenadu Modalidithivo"
|"Yenadu Modalidithivo"
|Ghantasala  
|Ghantasala
|2:43
|2:43
|-  
|-
|11
|"Krupa Ganavaa Naa"
|"Krupa Ganavaa Naa"
|P. Leela
|P. Leela
|3:28
|3:28
|-  
|-
|12
|"Jaya Jaya"
|"Jaya Jaya"
|Ghantasala
|Ghantasala
|3:19
|3:19
|-  
|-
|13
|"Daya Ganave Thalli"
|"Daya Ganave Thalli"
|P. Leela
|P. Leela
|3:14
|3:14
|}
|}


===Tamil Songs===
=== Tamil songs ===
Lyrics by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]. ''Arud Jyothi Daivam'' is a Thiruvarutpa by Vallalar [[Ramalinga Swamigal]]. [[Playback singer]]s are [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], [[N. Lalitha Bhanu|N. Lalitha]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[P. Leela]], [[Madhavapeddi Satyam|M. Sathyam]] and [[A. P. Komala]].<ref name=neelamegam>{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 2|author=G. Neelamegam|language=Tamil|pages=70&nbsp;– 71 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039). First edition November 2016}}</ref>
Lyrics by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]].<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 2 |date=November 2016 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=70–71 |language=Tamil}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Arut Jyothi Devam" || Ghantasala || Ramalinga Swamigal || 02:38
|-
| 2 || "Laali Jaya Laali" || N. Lalitha || rowspan=11|Thanjai Ramaiah Dass || 03:36
|-
| 3 || "Enadhaaruyir Vanithamani" || rowspan=3|Ghantasala || 3:30
|-
| 4 || "Enna Sidshai Unakku Vendum" || 02:38
|-
|-
| 5 || "Vidhiye Un Leelai Idhuvo" || 02:43
| "Arut Jyothi Devam" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]|| [[Ramalinga Swamigal]]|| 02:38
|-
| 6 || "Arul Purivai Amma" || rowspan=3|P. Leela ||06:03
|-
| 7 || "Thayavillaiyo En Kurai Kelaayo" ||
|-
|-
| 8 || "Jagam Meedhil Alai Modhum" ||
| "Laali Jaya Laali" || [[N. Lalitha Bhanu|N. Lalitha]]|| rowspan="11" |[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 03:36
|-
|-
| 9 || "Edhu Seidhaal Adhu" || M. Sathyam & Group || 03:30
| "Enadhaaruyir Vanithamani" || rowspan=3|Ghantasala || 3:30
|-  
|-
| 10 || "Vaazhivile Kanavu Palikkumo" || Ghantasala & A. P. Komala || 05:28
| "Enna Sidshai Unakku Vendum" || 02:38
|-  
|-
| 11 || "Alaigal Sayanamael" || K. Rani || 04:48
| "Vidhiye Un Leelai Idhuvo" || 02:43
|-  
|-
| 12 || "Unakku Neeye Thunai Enre"  || M. Sathyam || 03:28
| "Arul Purivai Amma" || rowspan=3|[[P. Leela]]||06:03
|-
| "Thayavillaiyo En Kurai Kelaayo" ||
|-
| "Jagam Meedhil Alai Modhum" ||
|-
| "Edhu Seidhaal Adhu" || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam|M. Sathyam]] & Group || 03:30
|-
| "Vaazhivile Kanavu Palikkumo" || Ghantasala & [[A. P. Komala]]|| 05:28
|-
| "Alaigal Sayanamael" || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]|| 04:48
|-
| "Unakku Neeye Thunai Enre"  || M. Sathyam || 03:28
|}
|}


==Production==
== References ==
The film was produced by [[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]] and [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] under the banner [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Pictures]] simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil. This is the directorial debut for [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. The cinematography was by Marcus Bartley. [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] wrote the story while [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]] wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Telugu version.<ref name=encyclopedia />
 
[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Tamil version.<ref name=neelamegam />
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0263191|Chandraharam}}
*{{IMDb title}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0001325 Chandraharam songs at Raaga.com]


{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}


[[Category:Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:1954 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Latest revision as of 08:24, 27 March 2026

Chandraharam
Theatrical release poster
Directed byKamalakara Kameswara Rao
L. V. Prasad (Supervision)
Produced byNagi Reddy
Chakrapani
Written byPingali Nagendra Rao
(story / dialogues / songs)
Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass (Tamil)
StarringN. T. Rama Rao
Savitri
Sriranjani
Music byGhantasala
CinematographyMarcus Bartley
Edited byJambulingam
Production
company
Release date
  • 6 January 1954 (1954-01-06)
Running time
174 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageTelugu
Tamil

