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| {{Short description|Description of hills and mountains in Meitei culture}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Meitei culture#Hills and mountains]] |
| {{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
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| [[File:"Ching", a Meitei language root word for "hill" or "mountain".jpg|thumb|300px|"Ching", a [[Meitei language]] [[root word]] for "hill" or "mountain"]] | |
| Many {{langnf|mni|'''Ching'''s|[[hills]] and [[mountains]]}} play significant role in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]] and Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}.
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| == Terms in Meitei ==
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| ! Terms in [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially called 'Manipuri')}}
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| ! Translation(s)
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| ! Notes/References
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| | "Ching" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡ}}}})
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| | either a [[hill]] or a [[mountain]]
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| |<ref name=":uchicago">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |pages=67, 68 |language=mni, en}}</ref>
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| | "Cingjāo" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯖꯥꯎ}}||hill/mountain‑to be large}})
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| | a high mountain
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| |<ref name=":uchicago" />
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| | "Cingdum" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯗꯨꯝ}}||hill‑sth rounded}})
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| | a hillock; mound
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| |<ref name=":uchicago" />
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| | "Cingsāng" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ}}||hill/mountain‑to be long}})
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| | the range of a hill or mountain
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| |<ref name=":uchicago" />
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| |}
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| == Heingang Ching {{anchor|Marjing Ching}} ==
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| {{Main|Heingang Ching}}
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| [[File:ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Marjing Polo Statue]] inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]] in November, 2022]]
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| In [[Meitei mythology]] and religion ([[Sanamahism]]), the [[Heingang Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) is a [[sacred mountain]] and the home of God [[Marjing]], the [[ancient Meitei deity]] of {{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|[[polo]]}}, {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei]]|[[hockey]]}} and [[Manipuri Pony|Meitei horse (Manipuri pony)]].<ref name="nagalandpost.com">{{Cite news |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp |newspaper=Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo team launched, field inaugurated: 14th jan16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140116.jan16 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
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| The [[Government of Manipur]] developed [[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest [[equestrian statue]] of a player of {{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|[[polo]] game}}, riding a [[Manipuri pony|Meitei horse]] ([[Manipuri pony]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Amit Shah will unveil the tallest statue of the polo player, will hoist the tricolor at the historic site - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines |url=https://news8plus.com/manipur-amit-shah-will-unveil-the-tallest-statue-of-the-polo-player-will-hoist-the-tricolor-at-the-historic-site/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="nagalandpost.com"/> standing inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], the sacred sports site dedicated to God [[Marjing]], which is on the hilltop of the [[Heingang Ching]], being historically, mythologically and religiously associated with the game of [[polo]] ({{lang-mni|Sagol Kangjei}}).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chief Minister Biren inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex; says Polo ground will also be constructed at the hillock shortly |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1263-chief-minister-biren-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-says-polo-ground-will-also-be-constructed-at-the-hillock-shortly |work=Impact TV |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-25 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex in Imphal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-in-imphal.html |work=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>
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| It is built to commemorate the game of "modern polo" being originated from {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>–{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Union Home Minister Amit Shah Unveils 122-feet-tall Polo Statue In Imphal |newspaper=Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-union-home-minister-amit-shah-unveils-122-feet-tall-polo-statue-in-imphal/ |language=en-US}}<br />–{{Cite news |date=2022-07-05 |title=120 feet Polo Statue to be {{as written|Bui|ld [sic]}} in Manipur, the Birthplace of the Sport |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/120-feet-polo-statue-to-be-build-in-manipur-the-birthplace-of-the-sport-5494663.html |work=News18 |language=en}}<br />–{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=Construction Of Much-Awaited 120-Ft-Tall Effigy Of 'Sagol Kangjei' Completed; Upholds Historical Significance Of Polo Sport |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/17/construction-of-much-awaited-120-ft-tall-effigy-of-sagol-kangjei-completed-upholds-historical-significance-of-polo-sport/ |work=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}<br />–{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates 122 feet tall Marjing Polo Statue |url=https://signpostnews.com/amit-shah-inaugurates-marjing-polo-statue/ |work=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}<br />–{{Cite news |title=Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurates 122-feet Marjing Polo Statue in Manipur |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/home-minister-amit-shah-inaugurates-122-feet-marjing-polo-statue-in-manipur |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
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| == Koupalu Ching ==
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| The [[Mount Koubru|Koupalu Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯄꯂꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also known as the [[Mount Koubru|Koubaru Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯕꯔꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) or the [[Mount Koubru|Koubru Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), in the Northwest of [[Kangleipak]], is a [[sacred mountain]] and a divine abode of [[Koupalu]] (Koubru), the [[ancient Meitei deity]], who protects the Northwest direction.
