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{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint and warrior}}
'''Mallick Ibrahim Bayu''' was a legendary [[Sufi]] saint-warrior who arrived in South Bihar in the 14th century and defeated the tribal [[Kol people|Kol]] chiefdoms who had been oppressing the local Muslims. He also defeated Raja Birthal and became first Muslim conqueror and governor of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBRAHIM BAYA MAQBARA|url=https://bt-stage.argildx.com/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara|access-date=2020-11-25|website=bt-stage.argildx.com|language=en}}</ref> Malik Ibrahim Baya tomb is protected under [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and is a tourism spot in [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Bihar « Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-bihar/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{infobox royalty
{{infobox royalty
| name        = Mallick Ibrahim Bayu
| name        = Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya
| caption      = Mausoleum of Mallick Ibrahim Bayu in [[Bihar Sharif]]
| caption      = Mausoleum of Malik Ibrahim Bayu in [[Bihar Sharif]]
| image        = Tomb of Ibrahim Baya 22.jpg
| image        = Tomb of Ibrahim Baya 22.jpg
| occupation  = Military general, Governor
| occupation  = Military general, Governor, Sufi Saint
| birth_place  = [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]]
| birth_place  = [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan
| death_place  = [[Rohtasgarh]], [[Rohtas District]], [[Bihar]]
| death_place  = [[Rohtasgarh]], Rohtas District, Bihar
| death_date  = 20 January 1353 CE (13th Dul Hajj 753 AH)
| death_date  = 20 January 1353 CE (13th Dul Hajj 753 AH)
| house-type  = Clan
| house-type  = Clan
| house        = [[Mallick clan (Bihar)|Mallick]]
| house        = [[Malik clan (Bihar)|Malik]]
}}
}}
'''Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya '''also known as '''Malik Ibrahim Bayu''' was a [[Sufi]] saint of [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardiyya order]] and a warrior who arrived in South Bihar, India, in the 14th century and defeated the tribal Kol chiefdoms, who had been oppressing the local Muslims. He was a contemporary of [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]] and [[Muzaffar Balkhi|Muzaffar Shams Balkhi]].'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Syed Amjad |title=Malik Ibrahim Baya: A Revered Figure in Bihar's History and Sufi Tradition |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/syed-amjad-hussain-new-age-islam/malik-ibrahim-baya-revered-figure-bihar-s-history-sufi-tradition/d/132783 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=New Age Islam}}</ref> '''


==Early life==
Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a prominent 14th-century Sufi saint and governor of Bihar under the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], is recognized as a [[Sayyid]], descending from the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] through [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Fatima|Fatima al-Zahra]], and their sons [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. Historical sources confirm that Ibrahim was a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a renowned Sayyid and founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, whose lineage traces back to Muhammad via both Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally). According to ''Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar'' by Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021) and ''The Sultan of the Saints'' by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000), Gilani's father, Abu Salih Musa, descended from Hasan ibn Ali, while his mother, Umm al-Khair Fatima, descended from Husayn ibn Ali through Imam Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam, linking directly to Ali and Fatima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints: Mystical Life and Teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |location=Gujranwala |isbn=969-851016-8 |page=23}}</ref> This dual lineage establishes Ibrahim as a "najeeb-ut-tarafain" Sayyid, a status widely accepted among the Malik Baya community or Malik clan in Bihar, as corroborated by ''Sharfa Ki Nagari'' by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which details his role as a Sayyid leader in Bihar Sharif.<ref name="nizamisyed">{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Syed Qayamuddin |title=Sharfa Ki Nagari |year=1995 |publisher=Darul Isha’at, Patna |isbn=978-81-86012-07-8 |page=78}}</ref>
Syed Ibrahim Mallick was a distinguished military general, and an eminent Sufi (saint) as well. He was a descendant of Ali and when the Abbasids persecuted his ancestors, they escaped to Ghazni. He was born and raised in Ghazni.


