Timeline of early Islamic history: Difference between revisions

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{{Other uses|Early Islam (disambiguation){{!}}Early Islam}}
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This is a timeline of the early [[history of Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]]. The information provided in this article is based  Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or [[Islamic archaeology|archaeological]] evidence.
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]].
 


This is a timeline of the early [[history of Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]]. The information provided in this article is based on Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or [[Islamic archaeology|archaeological]] evidence.
A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]].<!-- New row starts here -->
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | N.
! width ="10" | N.
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1.
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1.
| Muhammad's first revelation: {{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}<ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73">Brown (2003), pp. 72–73</ref><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29">Sell (1913), p. 29.</ref><ref name="bukhari">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_1_01.php|title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3|author=Sahih Bukhari|work=sahih-bukhari.com}}</ref><ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns">{{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}</ref>
| Muhammad's first revelation: {{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}<ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73">Brown (2003), pp. 72–73</ref><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29">Sell (1913), p. 29.</ref><ref name="bukhari">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_1_01.php|title=Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3|author=Sahih Bukhari|work=sahih-bukhari.com}}</ref><ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns">{{cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns}}</ref>
| 610 <ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73"/><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns"/>
| {{BH|13|610}} Ramadan <ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73"/><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29"/><ref name="bukhari"/><ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns"/>
|  
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*According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel [[Gabriel]] appeared before him in the year 610 CE and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:<ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73"/><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29"/><ref name="bukhari"/>"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not."<ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns"/>
*According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel [[Gabriel]] appeared before him in the year {{BH|13|610}} and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:<ref name="Brown 2003, pp. 72–73"/><ref name="Sell 1913, p. 29"/><ref name="bukhari"/>"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not."<ref name="cite quran|96|1|e=5|s=ns"/>
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*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|1|1|3}}
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|1|1|3}}
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2.<br />
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2.<br />
| First Muslim Female convert: [[Khadija]]<ref name="Guillaume 111">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=111}}</ref>
| First Muslim Female convert: [[Khadija]]<ref name="Guillaume 111">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=111}}</ref>
| 610 <ref name="Guillaume 111"/>
| {{BH|13|610}} <ref name="Guillaume 111"/>
|
|
*When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the [[Angel]] [[Gabriel]] ([[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Jibril]]), Khadija was the first female and second person to [[Religious conversion|convert to Islam]], second only to [[Ali|Imam Ali.]]
*When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the [[Angel]] [[Gabriel]] ([[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Jibril]]), Khadija was the first female and first person to [[Religious conversion|convert to Islam]]. However, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims claim [[Ali]] was the first to convert to Islam.
|  
|  
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref name="Guillaume 111"/>
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref name="Guillaume 111"/>
|-
|-
!3
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3.
|First Muslim Male convert: [[Abu Bakr]]
| First Muslim child convert: [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]]<ref name="Muhammad in Mecca">Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA80 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 80, {{ISBN|0887067077}}</ref>
|610
|{{BH|13|610}}<ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
|Abu Bakr was the first person to accept Islam upon hearing about it from Muhammad for the first time. Prior to that Abu Bakr was a monotheist and also avoided alcohol and idol worshipping. Abu Bakr is considered to be the first Muslim convert according to a majority of historical sources.
|[[Ali]], is said to have supported [[Muhammad|Muhammed]] from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to [[Islam]] just after his birth. It is sometimes reported that Ali was the second, after Khadija, to embrace Islam amongst the earliest Muslims.
*[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] is known among the earliest and youngest Muslim converts. The early historian [[Ibn Ishaq]] and al-Tabari puts [[Ali]] Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law as the first male convert; [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] presents three candidates, and does not decide between them.<ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
*According to one Hadith, [[Ali]] was Muhammad's cousin and accepted Islam at the age of 11 making him the first male to accept Islam
|
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 6 <ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
|-
!4
|Earliest Muslim Adult Male converts: [[Zayd ibn Harithah]] and [[Abu Bakr]]
|{{BH|13|610}}
|
* One account in Tabari says that the first male convert was [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali was indeed one of the first persons to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam.<ref>Watt 1953, p. 86</ref>


* Muhammad's prominent companions [[Hassan ibn Thabit]] (d. 674), [[Ibn Abbas]] (d. 687), and the Kufan scholar [[al-Nakhai]] (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first male convert.
Later Abu Bakr followed.
* Abu Bakr is also said to be the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian [[al-Tabari]].
 
* Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was the first one to accept Islam.
* Muhammad's prominent companions [[Hassan ibn Thabit]] (d. 674), [[Ibn Abbas]] (d. 687), and the Kufan scholar [[al-Nakhai]] (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first adult male convert.
* Abu Bakr is also said to be one of the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian [[al-Tabari]].
* Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was one of the first ones to accept Islam.
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* [[al-Tabari]] & [[al-Nakhai]]
* [[al-Tabari]] & [[al-Nakhai]]
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|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
| First Muslim Child convert: [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]]<ref name="Muhammad in Mecca">Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA80 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 80, {{ISBN|0887067077}}</ref>
| 610 <ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
|[[Ali]], is said to have supported [[Muhammad|Muhammed]] from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to [[Islam]] just after his birth. Ali was among the earliest Muslims, the first among young/children  concerts.