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| Innumerable shrines and holy sites dedicated to Him are located in its mountainous realms, where [[Meitei people]] regularly visit and worship Him. Many [[ancient Meitei language]] texts including but not limited to the Chinglon Laihui, the Chinggoirol, the Chingsatlon, the Nunglon mentioned about the Koupalu Ching (Koubru Ching).<ref>{{Cite periodical |last=Laiba |first=Mangancha Thoudam |date=2021-01-30 |title=The Beautiful Legends and Myths of the Meeteis About Sacred Koubru Chinggoirol |periodical=Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/the-beautiful-legends-and-myths-of-the-meeteis-about-sacred-koubru-chinggoirol/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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| == Kounu Ching ==
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| The "Kounu Ching" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}||Mount Kounu}}), located in the [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]], is a [[sacred mountain]] as well as a divine abode of [[ancient Meitei goddess]] [[Kounu]], the consort of God [[Koupalu]] (Koubru). Numerous shrines and sacred sites dedicated to her are found scattered across the mountain. [[Meitei people]] regularly visit and worship her in her holy sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Kangla Online |title=While passing Mount Kounu, a sacred place of Kounu Lairembi |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/02/while-passing-mount-kounu-a-sacred-place-of-kounu-lairembi/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
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| == Langkol Ching ==
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| === Langkol Chingkoipa {{anchor|Langgol Chinggoiba}} ===
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| The '''Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba)''' is an [[ancient Meitei language]] text which is a description for the Langkol Ching ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯡꯀꯣꯜ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also called the Langgol Ching ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯡꯒꯣꯜ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), a hill situated in the north of [[Imphal]]. According to the text, the Langkol Ching is the first perfect creation of seven goddesses and eighteen gods.<ref name="Singh 1996 103">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=103 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
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| {{Blockquote|When [[Panthoibi]], the Meitei princess, was sporting with her paramour [[Nongpok Ningthou]], she reminded him of the crack of dawn and of the fear of them being seen by her mother-in-law Manu Tekngā. Henceforth the slope has been known as Chingnung Shoy.|Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba){{efn|name=places|These are the descriptions of the different places in the Langkol Ching.}}<ref name="Singh 1996 103">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=103 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
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| {{Blockquote|And this is the place where Nungpan Choupri maintained his kiddle for which he laid a wooden beam across the stream and erected strong reeds densely beneath it to block the passage of fishes. He handed over regularly to his wife those caught in daytime. But for some successive nights no fish could be found in the trap for which his wife developed suspicion of his having [[extramarital affairs|illicit relation with another woman]]. He sincerely pleaded that some evil spirits might have gobbled them up during the night. The fisherman invoked the god of the sky to save him from this predicament. Blessed as he was, he kept a night-long vigil on the top of a tree and could dispel with his sharp sword a rabble of [[goblin]]s who clambered up to devour him. Therefore the place took the name of Laihat Shoy and also Aham Shoy as the fisherman returned home with an empty creel.|Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba){{efn|name=places}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=103, 104 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
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| == Nongmaiching Ching {{anchor|Nongmaiching|Nongmaijing|Nongmaijing Ching|Selloi Langmai Ching|Langmai Ching}} ==
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| {{Main|Nongmaiching Ching}}
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| [[File:ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯀꯤꯌꯣꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯃ.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine is the central body of the [[Nongmaiching Ching#University of Sanamahi Culture|University of Sanamahi Culture]], in the hilltop of the [[Nongmaiching Ching]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong Donation: 15th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..151208.dec08 |website=e-pao.net |quote=THE DONATIONS for the construction of Sanamahi Kiyong, which will be the central body of Sanamahi Lainingkol (University of Sanamahi Culture) at Chingoi Maru Langmaiching (Nongmaiching) is going on.}}</ref>]]