Syed Ibrahim Mallick received his education and military training in [[Ghazni]] and then he came to Delhi to serve under the tutelage of Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], who was famous for his magnificent patronage of intellectuals, scholars, and talented military generals of his time. Besides Syed Ibrahim Mallick, [[Ibn Batuta]], the famous traveler and pioneer explorer, and other people like him came from all over the world to serve the Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
He defeated Raja Birthal in a war.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBRAHIM BAYA MAQBARA|url=https://bt-stage.argildx.com/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara|access-date=2020-11-25|website=bt-stage.argildx.com|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151710/https://bt-stage.argildx.com/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara}}</ref> Malik Ibrahim Baya's tomb is protected under [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and is a tourism spot in [[Bihar Sharif|Bihar Sharif Nalanda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Bihar « Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-bihar/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>


==History==
==Descendants==
Ibrahim Mallick Beya, belongs to [[Suhrawardiyya]] order.  He came to India during the time of Sul-tan Muhammad Tughlaq and became commander-in-chief in 725 A.H. (1324 A.D.). The word Bayu' is the twisted from a Persian word *Beya' meaning "Come on.' Syed ibrahim, after his first victory over Bihar, went to inform the matter to Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq, who being pleased with his remarkable win said: "malik biya benashin' (O ChiefCome and Sit down). Mallick was a title conferred on important personalities for remarkable work. Syed Ibrahim also got this title. With passage of time the term Beya was twisted and became Bayu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&pg=PA160|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons | page=160 |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0|language=en}}</ref>
Ibrahim Malik Baya's descendants form the Malik Baya community or Malik clan, a small Sayyid Muslim group primarily concentrated in the districts of Nalanda (Bihar Sharif), Arwal, Patna, Jahanabad, Nawada, Sheikhpura, and Jamui in Bihar, India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9 |pages=45–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Syed Qayamuddin |title=Sharfa Ki Nagari |year=1995 |publisher=Darul Isha’at, Patna |isbn=978-81-86012-07-8 |pages=120–125}}</ref> Recognized as Ashraf (high-status Muslims) by the Bihar Minority Commission, the community maintains its pure Sayyid identity through descent from Ibrahim Malik, a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani, whose lineage traces to Muhammad through Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |isbn=969-851016-8 |page=23}}</ref> The community's veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, and annual Urs celebrations affirm their Sayyid heritage.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} Post-1947 partition, many descendants migrated to Pakistan and Bangladesh, where they are known as "Bihari Sayyids."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallicks of Bihar |url=https://www.carelick.org/Mallicks |access-date=2025-09-21}}</ref>
During the time of Sultan Tughlaq (1290 AD-1351 AD), even though the State of Bihar was under the control of [[Delhi]], for all practical purposes, its rulers were autonomous. The Sultan received numerous complaints against the Raja Bithal, the Governor (Subedar) of Bihar, who was not only a tyrant but also a rebel against the Sultan of Delhi.


The Sultan sent his general, Syed Ibrahim Mallick, to punish Raja Bithal. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. The conquest of Bihar was a remarkable achievement, and on this occasion, the Sultan conferred upon Syed Ibrahim Mallick the title of "Madarul Mulk" means Mallick or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator and King of Sword and Wealth). It is recorded that the Sultan was so jubilant by this victory, that in his court he himself came down to receive and greet Syed Ibrahim Mallick. After an exchange of greetings, Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq said to Syed Ibrahim Mallick in Persian (the official language at the time) "Mallicks Baya, Be-nashin" meaning "O King come and sit next to me" and led Syed Ibrahim Mallick to his seat. The Sultan bestowed this great honor upon him. Since then, he was called "Malliks Baya". The Sultan appointed Syed Ibrahim Mallick as the governor of the state of Bihar. He chose to settle with his family and relatives in [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/syedmallicks/history|title = HISTORY - Syed Mallicks}}</ref>
==Lineages==
Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a 14th-century Sufi saint, warrior, and governor of Bihar under the Tughlaq dynasty, is recognized as a Sayyid, descending from Muhammad through Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatima al-Zahra, and their sons Hasan and Husayn. His lineage traces to Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a seventh-generation descendant of Muhammad, whose paternal line descends from Hasan ibn Ali and maternal line from Husayn ibn Ali via Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam. This dual descent, known as "najeeb-ut-tarafain" (noble on both sides), is documented in Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar by Dr. Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021, ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9) and The Sultan of the Saints by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000, ISBN 969–851016–8).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |year=2021 |publisher=Islamic Research Academy, Patna |isbn=978-81-939320-4-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadiri |first=Muhammad Riyaz |title=The Sultan of the Saints |year=2000 |publisher=Abbasi Publications |isbn=969-851016-8}}</ref> The Malik Baya community or Malik clan, concentrated in Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Patna, and other Bihar districts, inherits this Sayyid status, as affirmed by the Bihar Minority Commission report, which identifies them as a "small Sayyid Muslim community" with Ashraf (high-status) standing.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
The veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, further underscores his prophetic lineage, as such reverence is typically reserved for Sayyids.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}
Ibrahim's descent is further detailed in ''Sharfa Ki Nagari'' by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which traces his ancestry through Abdul Qadir Gilani to Muhammad via Ali and Fatima, with specific connections to Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally through Zayn al-Abidin).<ref name="nizamisyed" /> Community records, such as ''Reyazul Nayeem'' by Muhammad Nayeem, corroborate this lineage, noting that Ibrahim, born in Ghazni, carried the Sayyid title due to his direct descent from Muhammad's family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallicks of Bihar |url=https://www.carelick.org/Mallicks |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref> The absence of significant disputes in academic or regional sources, combined with the community's historical prominence as zamindars and their production of figures like Mohammad Younus (Bihar's first Chief Minister, 1937), reinforces their Sayyid status.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ashok |last2=Ansari |first2=Khalid Anis |title=The curious case of the inclusion of Mallicks in Bihar Backward Classes list |url=https://twocircles.net/2011jun05/curious_case_inclusion_mallicks_bihar_backward_classes_list.html |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>