*[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] is known among the earliest and youngest Muslim converts. The early historian [[Ibn Ishaq]] and Tabari puts [[Ali]] Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law as the first child convert; [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] presents three candidates, and does not decide between them.<ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
*One account in Tabari says that the first male convert was [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali was indeed one of the first persons to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam.<ref>Watt 1953, p. 86</ref>
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*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 6 <ref name="Muhammad in Mecca" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
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| First Muslim [[Martyr]]/first Muslim to be killed: [[Sumayyah bint Khabbab]]
| First Muslim [[Martyr]]/first Muslim to be killed: [[Sumayyah bint Khabbab]]
| 615 <ref name="EoI-Muhammad">{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 7| pages = 360–376| last2 = Welch| first2 = A. T.| last1=Buhl | first1 = F.| title = Muḥammad| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| isbn = 90-04-09419-9| year = 1993}}</ref><ref name="IntroQuran185"/>
| 615 <ref name="EoI-Muhammad">{{Cite encyclopedia | edition = 2nd| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| volume = 7| pages = 360–376| last2 = Welch| first2 = A. T.| last1=Buhl | first1 = F.| title = Muḥammad| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]| isbn = 90-04-09419-9| year = 1993}}</ref><ref name="IntroQuran185"/>
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*Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad"/><ref name="IntroQuran185"/> [[Sumayyah bint Khabbab]], a slave of a prominent Meccan leader [[Abu Jahl]], is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith.<ref name="IntroQuran185"/><ref>Jonathan E. Brockopp, ''Slaves and Slavery'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref><ref>W. Arafat, ''Bilal b. Rabah'', [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>Watt (1964) p. 76.</ref><ref>Peters (1999) p. 172.</ref>
*Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad"/><ref name="IntroQuran185"/> [[Sumayyah bint Khabbab]] (mother of [[Ammar ibn Yasir]]), a slave of a prominent Meccan leader [[Abu Jahl]], is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith.<ref name="IntroQuran185"/><ref>Jonathan E. Brockopp, ''Slaves and Slavery'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref><ref>W. Arafat, ''Bilal b. Rabah'', [[Encyclopedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>Watt (1964) p. 76.</ref><ref>Peters (1999) p. 172.</ref>
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*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>Alfred Guillaume "The Life of Muhammad: A translation of {{sic|Ishaq's|expected=[[Ibn Ishaq]]}} Sirat Rasul Allah" Oxford 1955 {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}, 2003 reprint used - page 145</ref>
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>Alfred Guillaume "The Life of Muhammad: A translation of {{sic|Ishaq's|expected=[[Ibn Ishaq]]}} Sirat Rasul Allah" Oxford 1955 {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}, 2003 reprint used - page 145</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
| First Muslim [[Muezzin]]: [[Bilal ibn Ribah]]<ref name="Syed Razwy p. 77">Syed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...], p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}}</ref>
| First Muslim [[Muezzin]]: [[Bilal ibn Ribah]]<ref name="Syed Razwy p. 77">Syed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}}</ref>
| 622 <ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}} Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622</ref>
| 622 <ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John Henrik|title=African People in World History|year=1993|publisher=Black Classic Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=9780933121775|page=30}} Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622</ref>
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|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
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| First treaty/pledge of war made amongst Muslims: [[Second pledge at al-Aqabah]]
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| 622 <ref>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=95| isbn=9798694145923 }}. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books</ref>
| 622 <ref>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC|first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=95|isbn=9798694145923}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books</ref>
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*Converts to Islam came from nearly all [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]] present in Medina, such that by June of the subsequent year there were seventy-five Muslims coming to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet [[Muhammad]]. Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the "''Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba''", or "The Second Pledge of Mount Aqabah" where the pledge was made. It has been described by both Orientalists and Muslim scholars as "''Pledge of War''".<ref name = "watt83">Watt (1974) p. 83</ref><ref name="Watt, p. 138">Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA138 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 138, {{ISBN|0887067077}}. Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"</ref><ref>Shawqī Abū Khalīl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA85 Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah], p.85, Darussalam (2004), {{ISBN|9960897710}}. Quote: "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those at peace with you""</ref> Conditions of the pledge, many of which similar to the first, included obedience to Muhammad, "enjoining good and forbidding evil" as well as responding to the call to arms when required.<ref name="Vol p. 454">[[Ibn Hisham]], [[Sirah Rasul Allah|as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah]], Vol. I p. 454</ref> The Muslim scholar [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] also refers it to a pledge of war, Tabari wrote: ""the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"<ref name="Watt, p. 138"/>
|
*It has been described a both a treaty and a pledge <ref>Antonie Wessels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fR4VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153 A Modern Arabic Biography of Muḥammad: A Critical Study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn], p. 153,Brill Archive, 1972</ref>
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*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|58|229}}
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|58|229}}
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref name="Vol p. 454"/>
*[[Ibn Hisham]] & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref name="Vol p. 454">[[Ibn Hisham]], [[Sirah Rasul Allah|as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah]], Vol. I p. 454</ref>
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 6 <ref name="Watt, p. 138"/>
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 6 <ref name="Watt, p. 138">Watt, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWYH0mHo2AwC&pg=PA138 Muhammad in Mecca], p. 138, {{ISBN|0887067077}}. Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
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*First military operation, and first offensive campaign: [[Al-Is Caravan Raid]]<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
| 623 <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 127">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA127 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 127.</ref>
*First Muslim military commander: [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]]<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
| 623 <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 127">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA127 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)], p. 127.</ref>
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*According to ''[[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]]'' (The Sealed Nectar), a modern [[Islam]]ic [[hagiography]] of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad ordered the first caravan raid led by [[Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]] (Muhammad's uncle) seven to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where [[Amr ibn Hishām]] (Abu Jahl), the leader of the caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders.<ref name="Dr. Mosab">{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=Mosab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648|isbn=9789957051648|title=The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm here]</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 127"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 147">Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.</ref><ref name="Haykal 1976">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC| first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}}</ref>