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| === Nongmaiching Chingkoipa {{anchor|Nongmaijing Chinggoiba}} ===
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| The '''Nongmaiching Chingkoipa''' (also called, '''"Nongmaijing Chinggoiba"''') is an ancient [[Meitei language]] text. It describes the sprawling branches of the [[Nongmaiching mountain]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), which extends from the North to the South of the [[Imphal Valley]] of [[Kangleipak]].<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
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| The opening lines of the text describes the Nongmaiching to a king as follows:
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| {{Blockquote|O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of [[Kainou Chingsomba]], lord of the Langmais. They attain majestic heights, are washed by seven streams, project into nine ranges and abound with deep gorges and sun-drenched ridges... They catch first the sight of every onlooker and stand steadfast unshaken by great earthquakes as if held by strong iron pegs and with their peaks kissed by white flakes of cloud. Their slopes are smoothly carpeted green with [[Centella asiatica|pennywort]]s under the shadow of tall and robust plants of [[sugarcane|cane]] and they are also dotted with dense growth of tall reeds. And the gorges reverberate against the strong current of wind. Of these mountain ranges the bard would like to sing.|Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (Nongmaijing Chinggoiba)<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
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| Following these lines, the author describes on many [[cliff]]s, [[slope]]s and its peripheral areas of the Nongmaiching mountain.<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
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| === Panthoibi Naheirol ===
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| {{See also|Panthoibi#Panthoibi Naheirol|Nongmaiching Ching#Panthoibi Naheirol}}
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| The "Panthoibi Naheirol" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯅꯥꯍꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|pānthoibī nāheirōl}}) is an [[ancient Meitei language]] text. According to it, [[ancient Meitei goddess]] [[Panthoibi]] pretended to be unwell in front of her mother, just to make her mother call physician [[Nongpok Ningthou]] (her secret [[Love|paramour]]) for the treatment of her fake illness.<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
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| While telling her mother about Nongpok Ningthou, princess Panthoibi mentioned the Nongmaiching (aka Langmai Ching) as follows:
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| {{Blockquote|As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first.|[[Panthoibi]] to her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
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| == Thangching Ching ==
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| The [[Thangjing Hill|Thangching Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also known as the [[Thangjing Hill|Thangjing Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), located in the Southwest of [[Kangleipak]], is the divine abode of [[ancient Meitei god]] [[Thangching]] ([[Thangjing]]), the guardian deity of the southwestern direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The God Lainingthou Thangching Koylellai |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/2/5/Dr-Mangangcha-Thoudam-Laiba-Contd-from-previous-issueIt-is-called-Yai-The-place-is-called-Kanglei-Pungmayol-because-of-it-being-the-residence-of-the-two-Supreme-God-and-Goddess-it-is-called-Ma.amp.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Shrines dedicated to Him are built in the Thangching ching, where his devotees visit and worship Him regularly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youths killed in clash over worship |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/youths-killed-in-clash-over-worship/cid/532753 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
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| * [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
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| * [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
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| * [[Geography of Manipur]]
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| * [[Sacred mountains]]
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| * [[World mountain]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Notelist}}
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Geography of Manipur]] | | [[Category:Geography of Manipur]] |