In [[Bihar]], Syed Ibrahim Mallick led many expeditions such as Deora and Khatangi etc, and defeated Raja Baithal and was appointed Governor of Bihar by Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq. Syed Ibrahim Mallick also served as Governor of Bihar and general for a few years from 1351-1353 AD/751-753 AH, during the reign of Sultan [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], Cousin of Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. During his reign, he fought his last pitched battles with Raja Hans Kumar and conquer [[Rohtasgarh Fort]].
==History==
Malik Baya belonged to [[Suhrawardiyya]] order. He came to India during the reign of the sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] and became commander-in-chief in 1324.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}


==Assassination==
When Malik Baya told Muhammad bin Tughlaq of his first victory over Bihar, the sultan replied: ''malik biya benasheen'' (lit. O chief come and sit down).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|url={{GBurl|O3GXOqPa67MC|p=160}}|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons | page=160 |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0}}</ref>
When the fighting finally stopped, Syed Ibrahim Mallick established law and order in the region. After peace prevailed, one night Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya left the fort, when a group of enemy soldiers, hiding in the darkness outside the fort, perpetrated a sneak attack on this general from behind and killed him. Syed Ibrahim Mallick died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH corresponding to 20 January 1353 AD. His body was brought to [[Bihar Sharif]] for burial, where he had lived nearly his entire life with his family, relatives, and kinsmen.


==Legacy==
The sultan sent his general, Ibrahim Malik, to punish Raja Bithal. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. After this conquest of Bihar the sultan have Malik Baya the title of "''Madarul Mulk''" means Malik or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator or King of Sword and Wealth).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/syedmallicks/history|title = HISTORY - Syed Mallicks}}</ref>
[[File:Tomb of Syed Malik Ibrahim Bayu.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Ibrahim Bayu and other tombs]]
The descendants of the eight children of Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya multiplied over 600 years and constituted a significant portion of the Muslim community in Bihar. The tomb is said to have built by Syed Daud Mallick, The eldest of the seven sons of the saint, who is also buried inside the tomb. The tomb of Syed Ibrahim Mallick is located in [[Bihar Sharif]], at the hilltop of Budhha Pahari, one mile west of the town. The foundation stone of tomb of Syed lbrahim was laid by Makhdum Jahan Bihari, Mukhdum Ahmed Chirampush and Makhdum Shah Ahmed Sistani. The mausoleum is an extraordinary structure of a rare quality of bricks, which have withstood the ravages of time and the unrelenting devastation of weather for the last 600 years.


After 600 years, the structure stands as if it were built in recent days.
Malik Baya was also Governor of [[Bihar]] and general from 1351 to 1353, during the reign of Sultan [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}