*According to ''[[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]]'' (The Sealed Nectar), a modern [[Islam]]ic [[hagiography]] of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad ordered the first caravan raid led by [[Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]] (Muhammad's uncle) seven to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where [[Amr ibn Hishām]] (Abu Jahl), the leader of the caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders.<ref name="Dr. Mosab">{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=Mosab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&q=9789957051648|isbn=9789957051648|title=The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm here]</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 127"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 147">Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.</ref><ref name="Haykal 1976">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC| first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}}</ref>
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| First Muslim to take part in actual fighting in the name of Islam: [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]]<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/><ref name=":0">{{citation|title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA73|first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2|page=73}}</ref>
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| 623
| 623
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*In 623 Muhammad ordered the [[Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid]] to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/><ref name=":0"/> Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet""{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/>
*In 623 Muhammad ordered the [[Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid]] to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/><ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general |page=73 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA73 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2}}</ref> Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet""{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/>
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*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|57|74}}
*[[Ibn Sa'd]], Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 4">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4}}</ref>
*[[Ibn Sa'd]], Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 4">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4}}</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
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| First peace treaty: [[Invasion of Waddan#Banu Darhma caravan raid|Banu Darhma peace treaty]]
| First peace treaty: [[Invasion of Waddan#Banu Darhma caravan raid|Banu Darhma peace treaty]]
| August 623 <ref name=autogeneratedy>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}</ref>
| August 623 <ref name=autogeneratedy>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}</ref>
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*Muhammad ordered the [[Invasion of Waddan]] with the purpose of raiding Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/><ref name="Richard A. Gabriel p. 73">Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.</ref> But the Caravan of Amr Bin Makhshi Al Dhamri of the Banu Damrah tribe was raided instead. Negotiations began and the two leaders signed a treaty with [[Banu Damrah]].<ref name="Haykal 1976 217–218">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&q=first+raids&pg=PA218 | first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}}</ref> According to Muslim scholar [[Muhammad al-Zurqani]], the provisions of the pact/treaty go as follows:"This document is from Muhammad, the messenger of Allah, concerning the Banu Darmah. In which he (Muhamnmad)established them safety and security in their wealth and lives. They can expect support from the Muslims, unless they oppose the religion of Allah. They are also expected to respond positively if the prophet sought their help"<ref name="Mubarakpuri 2005 244">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA244| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=244}}</ref>
*Muhammad ordered the [[Invasion of Waddan]] with the purpose of raiding Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty.<ref name="Wahhāb p. 345"/><ref name="Richard A. Gabriel p. 73">Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.</ref> However, they instead raided the Caravan of Amr Bin Makhshi Al Dhamri of the Banu Damrah tribe. Negotiations began and the two leaders signed a treaty with [[Banu Damrah]].<ref name="Haykal 1976 217–218">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&q=first+raids&pg=PA218 | first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=217–218}}</ref> According to Muslim scholar [[Muhammad al-Zurqani]], the provisions of the treaty were as follows: "This document is from Muhammad, the messenger of Allah, concerning the Banu Darmah, in which he establishes for them safety and security in their wealth and lives. They can expect support from the Muslims, unless they oppose the religion of Allah. They are also expected to respond positively if the prophet seeks their help."<ref name="Mubarakpuri 2005 244">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA244| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=244}}</ref>
*The treaty meant that both parties were forbidden from raiding each other, to join hostile concentrations against each other and to support each other's enemies. [[Montgomery Watt|William Montgomery Watt]], saw this as a deliberate attempt by Muhammad to provoke the Meccan's.<ref>{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Medina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956 |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1|page=4}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
*The treaty meant that both parties were forbidden from raiding each other, joining hostile concentrations against each other, and supporting each other's enemies. The historian [[Montgomery Watt|William Montgomery Watt]] saw this as a deliberate attempt by Muhammad to provoke the Meccans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=W. Montgomery |author-link1=William Montgomery Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |title=Muhammad at Medina |last2=Saba |first2=Mahmoud |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford |page=4 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp |archive-date=November 11, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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*[[Ibn Sa'd]], Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 4"/>
*[[Ibn Sa'd]], Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 4"/>
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*First Muslim to kill another person in the name of Islam: [[Waqid ibn Abdullah]]
*First person(s) taken captive by Muslims: Uthman bin Abdullah and  Nawfal bin Abdullah
| January 624<ref name="Sir p. 72">Sir [[William Muir]], [https://archive.org/details/lifemahometandh02muirgoog/page/n88 <!-- pg=72 --> The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3], p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861</ref>
| January 624<ref name="Sir p. 72">Sir [[William Muir]], [https://archive.org/details/lifemahometandh02muirgoog/page/n88 <!-- pg=72 --> The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3], p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861</ref>
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*[[Waqid ibn Abdullah]] participated in the [[Nakhla Raid]] that was ordered by Muhammad. He was the first person to kill someone in the name of Islam. While they (the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]) were busy preparing food during the Nakhla Raid, the Muslims attacked.<ref name="Sir p. 72"/> In the short battle that took place, Waqid ibn Abdullah killed Amr ibn Hadrami by shooting arrow at the leader of the Quraysh caravan.<ref name="Haykal 1976 226">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&pg=PA2226| first=Husayn |last=Haykal|year=1976|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7|pages=226–227}}</ref> Nawfal ibn Abdullah managed to escape. The Muslims took Uthman ibn Abdullah and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan as captives. Abdullah ibn Jahsh returned to Medina with the booty and with the two captured Quraysh tribe members. The followers planned to give one-fifth of the booty to Muhammad.<ref name="online">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nmUrN0B8cvQC&pg=PA139 Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition], p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, {{ISBN|1861796765}}. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150514140606/http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=196 online])</ref>