Chandraharam is a 1954 Indian swashbuckler film directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao in his debut. It was produced by Nagi Reddy-Chakrapani under the Vijaya Productions banner. The film, a Telugu-Tamil bilingual, stars N. T. Rama Rao, Savitri and Sriranjani Jr., with music composed by Ghantasala.[1] It was not commercially successful.[2][3]

Plot[edit | edit source]

The film begins in the kingdom of Chandana Desam, a baby boy, Chandanraju, is born to its king by the boon of Chandra with a necklace Chandraharam which preserves his life. At the age of five, Maali Chandan's mentor starts turning him into a jack of all trades with ethical and royal moralities. Years roll by, and Chandan must get nuptial lest his life is in danger; hence, his parents procure portraits of neighboring princesses. All the while, Chandan has a dream girl and affirms to knit her. The king edicts Maali to quest for the girl and sends Chandan to tour the country. Chandan's sly brother-in-law, Dhoomekatu, wants to usurp the kingdom and ploys to break Chandan's intention and sends his sidekick, Niksheparayudu, behind him. Niksheparayudu detects the girl Gauri and tricky hides her. Besides, Chanchala is an angel who entices Chandan, which he denies. So, she snatches his Chadraharam and says he will be alive only in the night. Meanwhile, Gauri absconds and collapses when Chanchala's sister Achala aids her land at Chandan, whom Maali splices. Dhoomketu threatens the king to crown him, and as inevitable, he agrees. During this time, Niksheparayudu detects Gauri's presence at Maali's residence, whom he put out of sight in a temple. Consequently, infuriated Chanchala kills Chandan when Dhoomketu incriminates and sentences Gauri to the funeral pyre. At last, Gauri's adoration retrieves Chandan to life. Chanchala is cursed by Indra by stripping her divinity. Dhoomekatu and Niksheparayudu also plead pardon. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the crowning ceremony of Chadanraju.

Cast[edit | edit source]

Production[edit | edit source]

The film was produced by Nagi Reddy and Chakrapani under the banner Vijaya Pictures simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil. This is the directorial debut for Kamalakara Kameswara Rao. The cinematography was by Marcus Bartley. Chakrapani wrote the story while Pingali Nagendra Rao wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Telugu version.[1]

Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the Tamil version.[4]

Music[edit | edit source]

Telugu songs[edit | edit source]

Music was composed by Ghantasala. Lyrics were written by Pingali Nagendra Rao.[5]

Song title Singers Length
"Idi Naa Cheli" Ghantasala 2:38
"Enchesthe Adhi Ghanakaryam" Pithapuram 2:34
"Vignana Deepamunu" Ghantasala 3:30
"Laali Jaya Laali" N. Lalitha 3:36
"Yemi Siksha Kaavalo" Ghantasala 2:38
"Ye Saadhuvvlu" P. Leela 6:03
"Neeku Neeve Thodugaa" Madhavapeddi Satyam 3:20
"Yevarivo Yechatanundivo" Ghantasala, A. P. Komala 5:28
"Yevare Yevare" K. Rani 4:48
"Yenadu Modalidithivo" Ghantasala 2:43
"Krupa Ganavaa Naa" P. Leela 3:28
"Jaya Jaya" Ghantasala 3:19
"Daya Ganave Thalli" P. Leela 3:14

Tamil songs[edit | edit source]

Lyrics by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass.[4]

Song Singers Lyrics Length
"Arut Jyothi Devam" Ghantasala Ramalinga Swamigal 02:38
"Laali Jaya Laali" N. Lalitha Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass 03:36
"Enadhaaruyir Vanithamani" Ghantasala 3:30
"Enna Sidshai Unakku Vendum" 02:38
"Vidhiye Un Leelai Idhuvo" 02:43
"Arul Purivai Amma" P. Leela 06:03
"Thayavillaiyo En Kurai Kelaayo"
"Jagam Meedhil Alai Modhum"
"Edhu Seidhaal Adhu" M. Sathyam & Group 03:30
"Vaazhivile Kanavu Palikkumo" Ghantasala & A. P. Komala 05:28
"Alaigal Sayanamael" K. Rani 04:48
"Unakku Neeye Thunai Enre" M. Sathyam 03:28

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. pp. 330–331. ISBN 0-19-563579-5.
  2. ↑ Srihari, Gudipoodi. "Telugu Cinema – Past and Present". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  3. ↑ "History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema (Part 13)". CineGoer.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Neelamegam, G. (November 2016). Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 (in Tamil) (1st ed.). Chennai: Manivasagar Publishers. pp. 70–71.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ↑ "Chandraharam (1954)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2024.

External links[edit | edit source]

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