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{{Short description|Character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}} | |||
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | {{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox character | {{Infobox character | ||
| affiliation = [[Kaurava]] | |||
| info-hdr = Information | |||
| name = Vikarna | | name = Vikarna | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| caption = | |||
| caption = | |||
| weapon = [[Bow and Arrow]] | | weapon = [[Bow and Arrow]] | ||
| family = [[Dhritarashtra]] (father)<br/>[[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] (mother) | | family = [[Dhritarashtra]] (father)<br />[[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] (mother)<br /> [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]], Chitrasena, 96 other (brothers), [[Dushala]] (sister) and [[Yuyutsu]] (half-brother) (siblings) <br/> | ||
| | | relatives = [[Pandavas]] (paternal cousins)<br />[[Shakuni]] (maternal uncle)<br /> | ||
}} | |||
In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', '''Vikarna''' ({{ | In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', '''Vikarna''' ({{langx|sa|विकर्ण}}) was the third [[Kaurava]], a son of [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], and a brother to the [[crown prince]] [[Duryodhana]]. Vikarna is also referred to as the most reputable of the Kauravas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shankar |first=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsMpEAAAQBAJ&dq=vikarna+third+kaurava&pg=PT132 |title=Untold Tales from the Mahabharata: The Epic Beyond the Obvious |date=2021-04-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90358-44-1 |language=en}}</ref> Vikarna was the only [[Kaurava]] who opposed the humiliation of [[Draupadi]], the wife of his cousins, the [[Pandavas]], after Yudhisthira lost his freedom in a game of dice to Duryodhana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsKlDwAAQBAJ&dq=vikarna+draupadi&pg=PA56 |title=Karna, the son of Kunti: Stories from the Mahabharatha |date=2017-07-01 |publisher=SA Krishnan |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Line 19: | Line 18: | ||
The word ''Vikarna'' has two meanings. Basically it is made from two words. First word is ''vinā'' ({{lang|sa|विना}}) or ''vishāla'' ({{lang|sa|विशाल}}), while second word is ''karna'' ({{lang|sa|कर्ण}}. ''vinā'' means 'without' and ''vishāla'' means 'large'. And ''karna'' means 'ears'. So this name contains two meanings. Either it is 'the one who is earless' or 'large eared'. This could say something about his character. It is possible that the name Vikarna basically came from his character of either not listening to anyone(self-esteemed) or who listens and captures wisdom through his (large)ears. | The word ''Vikarna'' has two meanings. Basically it is made from two words. First word is ''vinā'' ({{lang|sa|विना}}) or ''vishāla'' ({{lang|sa|विशाल}}), while second word is ''karna'' ({{lang|sa|कर्ण}}. ''vinā'' means 'without' and ''vishāla'' means 'large'. And ''karna'' means 'ears'. So this name contains two meanings. Either it is 'the one who is earless' or 'large eared'. This could say something about his character. It is possible that the name Vikarna basically came from his character of either not listening to anyone(self-esteemed) or who listens and captures wisdom through his (large)ears. | ||
While Karna cheered his friend Duryodhan and encouraged him to disrobe Droupadi, the Vikarna opposed Karna and speaks of righteous behaviour and proper respectful conduct towards women. | |||
Vikarna also means the exact opposite of Karna. | |||
==Adolescence== | |||
Vikarna was one of [[Drona]]'s students who excelled in archery like Arjuna. On completing their training, Drona asked the [[Kauravas]] to bring him [[Drupada]] as a [[Dakshina|guru dakshina]]. [[Duryodhana]], [[Dushasana]], [[Yuyutsu]], Vikarna, and the remaining Kauravas with the [[Hastinapura]] army attacked [[Panchala]]. Their attack was repelled. Vikarna and his brothers were forced to flee and abandon the field. | |||
==Game of dice== | ==Game of dice== | ||
During the infamous [[Pachisi|dice game]] of the [[ | During the infamous [[Pachisi|dice game]] of the [[Mahabharata]], Vikarna raised his voice against the game as a whole, and specifically, at the mistreatment of [[Draupadi]] . Vikarna echoed the questions Draupadi had already asked the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] elders, demanding that her questions be answered. His protests were met with silence, even from the wise elders like [[Bhishma]] and [[Dronacharya|Drona]]. | ||
In the silence, and depending on the version of the story, [[Karna]] later rebuked and taunted Vikarna for his outburst. Vikarna quietly replied: | In the silence, and depending on the version of the story, [[Karna]] later rebuked and taunted Vikarna for his outburst. Vikarna quietly replied: | ||
{{ | {{blockquote| The sister-in-law's insult is an affront to the entire Kuru clan. If her questions are not answered, our line is doomed.|Vikarna|<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Mahabharata|author=Rajagopalachari, C.|date=1974|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_MfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref>}} | ||
[[Madhvacharya]] states in his commentary that in reality, Vikarna's protest was only to make a show of righteousness; this assessment is however at odds with the sympathetic nature of his fatal encounter with Bhima, who esteems Vikarna's character as a man of dharma. | |||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