*Also during the [[Nakhla Raid]] , Nawfal bin Abdullah was captured and taken prisoner by [[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh]]<ref name="online"/> According to the Muslim scholar [[Ibn Kathir]], Muhammad refused to accept ransom for Nawfal bin Abdullah and another captive, until he was sure his companions were safe, he also threatened to kill the captives. Muhammad said: "For we fear for their safety with you. If you kill them, we will kill your people", Ibn Kathir cites [[Ibn Ishaq]]s 7th century biography of Muhammad as the primary source for this quote.<ref name="Haykal 1976 226"/><ref name="online"/> The 2 companions in question were  Sa`d bin Abu Waqqas and `Utbah bin Ghazwan who had lost their camels and gotten lost, Muhammad feared the Quraysh my find them and kill them.<ref name="online"/>
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*{{Quran-usc|2|217}} <ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=246}}</ref><ref>Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.</ref>
*{{Quran-usc|2|217}} <ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=246}}</ref><ref>Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.</ref>
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| January 624 <ref name="William Muir 1861 130"/>
| January 624 <ref name="William Muir 1861 130"/>
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*Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}</ref>
*Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}</ref>
*For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims
*For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims
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| First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: [[Nadr ibn al-Harith]] and [[Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt]]
| First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: [[Nadr ibn al-Harith]] and [[Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt]]
| March 624 <ref name="The Sealed Nectar Free Version">Mubarakpuri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA129 The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)], p. 129</ref>
| March 624 <ref name="The Sealed Nectar Free Version">Mubarakpuri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA129 The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 129</ref>
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*According to the Muslim scholar [[Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri]], after the [[Battle of Badr]] two captives – Nadr bin Harith and [[Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt|‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ]] were beheaded by [[Ali]]. Mubarakpuri mentions that this incident about the beheading is also mentioned in the [[Sunan Abu Dawud]] no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12<ref name="The Sealed Nectar Free Version"/> The Muslim scholar [[Ibn Kathir]] mentions that {{Quran-usc|8|31}} is also about this incident <ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 412">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kH-dzOKFIC&pg=PA412 The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition], p. 412, {{ISBN|1861797699}}, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140721082126/http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1549&Itemid=63 online])</ref>
*According to the Muslim scholar [[Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri]], after the [[Battle of Badr]] two captives – Nadr bin Harith and [[Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt|‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ]] were beheaded by [[Ali]]. Mubarakpuri mentions that this incident about the beheading is also mentioned in the [[Sunan Abu Dawud]] no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12<ref name="The Sealed Nectar Free Version"/> The Muslim scholar [[Ibn Kathir]] mentions that {{Quran-usc|8|31}} is also about this incident <ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 412">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kH-dzOKFIC&pg=PA412 The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition], p. 412, {{ISBN|1861797699}}, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140721082126/http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1549&Itemid=63 online])</ref>
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First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: [[Ghwarath ibn al-Harith]] during the [[Invasion of Dhi Amr]]
First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: [[Ghwarath ibn al-Harith]] during the [[Invasion of Dhi Amr]]
| September 624 <ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-344-2|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad at Medina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |isbn=978-0-19-577307-1 |page=17}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
| September 624 <ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-344-2|page=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=W. Montgomery |author-link1=William Montgomery Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ |title=Muhammad at Medina |last2=Saba |first2=Mahmoud |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford |page=17 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp |archive-date=November 11, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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*Ghwarath ibn al-Harith<ref name="Strauch 2006 472">{{citation|title=Biography of the Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8bbHTcRV5kC&pg=PA472|first=Sameh|last=Strauch|year=2006|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960-9803-2-4|page=472}}</ref><ref name="Sa'd 1967 40">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=dried|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=40|quote=So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA132|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=132}}</ref> was the first person to try and assassinate Muhammad during the [[Invasion of Dhi Amr]]. According to Muslim scholar Sami Strauch, it is reported in [[Sahih Bukhari]] that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel [[Gabriel]] came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me".<ref name="Strauch 2006 472"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 40"/>
*Ghwarath ibn al-Harith<ref name="Strauch 2006 472">{{citation|title=Biography of the Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8bbHTcRV5kC&pg=PA472|first=Sameh|last=Strauch|year=2006|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960-9803-2-4|page=472}}</ref><ref name="Sa'd 1967 40">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=dried|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=40|quote=So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA132|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=132}}</ref> was the first person to try and assassinate Muhammad during the [[Invasion of Dhi Amr]]. According to Muslim scholar Sami Strauch, it is reported in [[Sahih Bukhari]] that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel [[Gabriel]] came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me".<ref name="Strauch 2006 472"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 40"/>
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*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|458}}
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|458}}
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| First defensive military campaign: [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
| First defensive military campaign: [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
| March 625 <ref name="WattProphetStatesman">{{citation|title=Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C| author-link=William Montgomery Watt |first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt|year=1961|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=0198810784|quote=The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=105|quote=Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).}}</ref>
| March 625 <ref name="WattProphetStatesman">{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C |title=Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961 |location=London |page=135 |oclc=6796252 |quote=The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=105|quote=Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).}}</ref>
