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{{grammar|date=June 2022}}
{{Short description|Officer in charge of a Zail}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
'''Zaildar''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: ज़ैलदार, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ذَیلدار) was the position based title of the grand [[jagir|jagirdar]] (landlord) of the area, who were in charge of a [[Zail, British India|Zail]] which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the [[British Indian Empire]]. [[Land grant|Settlement Officer]], with the advice of [[Deputy_commissioner#India_and_Pakistan|Deputy Commissioner]], was responsible for appointing Zaildar from amongst the leading men of the tribe or the area, thus reinforcing his preexisting social authority with the official sanction as the representative of the government.<ref name=zaildarapp1>1930, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36124/2015.36124.Punjab-Settlement-Manual_djvu.txt Punjab Settlement Manual], Punjab Government publications, point 235 and 578-282 on page 115, 272-273.</ref><ref name=zailbook1>[[Tan Tai Yong]], 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ZiMV7rqWUC&pg=PA1919-IA1&dq=zaildar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3mpvs6KrXAhVKvY8KHcBPB4EQ6AEIUTAI#v=onepage&q=zaildar&f=false "The Garrison State: The military, government and society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 - 1947."], [[SAGE Publications]], page 118-119, {{ISBN|0761933360}}.</ref> Each ''Zail'' was an administrative unit, extending between 40 to 100 villages.<ref name="Ismail khan">The Indian Making of mewat, Ismail khan, Permanent Black</ref>{{rp|at=p xxv}} Each village was headed by the ''[[Lambardar]]'' who was assisted by the ''"[[Zamindar|Safedposh Zamindar]]s"'' (influential landlords) of the village.<ref name="zailbook1" /> Zaildars were the revenue collecting officers and were also responsible for maintaining law & order in his zail. The ''Lambardar'' and Safedposh assisted the ''Zaildar'' in his functioning , ''Zaildar'' in turn assisted the Deputy Commissioner.<ref name="zailbook1" /> The ''Zaildar'' was more influential than the ''Lambardar'' (village head) because a ''Zail'' included several villages in it.<ref name="zailbook5">Rajit K. Mazumder, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA97&dq=zaildar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0fvw-qrXAhUMpY8KHcgVD5I4FBDoAQgtMAI#v=onepage&q=zaildar&f=false "The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab."], Permanent Black, page 97, {{ISBN|8178240599}}.</ref> '''Safedposh''' (white collar gentry), were also appointed to assist Zaildar.<ref name="zaildarapp1" />
'''Zaildar''' was an officer in charge of a [[Zail, British India|Zail]] which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the [[Sikh Empire]], [[British Indian Empire]] in Punjab and [[Dogra dynasty]] rule in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]. The [[Land grant|Settlement Officer]], with the advice of the [[Deputy commissioner#India and Pakistan|Deputy Commissioner]], was responsible for appointing Zaildars from amongst the men of the tribe or the area, thus reinforcing his preexisting social authority with the official sanction as the representative of the government.<ref name=zaildarapp1>1930, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36124/2015.36124.Punjab-Settlement-Manual_djvu.txt Punjab Settlement Manual], Punjab Government publications, point 235 and 578-282 on page 115, 272-273.</ref><ref name=zailbook1>[[Tan Tai Yong]], 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ZiMV7rqWUC&dq=zaildar&pg=PA1919-IA1 "The Garrison State: The military, government and society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 - 1947."], [[SAGE Publications]], page 118-119, {{ISBN|0761933360}}.</ref> Zaildars were the revenue-collecting officers also responsible for maintaining law and order. The [[Lambardar]] and Safedposh assisted the Zaildar. The Zaildar in turn assisted the Deputy Commissioner.<ref name="zailbook1" /> The Zaildar was more influential than the Lambardar (village head) because a Zail included several villages.<ref name="zailbook5">Rajit K. Mazumder, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&dq=zaildar&pg=PA97 "The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab."], Permanent Black, page 97, {{ISBN|8178240599}}.</ref>


==Influence of Zaildari system==
==Influence of Zaildari system==
The position was quite important as it extended the influence of the colonial state right into the villages.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar">The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black</ref> It also reinforced the already dominant social status of the Zaildar with the official government sanction.<ref name=zailbook1/> The Zaildar exercised tremendous authority among the villagers, many of whom looked to him for patronage and assistance, and he alone possessed the power of threats and blandishment within his Zail.<ref name=zailbook1/>
The position was important as it extended the influence of the colonial state into the villages.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar">The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black</ref> It also reinforced the already dominant social status of the Zaildar with official government sanction.<ref name=zailbook1/> The Zaildar exercised authority and patronage over the villagers.<ref name=zailbook1/>