Despite his misgivings, Vikarna fights for [[Duryodhana]] during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. [[Bhishma]] names him as one of the great warriors on the [[Kaurava]] side. Mentioned throughout the war, Vikarna has a few notable moments. On the fourth day of the war, he attempts to check [[Abhimanyu|Abhimanyu's]] advance, and is severely repulsed. On the fifth day of the war, he attempts to break the [[Mahismati|King of Mahismati's]] defense of the [[Pandava]] formation, and is unsuccessful. On the seventh day, he covers the retreat of his brothers from [[Bhima|Bhima's]] rampage. On the tenth day, he attempts to prevent [[Arjuna]] and [[Shikhandi]] from reaching Bhishma, but is counter-checked by [[Drupada]]. | Despite his misgivings, Vikarna fights for [[Duryodhana]] during the [[Kurukshetra War]]. [[Bhishma]] names him as one of the great warriors on the [[Kaurava]] side. Mentioned throughout the war, Vikarna has a few notable moments. On the fourth day of the war, he attempts to check [[Abhimanyu|Abhimanyu's]] advance, and is severely repulsed. On the fifth day of the war, he attempts to break the [[Mahismati|King of Mahismati's]] defense of the [[Pandava]] formation, and is unsuccessful. On the seventh day, he covers the retreat of his brothers from [[Bhima|Bhima's]] rampage. On the same day he stops and repulses Drupada and Shikandi and wounds them badly, causing them to retreat. On the tenth day, he attempts to prevent [[Arjuna]] and [[Shikhandi]] from reaching Bhishma, but is counter-checked by [[Drupada]]. | ||
On the thirteenth day of the war, depending on the version of the story, Vikarna is | On the thirteenth day of the war, depending on the version of the story, Vikarna is a silent bystander in the slaying of Abhimanyu. On the fourteenth day, [[Arjuna]] navigates the [[chakravyuha]] of [[Drona]], in order to reach and kill [[Jayadratha]] before sunset. Duryodhana sends Vikarna to check Bhima's advance. Bhima, who had sworn to kill all of [[Dhritarashtra|Dhritarashtra's]] true-born sons, calls Vikarna a man of [[dharma]] and advises him to step aside. Vikarna replies that even though he knew that the Kauravas would not win a war against a side with [[Krishna]] on it, he could not forsake Duryodhana. Pleadingly, Bhima reminds him of the dice game, where Vikarna had criticised his brother. Vikarna replied: | ||
{{ | {{blockquote|That was my duty then, and this is my duty now. Fight me, o son of [[Vayu]]!|Vikarna challenging Bhima|<ref name="google"/>}} | ||
Bhima quickly dispatches Vikarna; in some versions of the story Vikarna asks for Bhima to perform his last rites. His death brings tears to the eyes of Bhima. After his death, Bhima laments: | Bhima promises him a swift and painless death and quickly dispatches Vikarna; in some versions of the story Vikarna asks for Bhima to perform his last rites. His death brings tears to the eyes of Bhima. After his death, Bhima laments: | ||
{{ | {{blockquote|Alas, O Vikarna, you were just and knew what was dharma! You fought in loyal obedience to the call of duty. Indeed this battle is a curse upon us wherein men like you...have had to be slaughtered.|Bhima upon Vikarna's death|}} | ||
==Analysis== | ==Analysis== | ||
Vikarna is | Vikarna is comparable to [[Kumbhakarna]] from the [[Ramayana]]. Both Vikarna and Kumbhakarna acknowledged that their elder brother's actions are against [[dharma]] but ultimately they remained loyal to [[Duryodhana]] and [[Ravana]] respectively. Vikarna is contrasted with [[Yuyutsu]], who defected to [[Pandavas]] at the onset of [[Kurukshetra war]].<ref>Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa. Jaydipsinh Dodiya Sarup & Sons, Jan 1, 2001 - Hindu literature, Sanskrit - 297 pages</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]] | [[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]] | ||
[[Category:Kauravas]] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:14, 24 November 2025
| Vikarna | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Affiliation | Kaurava |
| Weapon | Bow and Arrow |
| Family | Dhritarashtra (father) Gandhari (mother) Duryodhana, Dushasana, Chitrasena, 96 other (brothers), Dushala (sister) and Yuyutsu (half-brother) (siblings) |
| Relatives | Pandavas (paternal cousins) Shakuni (maternal uncle) |
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Vikarna (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) was the third Kaurava, a son of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari, and a brother to the crown prince Duryodhana. Vikarna is also referred to as the most reputable of the Kauravas.[1] Vikarna was the only Kaurava who opposed the humiliation of Draupadi, the wife of his cousins, the Pandavas, after Yudhisthira lost his freedom in a game of dice to Duryodhana.[2]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
 | This section does not cite any sources. (April 2020) |
The word Vikarna has two meanings. Basically it is made from two words. First word is vinā (विना) or vishāla (विशाल), while second word is karna (कर्ण. vinā means 'without' and vishāla means 'large'. And karna means 'ears'. So this name contains two meanings. Either it is 'the one who is earless' or 'large eared'. This could say something about his character. It is possible that the name Vikarna basically came from his character of either not listening to anyone(self-esteemed) or who listens and captures wisdom through his (large)ears.