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*The purpose of the [[Battle of Uhud]] was to defend against a Quraysh attack.<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 181">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154128/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s7.html online])</ref> According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature <ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
*The purpose of the [[Battle of Uhud]] was to defend against a Quraysh attack.<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 181">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154128/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s7.html online])</ref> According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature <ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
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*{{Cite quran|8|36}},<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.</ref> {{Cite quran|3|122}}, {{Cite quran|3|167}}  <ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.</ref>
*{{Cite quran|8|36}},<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 292.</ref> {{Cite quran|3|122}}, {{Cite quran|3|167}}  <ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 299-300.</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|4|52|276}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|3|30|108}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|4|52|276}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|3|30|108}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 296 (footnote 2).</ref>
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| First Muslim missionaries to be killed: [[Asim ibn Thabit]], [[Khubyab bin Adi]] and [[Zayd bin al-Dathinnah]] during the [[Expedition of Al Raji]]
| First Muslim missionaries to be killed: [[Asim ibn Thabit]], [[Khubyab bin Adi]] and [[Zayd bin al-Dathinnah]] during the [[Expedition of Al Raji]]
| 625 <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref>
| 625 <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref>
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*Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] (chief of the [[Banu Lahyan]] tribe) by Muhammad's followers.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book|first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt |authorlink=William Montgomery Watt|title=[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=33|quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp online])</ref> 8<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> or 10 Muslims were killed<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
*Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] (chief of the [[Banu Lahyan]] tribe) by Muhammad's followers.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp |title=Muhammad at Medina |last2=Saba |first2=Mahmoud |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford |page=33 |oclc=3456619 |quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. |authorlink=William Montgomery Watt}}</ref> 8<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187"/> or 10 Muslims were killed<ref name="Dr. Mosab"/>
*According to [[William Montgomery Watt]] the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.<ref>{{cite book|first=W. Montgomery |last=Watt |author-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0-19-577307-1|page=33|quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.}} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp online])</ref> Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}<ref>Kailtyn Chick, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 Kailtyn Chick], p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013</ref> The 7th century Muslim scholar [[al-Waqidi]] also mentioned that they were spies but a tribe did come to them requesting to teach Islam but Muhammad decided to send them for spying to inform him about the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]].<ref>Rizwi Faizer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z4nAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi], p. 174, Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|1136921133}}</ref>
*According to [[William Montgomery Watt]] the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=W. Montgomery |author-link1=William Montgomery Watt |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp |title=Muhammad at Medina |last2=Saba |first2=Mahmoud |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford |page=33 |oclc=3456619 |quote=The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.}}</ref> Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}<ref>Kailtyn Chick, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 Kailtyn Chick], p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing, 2013</ref> The 7th century Muslim scholar [[al-Waqidi]] also mentioned that they were spies but a tribe did come to them requesting to teach Islam but Muhammad decided to send them for spying to inform him about the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]].<ref>Rizwi Faizer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z4nAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi], p. 174, Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|1136921133}}</ref>
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*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1442}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187-188">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|412}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1442}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 187-188">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref>
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*Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref> but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] by Muhammad's followers.<ref name="archive.org"/> 70 Muslims were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188"/> and 2 Non-Muslims were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188"/>
*Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online])</ref> but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the [[Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan]] by Muhammad's followers.<ref name="archive.org"/> 70 Muslims were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188"/> and 2 Non-Muslims were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 188"/>
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*[[Quran]] 3:169-173<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.</ref>
*[[Quran]] 3:169-173<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352.</ref>
*[[Ibn Hisham]]<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).</ref>
*[[Ibn Hisham]]<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352 (footnote 1).</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|405}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1433}}
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|405}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|4|1433}}
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| First massacre carried out by Muslims: [[Invasion of Banu Qurayza]]
| First massacre carried out by Muslims: [[Invasion of Banu Qurayza]]
| February–March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC| author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>
| February–March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC|author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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*Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel [[Gabriel]].<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|last= Ibn Ishaq |translator-first=A. |translator-last=Guillaume |isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2005|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=461–464}}</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155057/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s10.html online])</ref><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21">{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213|author=[[Ibn Kathir]], Saed Abdul-Rahman|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|pages=213|isbn=9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305081531/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 |date=2015-03-05 }})</ref><ref name="Inamdar">{{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ|author=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}}</ref> [[Al-Waqidi]] claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. [[Norman Stillman|Stillman]] and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.<ref name="Stillman14-16">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.</ref> Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Islam]], section on "Muhammad"</ref><ref name="Kurayza">Watt, ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Section on "Kurayza, Banu".</ref>