==Appointment criteria==
==Appointment criteria==
Zails were established and demarcated by the [[District collector]] or (also called Deputy Commissioner) during the land revenue settlement exercise. Settlement officer, with advice from the District collector and by the final approval of the state's Financial Commissioner,<ref name=zaildarapp1/> appointed a ''Zaildar'' to each ''Zail'' on either (a) hereditary basis, (b) for one life or (c) a fixed tenure,<ref name=zaildarapp1/> who were equivalent to the [[Chowdhury|Chaudharis]] (feudal [[zamindars]]) of earlier times and were hand-picked by the higher authorities, who based their decision on issues such as caste or tribe, local influence, extent of landholding, services rendered to the state by him or his family, and personal character and ability.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar">The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black</ref>{{rp|pages=97–98}}<ref name=zailbook1/><ref name=zailbook4>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 155.</ref> A ''Zaildar'' when once appointed should only be removed from office for misconduct or neglect, removal on account of old age or disability caused by an accident is a harsh punishment, in such cases he can continue to operate through a representative.<ref name=zailbook3>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 140.</ref>  
Zails were established and demarcated by the [[District collector]] (also called Deputy Commissioner) during the land revenue settlement exercise. Settlement officers, with advice from the District collector and subject to the final approval of the state's Financial Commissioner,<ref name=zaildarapp1/> appointed a Zaildar to each Zail either on a hereditary basis, for one person's life or for a fixed tenure.<ref name=zaildarapp1/> The Zaildars were equivalent to the [[Chowdhury|Chaudharis]] of earlier times and were hand-picked by the higher authorities, who based their decision on issues such as caste or tribe, local influence, extent of landholding, services rendered to the state by him or his family, and personal character and ability.<ref name="Rajit Zaildar"/>{{rp|pages=97–98}}<ref name=zailbook1/><ref name=zailbook4>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 155.</ref> A Zaildar once appointed could only be removed from office for misconduct or neglect; removal on account of old age or disability was a harsh punishment and in such cases he could continue to operate through a representative.<ref name=zailbook3>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 140.</ref>


{{Quote
{{Blockquote
| text = ''"The introduction of the zaildari agency into any district must be approved by the local Government [Deputy Commissioner]. Any subsequent increase or decrease in the number of zaildars can be made under the orders of the Financial Commissioner, provided the percentage of the land revenue assigned for their emoluments is not exceeded ... No attempt should be made to fix the limits of zails, but the tribal organization and other important families of the tract should be explained in such detail as is necessary to enable Government to judge whether the agency should be introduced. Any proposals to appoint inamdars [also called safedposh] may be made in the same report. The opinions both of the Settlement Officer and of the Deputy Commissioner should be given. The report should be submitted to Government through the Commissioner and the Financial Commissioner, each of whom should record his views on the proposal made in it."''
| text = ''"The introduction of the zaildari agency into any district must be approved by the local Government [Deputy Commissioner]. Any subsequent increase or decrease in the number of zaildars can be made under the orders of the Financial Commissioner, provided the percentage of the land revenue assigned for their emoluments is not exceeded ... No attempt should be made to fix the limits of zails, but the tribal organization and other important families of the tract should be explained in such detail as is necessary to enable Government to judge whether the agency should be introduced. Any proposals to appoint inamdars [also called safedposh] may be made in the same report. The opinions both of the Settlement Officer and of the Deputy Commissioner should be given. The report should be submitted to Government through the Commissioner and the Financial Commissioner, each of whom should record his views on the proposal made in it."''
| source = Punjab Settlement Manual, 1930 (point 578, page 272).<ref name=zaildarapp1/>
| source = Punjab Settlement Manual, 1930 (point 578, page 272).<ref name=zaildarapp1/>
}}
}}