==See also==
== Death ==
* [[Bihar Sharif]]
Malik Baya died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH (20 January 1353 AD). He was buried on Peer Pahadi, [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url={{GBurl|65YeAAAAMAAJ|p=7}} |title=Aspects of the Cultural History of Medieval Bihar |date=1984 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayswal Research Institute |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hifz-ur-Rahman |first=Muhammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkira-e-sufiya-e-bihar-mohammad-hifzurrahman-ebooks |title=Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2021 |location=Delhi |language=ur}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
== Bibliography ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110319141705/http://www.ibnarabisociety.org/ibnarabi.html Articles on mysticism of Ibn Arabi] from the [[Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society]]
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=SUFIS OF INDIA PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH |url={{GBurl|kTYlAQAAIAAJ|p=256}} |volume=1 |page=256}}
* [http://meti.byu.edu/mysticism_chittick.html Mysticism in Islam] a lecture by [[William Chittick]]
* {{Cite book |last=Tamizi |first=Mohammad Yahya |title=Sufi movements in eastern India |url={{GBurl|pzcbAAAAIAAJ|p=199}} |page=199}}
* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Islamic_esotericism/Sufism.htm Sufism] From a site dedicated to various esoteric systems
* {{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N |title=BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCYCOPEDIA OF SUFIS SOUTH ASIA |url={{GBurl|O3GXOqPa67MC|p=160}} |isbn=81-7625-087-2 |page=160}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=kTYlAQAAIAAJ&q=syed+ibrahim+malik+biya&dq=syed+ibrahim+malik+biya&source=bl&ots=JQ9WQB_5J_&sig=SjOj-XsVi77jnD20SgEg3j_K1eM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ffdEUPGMMM-srAeUnYDADQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ] from SUFIS OF INDIA PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH :volume-1 BY Nagendra Kr Singh page no -256
 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzcbAAAAIAAJ&q=syed+ibrahim+malik+biya&dq=syed+ibrahim+malik+biya&source=bl&ots=uK3UqH1UEW&sig=GK8FbJk5_lDphh0O6Ai-CuCzzz0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BvhEUKLMMo3jrAf] from Sufi movements in eastern India by Mohammad Yahya Tamizi.page no-199
==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=syed+ibrahim+malik+biya&source=bl&ots=lSQK0ng7JH&sig=a1x-Pl9p-gHATN-5BayYBASl0-8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RfhEUIa5G5CsrA] from BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCYCOPEDIA OF SUFIS SOUTH ASIA By N.Hanif {{ISBN|81-7625-087-2}} IN PAGE NO-160.
*[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/nalanda/ibrahim-baya-maqbara Ibrahim Baya Maqbara] - Bihar Tourism


{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Ibrahim Mallick}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayu Malik Ibrahim}}
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Afghan Arabs]]
[[Category:Afghan people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:1353 deaths]]
[[Category:1353 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated people]]
[[Category:Assassinated people of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Bihar Sharif]]
[[Category:People from Bihar Sharif]]
[[Category:People assassinated in the 14th century]]

Latest revision as of 21:50, 29 March 2026



Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya
Mausoleum of Malik Ibrahim Bayu in Bihar Sharif
BornGhazni, Afghanistan
Died20 January 1353 CE (13th Dul Hajj 753 AH)
Rohtasgarh, Rohtas District, Bihar
ClanMalik
OccupationMilitary general, Governor, Sufi Saint

Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya also known as Malik Ibrahim Bayu was a Sufi saint of Suhrawardiyya order and a warrior who arrived in South Bihar, India, in the 14th century and defeated the tribal Kol chiefdoms, who had been oppressing the local Muslims. He was a contemporary of Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri and Muzaffar Shams Balkhi.[1]

Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a prominent 14th-century Sufi saint and governor of Bihar under the Tughlaq dynasty, is recognized as a Sayyid, descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatima al-Zahra, and their sons Hasan and Husayn. Historical sources confirm that Ibrahim was a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a renowned Sayyid and founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, whose lineage traces back to Muhammad via both Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally). According to Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar by Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021) and The Sultan of the Saints by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000), Gilani's father, Abu Salih Musa, descended from Hasan ibn Ali, while his mother, Umm al-Khair Fatima, descended from Husayn ibn Ali through Imam Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam, linking directly to Ali and Fatima.[2][3] This dual lineage establishes Ibrahim as a "najeeb-ut-tarafain" Sayyid, a status widely accepted among the Malik Baya community or Malik clan in Bihar, as corroborated by Sharfa Ki Nagari by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which details his role as a Sayyid leader in Bihar Sharif.[4]

He defeated Raja Birthal in a war.[5] Malik Ibrahim Baya's tomb is protected under Archaeological Survey of India and is a tourism spot in Bihar Sharif Nalanda.[6]

Descendants[edit | edit source]

Ibrahim Malik Baya's descendants form the Malik Baya community or Malik clan, a small Sayyid Muslim group primarily concentrated in the districts of Nalanda (Bihar Sharif), Arwal, Patna, Jahanabad, Nawada, Sheikhpura, and Jamui in Bihar, India.[7][8] Recognized as Ashraf (high-status Muslims) by the Bihar Minority Commission, the community maintains its pure Sayyid identity through descent from Ibrahim Malik, a seventh-generation descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani, whose lineage traces to Muhammad through Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali.[9] The community's veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, and annual Urs celebrations affirm their Sayyid heritage.[citation needed] Post-1947 partition, many descendants migrated to Pakistan and Bangladesh, where they are known as "Bihari Sayyids."[10]