*Banu Qurayza betrayed Muhammad, So he ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel [[Gabriel]].<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|last= Ibn Ishaq |translator-first=A. |translator-last=Guillaume |isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2005|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=461–464}}</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155057/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s10.html online])</ref><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21">{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213|author=[[Ibn Kathir]], Saed Abdul-Rahman|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|pages=213|isbn=9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305081531/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 |date=2015-03-05 }})</ref><ref name="Inamdar">{{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ|author=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}}</ref> [[Al-Waqidi]] claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. [[Norman Stillman|Stillman]] and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.<ref name="Stillman14-16">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.</ref> Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Islam]], section on "Muhammad"</ref><ref name="Kurayza">Watt, ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Section on "Kurayza, Banu".</ref>
*600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham).<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201| author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
*600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham).<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref name=":1">{{cite book |author= |url=https://archive.org/details/TabariVolume08 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780791431504 |location=Albany |pages=35–36 |translator-last=Fishbein |translator-first=Michael |oclc=1513339730}}</ref> Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith).<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2665}}</ref><ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|280}}</ref> 2 Muslim's were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/>
|pages=35–36}}</ref> Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith).<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2665}}</ref><ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|280}}</ref> 2 Muslim's were killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/>
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*{{Cite quran|33|26}},<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/> [[Quran]] 33:09 & 33:10<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194|author=[[Ibn Kathir]], Saed Abdul-Rahman|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|pages=213|isbn=9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415093826/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 |date=15 April 2016 }})</ref><ref name="Muhammad Husayn Haykal p. 338">Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.</ref>
*{{Cite quran|33|26}},<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/> [[Quran]] 33:09 & 33:10<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194| author=[[Ibn Kathir]], Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online])</ref><ref name="Muhammad Husayn Haykal p. 338">Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4390}}
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4390}}
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 8, Victory of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC| author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
*[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]], Volume 8, Victory of Islam<ref name=":1" />
|pages=35–36}}</ref>
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| First woman captured by Muhammad as [[Ma malakat aymanukum|war booty]]: [[Rayhana]]<ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref><ref name="Journal of Religion & Society">[http://moses.creighton.edu/jrs/2007/2007-29.pdf Journal of Religion & Society], p. 1, Creighton University. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024944/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2007/2007-29.pdf archive])</ref>
| First woman captured by Muhammad as [[Ma malakat aymanukum|war booty]]: [[Rayhana]]<ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref><ref name="Journal of Religion & Society">[http://moses.creighton.edu/jrs/2007/2007-29.pdf Journal of Religion & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024944/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2007/2007-29.pdf |date=30 December 2013 }}, p. 1, Creighton University. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024944/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2007/2007-29.pdf archive])</ref>
| March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet"/>
| March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet"/>
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| First Muslim treasurer: [[Bilal ibn Ribah]]<ref name="Syed Razwy p. 77"/>
| First Muslim treasurer: [[Bilal ibn Ribah]]<ref name="Syed Razwy p. 77"/>
| 630 <ref name="Syed Razwy 1990">Syed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...], p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630</ref>
| 630 <ref name="Syed Razwy 1990">Syed Razwy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fPjG0g8FSwAC&pg=PA77 Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...]{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, {{ISBN|0940368935}}. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630</ref>
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*Muhammad appointed [[Bilal ibn Ribah]] as the first Muslim [[treasurer]] after he completed his conquest of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]<ref name="Syed Razwy 1990"/>
*Muhammad appointed [[Bilal ibn Ribah]] as the first Muslim [[treasurer]] after he completed his conquest of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]<ref name="Syed Razwy 1990"/>
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
* [[Historiography of early Islam]]
* [[Early social changes under Islam]]
* [[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
* [[Timeline of Medina]]
* [[Timeline of Medina]]
* [[Timeline of the history of Islam (7th century)]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 04:15, 12 December 2025


For other uses, see Early Islam.


This is a timeline of the early history of Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad. The information provided in this article is based on Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or archaeological evidence. A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at List of expeditions of Muhammad.

N. Record, milestone or achievement Date Noteworthy facts Notable primary sources
1. Muhammad's first revelation: Quran 96:1–5[1][2][3][4] Template:BH Ramadan [1][2][3][4]
  • According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel Gabriel appeared before him in the year Template:BH and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:[1][2][3]"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not."[4]
2.
 First Muslim Female convert: Khadija[5] Template:BH [5]
  • When Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija was the first female and first person to convert to Islam. However, Shia Muslims claim Ali was the first to convert to Islam.
3. First Muslim child convert: Ali Ibn Abi Talib[6] Template:BH[6] Ali, is said to have supported Muhammed from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to Islam just after his birth. It is sometimes reported that Ali was the second, after Khadija, to embrace Islam amongst the earliest Muslims.
  • Ali ibn Abi Talib is known among the earliest and youngest Muslim converts. The early historian Ibn Ishaq and al-Tabari puts Ali Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law as the first male convert; Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari presents three candidates, and does not decide between them.[6]
  • According to one Hadith, Ali was Muhammad's cousin and accepted Islam at the age of 11 making him the first male to accept Islam
4 Earliest Muslim Adult Male converts: Zayd ibn Harithah and Abu Bakr Template:BH
  • One account in Tabari says that the first male convert was Zayd ibn Harithah, a freed slave who had become Muhammad's adopted son. It is known that Ali was indeed one of the first persons to convert to Islam, however some dispute this arguing he was only 12 years old at the time he embraced Islam.[7]

Later Abu Bakr followed.

  • Muhammad's prominent companions Hassan ibn Thabit (d. 674), Ibn Abbas (d. 687), and the Kufan scholar al-Nakhai (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first adult male convert.
  • Abu Bakr is also said to be one of the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian al-Tabari.
  • Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was one of the first ones to accept Islam.