==Role and remuneration of Zaildar==
==Role and remuneration of Zaildars==
Zaildars were essentially revenue ministers and representatives of the British Empire who enjoyed remuneration for their duties, life grants of either fixed amount<ref name = "HisarRevSet">[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Revised Settlement of Hisar District, p.&nbsp;37-40]</ref> or grant equal to one per cent of the revenue of their zails from the assessment of any single village that they chose.<ref name = "Montgomery">''Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879–84'' By J. A. L. Montgomery</ref> Some of the responsibilities of the Zaildar corresponded to the responsibilities that fell under the Deputy Commissioner [such as the revenue collection, mutations, local governance issues, related dispute resolution, etc] and other duties corresponded with the responsibilities that fell under the Settlement officer [such as the revenue settlement, reassessments, preparation of maps, etc].<ref name=zaildarapp1/>
Zaildars were essentially revenue ministers and representatives of the British Empire who received remuneration for their duties, life grants of either a fixed amount<ref name = "HisarRevSet">[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Revised Settlement of Hisar District, p.&nbsp;37-40]</ref> or a grant equal to one per cent of the revenue of their zails from the assessment of any single village that they chose.<ref name = "Montgomery">''Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879–84'' By J. A. L. Montgomery</ref> Some of the responsibilities of the Zaildar corresponded to the responsibilities that fell under the Deputy Commissioner, such as revenue collection, mutations,{{clarify|date=September 2022}} local governance issues, related dispute resolution, etc. Other duties corresponded with the responsibilities that fell under the Settlement officer, such as revenue settlement, reassessments, preparation of maps, etc.<ref name=zaildarapp1/>
Some of the notable zaildars were


* Chaudhary Sardar Khan Kahloon Zaildar was appointed as Zaildar of in Chak Jhumra Tehsil of Lyallpur(Present Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan). He was from village Daowala 146 Rakh Branch. He was very famous and loved because of his justice and helping the ones who were oppressed. During partition of 1947, he along with his allies (Chatha and Bal tribes) from various villages provided shelter to Sikhs migrants. In his village British government has a government owned bungalow to control Canal irrigation system which is still functional today. His son Ch Fateh Ali Kahloon Zaildar was appointed as Zaildar after him. His family is still in politics and his grandson had become Chairman several times known as Ch Shabir Ahmed Kahloon. Sardar Khan’s Great Grandson, Ch Shabir’s Nephew and Ch Munir Kahloon’s(Ex-Canal Irrigation Officer) son Ch Arslan Munir Kahloon is a practicing Advocate and a Notable member of Punjab Bar Council. He’s done his LLM from University of Essex London and currently practicing law in London.
==Safedposh==
In addition to these life {{Transliteration|hi|inams}}, or grants, there were some ''Safedposhi'' grants of a semi-hereditary nature enjoyed by some of the leading agricultural families. They were semi-hereditary because one of the conditions of the grant was that on the death of an incumbent, his successor should, if possible, be a member of the same family.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>


* Chaudhary Fazaldad Warraich Zaildar was very renowned and loved Zaildar from Gujranwala. He was from Village Papnakha.
==Abolition==
===India===
====Kashmir====
Kashmir took lead in abolition of the Zaildari system where it was abolished in 1950.<ref>
https://kashmirlife.net/the-fall-of-the-feudals-444/</ref>


====Rest of India====
Post the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, the system of Zails, Zaildars and Safedposh continued to exist till 1964. Then the system was abolished by CM of Punjab [[Partap Singh Kairon]] following demands from his ministers and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]], because of conflicts between the elected MLAs and the Zaildars. Police and Tehsil officers had been giving more weight to the opinions of Zaildars and this had undermined the MLAs.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.168| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987}}</ref> For the purpose, an amendment was carried out in Section 28 of The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 through Section 3 of Punjab Act 27 of 1964.


* Sardar Gurcharan Singh Zaildar of village Dangarh. He held an administration of 28 village in Barnala district. He belong to a Shergill family.
===Pakistan===
*Chaudhary Harbans Singh was appointed as Zaildar of 65 villages in Delhi Tehsil.
After India, Pakistan abolished Zaildari system in 1967.
* Sardar Joginder Singh Zaildar of Village Nahar majra. He hold the administration of 37 Villages and one of most powerful of the Shahabad Block.
* Choudhary Hansraj Gurjar Zaildar of 25 villages; his son is [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]] MoS (2020).
* Choudhary Bir narayan singh zaildar village khanpur father of , Balbir singh tehsildar who was the only son of Bir narayan ji was zaildar of more than 50 villages in Delhi.
* Choudhary Tirkha Ram Gurjar Zaildar; his son was Chaudhary Narain Singh former DESU Chairman in [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]]. He was Zaildar for more Than 25 Villages in Delhi. He was from [[Madanpur Khadar Village]].
* [[Khan Sahib]] Ghulam Ahmed Khan Zaildar of Village Soita, Jalandhar. He was son of [[Khan Bahadur]] Alam Khan (owner of 12,000 acres) and grandson of Khan Bahadur Ghulam Haider Khan (chief of Sherwani tribe)
* Malik Amir Khan was Zaildar of Dholar zail based on nine villages of Talagang Distt Kamalpur
* Ali Muhammad Malik (influential landlord), Zaildar of present-day village Muradabad, Muzaffargarh District
*Choudhary Arjan ram Sinwer  zaildar (चौधरी अर्जन राम सिवंर जेलदार) was from Sherpura village (शेरपुरा)  and ruled by the sinwer clan of Jats. {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} It covered four villages in erstwhile Sherpura State in then Hisar district. These villages Narain Khera, Tazia Khera, Kushumbhi and Kukarthana in Sirsa district. The Zail and Zaildar systems were abolished in 1952,[1] and the Sinwer family now continues as Lambardar and sarpanch . Sinwar is the descendant of Teju ji. Sinwar Live in many areas of Punjab. Sinwar family lives in Hiranwali, lives in many villages of district Fazilka and Abohar
 