While Karna cheered his friend Duryodhan and encouraged him to disrobe Droupadi, the Vikarna opposed Karna and speaks of righteous behaviour and proper respectful conduct towards women. Vikarna also means the exact opposite of Karna.
Adolescence[edit | edit source]
Vikarna was one of Drona's students who excelled in archery like Arjuna. On completing their training, Drona asked the Kauravas to bring him Drupada as a guru dakshina. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Yuyutsu, Vikarna, and the remaining Kauravas with the Hastinapura army attacked Panchala. Their attack was repelled. Vikarna and his brothers were forced to flee and abandon the field.
Game of dice[edit | edit source]
During the infamous dice game of the Mahabharata, Vikarna raised his voice against the game as a whole, and specifically, at the mistreatment of Draupadi . Vikarna echoed the questions Draupadi had already asked the Kuru elders, demanding that her questions be answered. His protests were met with silence, even from the wise elders like Bhishma and Drona.
In the silence, and depending on the version of the story, Karna later rebuked and taunted Vikarna for his outburst. Vikarna quietly replied:
The sister-in-law's insult is an affront to the entire Kuru clan. If her questions are not answered, our line is doomed.
— Vikarna, [3]
Madhvacharya states in his commentary that in reality, Vikarna's protest was only to make a show of righteousness; this assessment is however at odds with the sympathetic nature of his fatal encounter with Bhima, who esteems Vikarna's character as a man of dharma.
Death[edit | edit source]
Despite his misgivings, Vikarna fights for Duryodhana during the Kurukshetra War. Bhishma names him as one of the great warriors on the Kaurava side. Mentioned throughout the war, Vikarna has a few notable moments. On the fourth day of the war, he attempts to check Abhimanyu's advance, and is severely repulsed. On the fifth day of the war, he attempts to break the King of Mahismati's defense of the Pandava formation, and is unsuccessful. On the seventh day, he covers the retreat of his brothers from Bhima's rampage. On the same day he stops and repulses Drupada and Shikandi and wounds them badly, causing them to retreat. On the tenth day, he attempts to prevent Arjuna and Shikhandi from reaching Bhishma, but is counter-checked by Drupada.
On the thirteenth day of the war, depending on the version of the story, Vikarna is a silent bystander in the slaying of Abhimanyu. On the fourteenth day, Arjuna navigates the chakravyuha of Drona, in order to reach and kill Jayadratha before sunset. Duryodhana sends Vikarna to check Bhima's advance. Bhima, who had sworn to kill all of Dhritarashtra's true-born sons, calls Vikarna a man of dharma and advises him to step aside. Vikarna replies that even though he knew that the Kauravas would not win a war against a side with Krishna on it, he could not forsake Duryodhana. Pleadingly, Bhima reminds him of the dice game, where Vikarna had criticised his brother. Vikarna replied:
That was my duty then, and this is my duty now. Fight me, o son of Vayu!
— Vikarna challenging Bhima, [3]
Bhima promises him a swift and painless death and quickly dispatches Vikarna; in some versions of the story Vikarna asks for Bhima to perform his last rites. His death brings tears to the eyes of Bhima. After his death, Bhima laments:
Alas, O Vikarna, you were just and knew what was dharma! You fought in loyal obedience to the call of duty. Indeed this battle is a curse upon us wherein men like you...have had to be slaughtered.
— Bhima upon Vikarna's death
Analysis[edit | edit source]
Vikarna is comparable to Kumbhakarna from the Ramayana. Both Vikarna and Kumbhakarna acknowledged that their elder brother's actions are against dharma but ultimately they remained loyal to Duryodhana and Ravana respectively. Vikarna is contrasted with Yuyutsu, who defected to Pandavas at the onset of Kurukshetra war.[4]
References[edit | edit source]
- Mahabharata by C. Rajagopalachari
- ↑ Shankar, Uday (18 April 2021). Untold Tales from the Mahabharata: The Epic Beyond the Obvious. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-90358-44-1.
- ↑ Krishnan, S. A. (1 July 2017). Karna, the son of Kunti: Stories from the Mahabharatha. SA Krishnan.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rajagopalachari, C. (1974). Mahabharata. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ↑ Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa. Jaydipsinh Dodiya Sarup & Sons, Jan 1, 2001 - Hindu literature, Sanskrit - 297 pages