5 First Public Dawah[8] 613 [9][8][10]
  • Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public(Quran 26:214).[8] Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him,[9] though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.[10]
6 First Muslim Martyr/first Muslim to be killed: Sumayyah bint Khabbab 615 [11][9]
7 First Muslim to be tortured: Bilal ibn Ribah 615
  • When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf found out he had converted to Islam, he began violently to torture Bilal.[17]
  • With Abu Jahl instigating, Umayyah tied Bilal up and had him dragged around Mecca as a means to break Bilal's faith.[17] Frustrated upon Bilal's refusal to denounce Islam, Umayyah became even more angry. He ordered that Bilal's limbs were to be stretched out and tied to stakes lying flat on desert sand, so that he could feel the intensity of the sun and the Arabian heat. He would be whipped and beaten while tied to the stakes. Constantly refusing to denounce Islam, Umayyah became frustrated and ordered that a large boulder/stone be placed on Bilal's chest. The boulder heated by the sun burned Bilal's body while also crushing him.[17]
  • After such punishments, news of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions who told Muhammad of the slave. Muhammad then sent Abu Bakr. Eventually, Abu Bakr negotiated a deal with Umayyah to purchase Bilal and emancipate him from slavery.[17]
8 First migration to another country: Ethiopia 615[11][9]
9 First Muslim Ambassador and Envoy: Mus`ab ibn `Umair September 621 [21][22]
  • Musab ibn Umair al-Abdari was the first Muslim Ambassador. He was sent to Yathrib (now Medina) to teach the people the doctrines of Islam and give them guidance[22] Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore, this event happened in 621
10 First Muslim Muezzin: Bilal ibn Ribah[24][25] 622 [26]
11 622 [29]
12 623 [32]
  • According to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Safi ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Muhammad ordered the first caravan raid led by Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (Muhammad's uncle) seven to nine months after the Hijra. A party of thirty to forty men assembled at the seacoast near al-Is, between Mecca and Medina, where Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl), the leader of the caravan was camping with three hundred Meccan riders.[33][32][34][35]
  • Hamza met Abu Jahl there with a view to attack the caravan, but Majdi bin Amr al-Juhani, a Quraysh who was friendly to both the parties intervened between them; so, both parties separated without fighting.[33][32][34][35][36][37]
  • It is mentioned in Ibn Hisham and Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad (the earliest surviving biography of Muhammad from the 7th century), that for these caravan raids Muhammad gave permission to "plunder" the caravans of theirs enemies and seize their goods and property(s) and said: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder"[38]
13 623
  • In 623 Muhammad ordered the Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[36][40] Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet""Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:57:74[36]
14 First peace treaty: Banu Darhma peace treaty August 623 [42][43]
  • Muhammad ordered the Invasion of Waddan with the purpose of raiding Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty.[36][44] However, they instead raided the Caravan of Amr Bin Makhshi Al Dhamri of the Banu Damrah tribe. Negotiations began and the two leaders signed a treaty with Banu Damrah.[45] According to Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Zurqani, the provisions of the treaty were as follows: "This document is from Muhammad, the messenger of Allah, concerning the Banu Darmah, in which he establishes for them safety and security in their wealth and lives. They can expect support from the Muslims, unless they oppose the religion of Allah. They are also expected to respond positively if the prophet seeks their help."[46]
  • The treaty meant that both parties were forbidden from raiding each other, joining hostile concentrations against each other, and supporting each other's enemies. The historian William Montgomery Watt saw this as a deliberate attempt by Muhammad to provoke the Meccans.[47]
15 January 624[48]
16 First assassination carried out by Muslims: Asma bint Marwan or Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

[52]

January 624 [52]
  • Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[53]
  • For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims
17 First assassination carried out by Muslims: Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf[55][56] September 624 [55][56]
  • According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[55][56]
18 First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: Nadr ibn al-Harith and Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt March 624 [57]
19 First Siege carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa February 624 [59]
  • Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina[60] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked[61]
  • As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.[62][63][64]:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.[65]
20

First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: Ghwarath ibn al-Harith during the Invasion of Dhi Amr

September 624 [72][73]
  • Ghwarath ibn al-Harith[74][75][76] was the first person to try and assassinate Muhammad during the Invasion of Dhi Amr. According to Muslim scholar Sami Strauch, it is reported in Sahih Bukhari that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel Gabriel came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me".[74][75]
21 First defensive military campaign: Battle of Uhud[33] March 625 [77][78]
  • The purpose of the Battle of Uhud was to defend against a Quraysh attack.[79] According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature [33]
22 First Muslim missionaries to be killed: Asim ibn Thabit, Khubyab bin Adi and Zayd bin al-Dathinnah during the Expedition of Al Raji 625 [83]
  • Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,[83] but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan (chief of the Banu Lahyan tribe) by Muhammad's followers.[84] 8[83] or 10 Muslims were killed[33]
  • According to William Montgomery Watt the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.[85] Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:412[86] The 7th century Muslim scholar al-Waqidi also mentioned that they were spies but a tribe did come to them requesting to teach Islam but Muhammad decided to send them for spying to inform him about the Quraysh.[87]
23 First Massacre of Muslims: Expedition of Bir Maona[90] July 625 [91]
  • Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,[92] but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers.[84] 70 Muslims were killed[92] and 2 Non-Muslims were killed[92]
24 First massacre carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qurayza February–March 627 [95]
  • Banu Qurayza betrayed Muhammad, So he ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[96][97][98][99][100][101] Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.[102] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.[103][104]
  • 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham).[99][100][105] Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith).[106][107] 2 Muslim's were killed[99]
25 First woman captured by Muhammad as war booty: Rayhana[110][111] March 627 [95]
26 First Muslim treasurer: Bilal ibn Ribah[24] 630 [114]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Brown (2003), pp. 72–73
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sell (1913), p. 29.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sahih Bukhari. "Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3". sahih-bukhari.com.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Quran 96:1–5
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 111.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 80, ISBN 0887067077
  7. ↑ Watt 1953, p. 86
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ramadan (2007), p. 37–9
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 185
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 36.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Buhl, F.; Welch, A. T. (1993). "Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 360–376. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
  12. ↑ Jonathan E. Brockopp, Slaves and Slavery, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  13. ↑ W. Arafat, Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam
  14. ↑ Watt (1964) p. 76.