* Chaudhry Sultan Ahmed Zaildar (grand landlord), Was Zaildar of Zail 6-R Montgomery(Sahiwal),Punjab Pakistan.
* Mirza Muhammad Hayat Zaildar of Phularwan, Tehsil Bhalwal, District Sargodha.
* Rana Rud singh of Kalsana (his great grandson is advocate Lovedeep Singh Rana) of Shahabad district Kurukshetra. He hold the administration of 24 village was one of the powerful and great zaildar of the area.
* Pt. Janki parshad(baawan hazari) of radaur holds 36 villages administration of karnal(punjab) now in haryana..was 10000 acres land
 
* Khawaja Ghulam Hussain Rather was appointed as a zaildar of (2 zail's) in kashmir region.
 
 
*Choudhary Ashfak  was Zaildar of Sakras zail based on nine villages of Sakas Distt Nuh
 
Harnaryan Singh Tyagi Zaildar was Zaildar of Hastsal village in West Delhi. The total no of villages under zaildari was 108.Hastsal was Hathikhana during Prithvi Raj Chauhan times, 1023 to 1947 the Tyagi family ruled the state of Hathikhana.
 
==Safedposh==
In addition to these life {{transl|hi|inams}}, or grants, there were some ''Safedposhi'' grants of a semi-hereditary nature enjoyed by some of the leading agricultural families. They were semi-hereditary because one of the conditions of the grant was that on the death of an incumbent, his successor should, if possible, be a member of the same family.<ref name = "Montgomery"/> If, however, there was no fit member of the same family, the grant could be awarded to some deserving ''Zamindar'' of the same tribe, who was not already in the enjoyment of such a grant.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}
 
==Abolishment==
Post [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, the system of Zails, Zaildars and Safedposh continued to exist till 1962. It was abolished by then chief minister [[Partap Singh Kairon]] on the demand of one of his ministers and MLAs because Police and Tehsil officers gave more weight to opinion of Zaildars viz a viz members of the legislative assembly due to which the latter felt undermined.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.168| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987}}</ref>


==In popular media==
==In popular media==
''Zaildar'', a book was written by the [[Kapur Singh Ghuman]] in 1972.<ref name=zailbook2>[[Kapur Singh Ghuman]], 1972, [https://books.google.com/books?id=STvMYgEACAAJ "Zaildar"].</ref> Punjabi movies with Zialdar title include Zaildar (1972), [[Nikka Zaildar]] (2016), "Nikka Zaildar 2" (2017).<ref name=imdb1>[https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=zaildar&s=all "IMDB Zaildar"</ref> Popular Punjabi singer [[Geeta Zaildar]] uses it as his surname.
* [[Kapur Singh Ghuman]] wrote a book called ''Zaildar'' in 1972.<ref name=zailbook2>[[Kapur Singh Ghuman]], 1972, [https://books.google.com/books?id=STvMYgEACAAJ "Zaildar"].</ref>
* Punjabi movies with Zaildar in the title include ''Zaildar'' (1972), ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' (2016) and ''Nikka Zaildar 2'' (2017).<ref name=imdb1>[https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=zaildar&s=all "IMDB Zaildar"]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 74: Line 55:
{{reflist|20em}}
{{reflist|20em}}


[[Category:History of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:History of Haryana]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]

Latest revision as of 19:17, 17 March 2026


Zaildar was an officer in charge of a Zail which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the Sikh Empire, British Indian Empire in Punjab and Dogra dynasty rule in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state). The Settlement Officer, with the advice of the Deputy Commissioner, was responsible for appointing Zaildars from amongst the men of the tribe or the area, thus reinforcing his preexisting social authority with the official sanction as the representative of the government.[1][2] Zaildars were the revenue-collecting officers also responsible for maintaining law and order. The Lambardar and Safedposh assisted the Zaildar. The Zaildar in turn assisted the Deputy Commissioner.[2] The Zaildar was more influential than the Lambardar (village head) because a Zail included several villages.[3]

