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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1210 to 1211}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}} | ||
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| name = Aram Shah | | name = Aram Shah | ||
| title = | | title = | ||
| succession = | | image = Aram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate.jpg | ||
| predecessor = [[Qutb | | succession = [[Sultan of Delhi]] | ||
| predecessor = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] | |||
| successor = [[Iltutmish]] | | successor = [[Iltutmish]] | ||
| titletext = | | titletext = | ||
| caption = Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Aram Shah, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881) | |||
| reign = December 1210 – June 1211 | | reign = December 1210 – June 1211 | ||
| house = | | house = | ||
| religion = [[Islam]] | | religion = [[Islam]] | ||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = 1176 | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = | ||
| death_date = | | death_date = {{Death date and age|1211|06||1176|||df=y}} | ||
| death_place = [[Delhi]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Aram Shah''' ({{ | '''Aram Shah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|آرام شاه}}}}; 1176 – June 1211) was the second [[sultan]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]]. He briefly held the throne from [[Lahore]] after the unexpected death of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] before being defeated and dethroned by [[Iltutmish]] who began ruling from [[Delhi]]. | ||
== Origins == | == Origins == | ||
Aram Shah is an obscure figure, and his relationship to his predecessor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] is not certain. In some manuscripts of [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Aibak") appear after his name in a chapter heading, and later writers believed him to be a son of Aibak. However, the words "bin Aibak" in the headline may have been an erroneous addition made by a scribe.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=207}} Minhaj-i-Siraj refers to only three daughters of Aibak elsewhere in the text, and [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]]'s ''[[Tarikh-i Jahangushay]]'' explicitly states that Aibak did not have any son.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} What is known is that he succeeded Aibak in city of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=39}} | Aram Shah is an obscure figure, and his relationship to his predecessor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] is not certain. In some manuscripts of [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Qutub-i-deen-Aibak") appear after his name in a chapter heading, and later writers believed him to be a son of Aibak. However, the words "bin Aibak" in the headline may have been an erroneous addition made by a scribe.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=207}} Minhaj-i-Siraj refers to only three daughters of Aibak elsewhere in the text, and [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]]'s ''[[Tarikh-i Jahangushay]]'' explicitly states that Aibak did not have any son.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} What is known is that he succeeded Aibak in city of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=39}} | ||
== Reign == | == Reign == | ||
In 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in [[Lahore]] during a sport game, without having named a successor. To prevent instability in the kingdom, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nobles ('' | In 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in [[Lahore]] during a sport game, without having named a successor. To prevent instability in the kingdom, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nobles (''[[malik]]s'' and ''umara'') in Lahore appointed Aram Shah as his successor at [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=39}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} However, the Turkic nobles in different parts of the Sultanate opposed his ascension, and some of them - such as the Khalji nobles of [[Bengal]] - rebelled against him. According to the 16th century historian [[Firishta]], the kingdom also suffered an invasion from the neighbouring ruler [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]] of [[Multan]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=207}} | ||
A group of nobles, led by the military justiciar (''Amir-i Dad'') Ali-yi Ismail, invited [[Iltutmish]] to occupy the throne.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak and the governor of [[Badaun]], had a distinguished record of service and was called a son by Aibak, because of which the nobles considered him as a good candidate for the throne.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=207-208}} Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces at Bagh-i Jud. According to the ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Aram Shah was "martyred": it is not clear if he was killed on the battlefield, or put to death as a prisoner of war.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Two of his important officers - Aqsanqar and Farrukh Shah - were killed on the battlefield. Iltutmish subsequently consolidated his power .{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=208}} | A group of nobles, led by the military justiciar (''Amir-i Dad'') Ali-yi Ismail, invited [[Iltutmish]] to occupy the throne.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak and the governor of [[Badaun]], had a distinguished record of service and was called a son by Aibak, because of which the nobles considered him as a good candidate for the throne.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=207-208}} Iltutmish marched to [[Delhi]], where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces at Bagh-i Jud. According to the ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Aram Shah was "martyred": it is not clear if he was killed on the battlefield, or put to death as a prisoner of war.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Two of his important officers - Aqsanqar and Farrukh Shah - were killed on the battlefield. Iltutmish subsequently consolidated his power and began ruling from [[Delhi]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=208}} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 34: | Line 37: | ||
=== Bibliography === | === Bibliography === | ||
{{ref begin}} | {{ref begin}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. | * {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |page=29 }} | * {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |page=29 }} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat ( | * {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }} | ||
{{ref end}} | {{ref end}} | ||
| Line 45: | Line 48: | ||
[[Category:Year of death unknown]] | [[Category:Year of death unknown]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]] | [[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]] | ||
[[Category:13th-century Indian people]] | |||
Latest revision as of 08:50, 4 August 2025
| Aram Shah | |
|---|---|
 Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Aram Shah, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881) | |
| Sultan of Delhi | |
| Reign | December 1210 – June 1211 |
| Predecessor | Qutb ud-Din Aibak |
| Successor | Iltutmish |
| Born | 1176 |
| Died | June 1211 (aged 34–35) Delhi |
| Religion | Islam |
Aram Shah (Persian: آرام شاه; 1176 – June 1211) was the second sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate. He briefly held the throne from Lahore after the unexpected death of Qutb ud-Din Aibak before being defeated and dethroned by Iltutmish who began ruling from Delhi.
Origins[edit | edit source]
Aram Shah is an obscure figure, and his relationship to his predecessor Qutb al-Din Aibak is not certain. In some manuscripts of Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Qutub-i-deen-Aibak") appear after his name in a chapter heading, and later writers believed him to be a son of Aibak. However, the words "bin Aibak" in the headline may have been an erroneous addition made by a scribe.[1] Minhaj-i-Siraj refers to only three daughters of Aibak elsewhere in the text, and Ata-Malik Juvayni's Tarikh-i Jahangushay explicitly states that Aibak did not have any son.[2] What is known is that he succeeded Aibak in city of Lahore.[3]
Reign[edit | edit source]
In 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in Lahore during a sport game, without having named a successor. To prevent instability in the kingdom, the Turkic nobles (maliks and umara) in Lahore appointed Aram Shah as his successor at Lahore.[3][2] However, the Turkic nobles in different parts of the Sultanate opposed his ascension, and some of them - such as the Khalji nobles of Bengal - rebelled against him. According to the 16th century historian Firishta, the kingdom also suffered an invasion from the neighbouring ruler Nasir ad-Din Qabacha of Multan.[1]
A group of nobles, led by the military justiciar (Amir-i Dad) Ali-yi Ismail, invited Iltutmish to occupy the throne.[4] Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak and the governor of Badaun, had a distinguished record of service and was called a son by Aibak, because of which the nobles considered him as a good candidate for the throne.[5] Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces at Bagh-i Jud. According to the Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Aram Shah was "martyred": it is not clear if he was killed on the battlefield, or put to death as a prisoner of war.[4] Two of his important officers - Aqsanqar and Farrukh Shah - were killed on the battlefield. Iltutmish subsequently consolidated his power and began ruling from Delhi.[6]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 207.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 206.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Satish Chandra 2004, p. 39.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Peter Jackson 2003, p. 29.
- ↑ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 207-208.
- ↑ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 208.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- K. A. Nizami (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
- Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- Satish Chandra (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526). Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.