  15. ↑ Peters (1999) p. 172.
  16. ↑ Alfred Guillaume "The Life of Muhammad: A translation of Ishaq's [sic] Sirat Rasul Allah" Oxford 1955 ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 2003 reprint used - page 145
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Janneh, Sabarr. Learning from the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Peace and Blessing of God Be upon Him. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. ISBN 1467899666 Pgs. 235-238
  18. ↑ Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 85, ISBN 0887067077
  19. ↑ Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 98, ISBN 0887067077
  20. ↑ Muḥammad, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs et al. Brill Online, 2014
  21. ↑ UNESCO (2012). Different Aspects of Islamic Culture: Vol.3: The Spread of Islam Throughout the World Volume 3 of Different aspects of Islamic culture. UNESCO, 2012. p. 51-. ISBN 9789231041532. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtūm. Darussalam, 2002. p. 187,338-. ISBN 9789960899558. Retrieved 7 August 2012. Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore this event happened in 621
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tabari, The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca, p. 127, SUNY Press, ISBN 1438423403
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Syed Razwy, Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...[permanent dead link], p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, ISBN 0940368935
  25. ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (1993). African People in World History. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780933121775.
  26. ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (1993). African People in World History. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780933121775. Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622
  27. ↑ A. Adu Boahen, Alvin M. Josephy, The Horizon history of Africa, Volume 1, p. 151, University of Michigan
  28. ↑ Tabari, The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions ..., p. 371, SUNY Press, ISBN 1438409982
  29. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 95, ISBN 9798694145923[permanent dead link]. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
  30. ↑ Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454
  31. ↑ Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 138, ISBN 0887067077. Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)[permanent dead link], p. 127.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Hawarey, Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 217–218, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.
  37. ↑ Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 ʻAbd al-Malik Ibn Hishām, The life of Muhammad, Apostle of Allah, p. 95, Folio Society, 1964. Translated by Michael Edwardes. Quote: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder." (archive)
  39. ↑ Rizwi Faizer, The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi, p. 12, ISBN 1136921141, Routledge, 2013
  40. ↑ Gabriel, Richard A. (2008), Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
  42. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK. GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)
  43. ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
  44. ↑ Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
  45. ↑ Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 217–218, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
  46. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 244, ISBN 978-9960899558
  47. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery; Saba, Mahmoud (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006.
  48. ↑ Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861
  49. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 246, ISBN 978-9960899558
  50. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
  51. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558 See footnote 1, page 247
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
  54. ↑ Ibn Hisham; Ibn Ishaq (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Translated by Guillaume, Alfred. Oxford University Press. pp. 675–676. ISBN 9780195778281.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)[permanent dead link], p. 129
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition, p. 412, ISBN 1861797699, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. (online)
  59. ↑ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
  60. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.
  61. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
  62. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad], transl. Guillaume, p. 363
  63. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 284, ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8
  64. ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book.
  65. ↑ Cook, Michael, Muhammad, p. 21.
  66. ↑ Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd, vol. 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
  67. ↑ Rodwell, JM (15 July 2003), The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7, This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
  68. ↑ Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.(online)
  69. ↑ Peters, Francis E. (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0691000404.
  70. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
  71. ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442
  72. ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
  73. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery; Saba, Mahmoud (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN 978-9960-9803-2-4
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 40. ASIN B0007JAWMK. So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"
  76. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 132. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
  77. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman. London: Oxford University Press. p. 135. OCLC 6796252. The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
  78. ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442, Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
  79. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
  80. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 292.
  81. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 299-300.
  82. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 296 (footnote 2).
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Watt, W. Montgomery; Saba, Mahmoud (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 33. OCLC 3456619. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.
  85. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery; Saba, Mahmoud (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 33. OCLC 3456619. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.
  86. ↑ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing, 2013
  87. ↑ Rizwi Faizer, The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi, p. 174, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1136921133
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
  89. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
  90. ↑ Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 205
  91. ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442, Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
  93. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352.
  94. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 352 (footnote 1).
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413[permanent dead link]
  96. ↑ Ibn Ishaq (2005), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), translated by Guillaume, A., Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
  97. ↑ Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  98. ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online Archived 2015-03-05 at the Wayback Machine)
  101. ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288
  102. ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
  103. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam. Translated by Fishbein, Michael. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1997. pp. 35–36. ISBN 9780791431504. OCLC 1513339730.
  106. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
  107. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
  108. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  109. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Rodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.
  111. ↑ Journal of Religion & Society Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, p. 1, Creighton University. (archive)
  112. ↑ *Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8.
  113. ↑ Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 466.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Syed Razwy, Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ...[permanent dead link], p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, ISBN 0940368935. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630
  115. ↑ Michael G. Morony, Manufacturing and Labour, p. 178, Ashgate (2003), ISBN 0860787079. Quote: "(Bilal ibn Rabah, a mawla of Abu Bakr was the Prophet's treasurer); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh, V, 560"
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