Influence of Zaildari system[edit | edit source]

The position was important as it extended the influence of the colonial state into the villages.[4] It also reinforced the already dominant social status of the Zaildar with official government sanction.[2] The Zaildar exercised authority and patronage over the villagers.[2]

Appointment criteria[edit | edit source]

Zails were established and demarcated by the District collector (also called Deputy Commissioner) during the land revenue settlement exercise. Settlement officers, with advice from the District collector and subject to the final approval of the state's Financial Commissioner,[1] appointed a Zaildar to each Zail either on a hereditary basis, for one person's life or for a fixed tenure.[1] The Zaildars were equivalent to the Chaudharis of earlier times and were hand-picked by the higher authorities, who based their decision on issues such as caste or tribe, local influence, extent of landholding, services rendered to the state by him or his family, and personal character and ability.[4](pp97–98)[2][5] A Zaildar once appointed could only be removed from office for misconduct or neglect; removal on account of old age or disability was a harsh punishment and in such cases he could continue to operate through a representative.[6]

"The introduction of the zaildari agency into any district must be approved by the local Government [Deputy Commissioner]. Any subsequent increase or decrease in the number of zaildars can be made under the orders of the Financial Commissioner, provided the percentage of the land revenue assigned for their emoluments is not exceeded ... No attempt should be made to fix the limits of zails, but the tribal organization and other important families of the tract should be explained in such detail as is necessary to enable Government to judge whether the agency should be introduced. Any proposals to appoint inamdars [also called safedposh] may be made in the same report. The opinions both of the Settlement Officer and of the Deputy Commissioner should be given. The report should be submitted to Government through the Commissioner and the Financial Commissioner, each of whom should record his views on the proposal made in it."

— Punjab Settlement Manual, 1930 (point 578, page 272).[1]

Role and remuneration of Zaildars[edit | edit source]

Zaildars were essentially revenue ministers and representatives of the British Empire who received remuneration for their duties, life grants of either a fixed amount[7] or a grant equal to one per cent of the revenue of their zails from the assessment of any single village that they chose.[8] Some of the responsibilities of the Zaildar corresponded to the responsibilities that fell under the Deputy Commissioner, such as revenue collection, mutations,[clarification needed] local governance issues, related dispute resolution, etc. Other duties corresponded with the responsibilities that fell under the Settlement officer, such as revenue settlement, reassessments, preparation of maps, etc.[1]

Safedposh[edit | edit source]

In addition to these life inams, or grants, there were some Safedposhi grants of a semi-hereditary nature enjoyed by some of the leading agricultural families. They were semi-hereditary because one of the conditions of the grant was that on the death of an incumbent, his successor should, if possible, be a member of the same family.[8]

Abolition[edit | edit source]

India[edit | edit source]

Kashmir[edit | edit source]

Kashmir took lead in abolition of the Zaildari system where it was abolished in 1950.[9]

Rest of India[edit | edit source]

Post the Indian independence in 1947, the system of Zails, Zaildars and Safedposh continued to exist till 1964. Then the system was abolished by CM of Punjab Partap Singh Kairon following demands from his ministers and Members of the Legislative Assembly, because of conflicts between the elected MLAs and the Zaildars. Police and Tehsil officers had been giving more weight to the opinions of Zaildars and this had undermined the MLAs.[10] For the purpose, an amendment was carried out in Section 28 of The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 through Section 3 of Punjab Act 27 of 1964.

Pakistan[edit | edit source]

After India, Pakistan abolished Zaildari system in 1967.

In popular media[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1930, Punjab Settlement Manual, Punjab Government publications, point 235 and 578-282 on page 115, 272-273.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Tan Tai Yong, 2005, "The Garrison State: The military, government and society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 - 1947.", SAGE Publications, page 118-119, ISBN 0761933360.
  3. ↑ Rajit K. Mazumder, 2003, "The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab.", Permanent Black, page 97, ISBN 8178240599.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black
  5. ↑ Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary", Lahore Law Depot, page 155.
  6. ↑ Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary", Lahore Law Depot, page 140.
  7. ↑ Revised Settlement of Hisar District, p. 37-40
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879–84 By J. A. L. Montgomery
  9. ↑ https://kashmirlife.net/the-fall-of-the-feudals-444/
  10. ↑ Haryana Gazetteers Organization (1987). "Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.168" (PDF). Chandigarh: Controller of Printing and Stationery.
  11. ↑ Kapur Singh Ghuman, 1972, "Zaildar".
  12. ↑ "IMDB Zaildar"
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