Lineages[edit | edit source]

Ibrahim Mallick Baya (d. 1353 CE), a 14th-century Sufi saint, warrior, and governor of Bihar under the Tughlaq dynasty, is recognized as a Sayyid, descending from Muhammad through Ali ibn Abi Talib, Fatima al-Zahra, and their sons Hasan and Husayn. His lineage traces to Abdul Qadir Gilani (d. 1166 CE), a seventh-generation descendant of Muhammad, whose paternal line descends from Hasan ibn Ali and maternal line from Husayn ibn Ali via Zayn al-Abidin and up to 9th Shia Imam. This dual descent, known as "najeeb-ut-tarafain" (noble on both sides), is documented in Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar by Dr. Muhammad Hifz-ur-Rahman (2021, ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9) and The Sultan of the Saints by Muhammad Riyaz Qadiri (2000, ISBN 969–851016–8).[11][12] The Malik Baya community or Malik clan, concentrated in Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Patna, and other Bihar districts, inherits this Sayyid status, as affirmed by the Bihar Minority Commission report, which identifies them as a "small Sayyid Muslim community" with Ashraf (high-status) standing.[citation needed] The veneration of Ibrahim's tomb at Peer Pahadi, a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India, further underscores his prophetic lineage, as such reverence is typically reserved for Sayyids.[citation needed] Ibrahim's descent is further detailed in Sharfa Ki Nagari by Qayamuddin Nizami (1995), which traces his ancestry through Abdul Qadir Gilani to Muhammad via Ali and Fatima, with specific connections to Hasan (paternally) and Husayn (maternally through Zayn al-Abidin).[4] Community records, such as Reyazul Nayeem by Muhammad Nayeem, corroborate this lineage, noting that Ibrahim, born in Ghazni, carried the Sayyid title due to his direct descent from Muhammad's family.[13] The absence of significant disputes in academic or regional sources, combined with the community's historical prominence as zamindars and their production of figures like Mohammad Younus (Bihar's first Chief Minister, 1937), reinforces their Sayyid status.[14]

History[edit | edit source]

Malik Baya belonged to Suhrawardiyya order. He came to India during the reign of the sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and became commander-in-chief in 1324.[citation needed]

When Malik Baya told Muhammad bin Tughlaq of his first victory over Bihar, the sultan replied: malik biya benasheen (lit. O chief come and sit down).[15]

The sultan sent his general, Ibrahim Malik, to punish Raja Bithal. After a fierce battle, the Raja was killed and his army was defeated. After this conquest of Bihar the sultan have Malik Baya the title of "Madarul Mulk" means Malik or Saif-o-Daulat (Administrator or King of Sword and Wealth).[16]

Malik Baya was also Governor of Bihar and general from 1351 to 1353, during the reign of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq.[citation needed]

Death[edit | edit source]

Malik Baya died on Sunday, 13th Dul Hajj 753 AH (20 January 1353 AD). He was buried on Peer Pahadi, Bihar Sharif.[1][17][18]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hussain, Syed Amjad. "Malik Ibrahim Baya: A Revered Figure in Bihar's History and Sufi Tradition". New Age Islam. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  2. ↑ Hifz-ur-Rahman, Muhammad (2021). Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar. Islamic Research Academy, Patna. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9.
  3. ↑ Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz (2000). The Sultan of the Saints: Mystical Life and Teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani. Gujranwala: Abbasi Publications. p. 23. ISBN 969-851016-8.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nizami, Syed Qayamuddin (1995). Sharfa Ki Nagari. Darul Isha’at, Patna. p. 78. ISBN 978-81-86012-07-8. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  5. ↑ "IBRAHIM BAYA MAQBARA". bt-stage.argildx.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "Alphabetical List of Monuments – Bihar « Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  7. ↑ Hifz-ur-Rahman, Muhammad (2021). Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar. Islamic Research Academy, Patna. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9.
  8. ↑ Nizami, Syed Qayamuddin (1995). Sharfa Ki Nagari. Darul Isha’at, Patna. pp. 120–125. ISBN 978-81-86012-07-8. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  9. ↑ Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz (2000). The Sultan of the Saints. Abbasi Publications. p. 23. ISBN 969-851016-8.
  10. ↑ "Mallicks of Bihar". Retrieved 21 September 2025.
  11. ↑ Hifz-ur-Rahman, Muhammad (2021). Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar. Islamic Research Academy, Patna. ISBN 978-81-939320-4-9.
  12. ↑ Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz (2000). The Sultan of the Saints. Abbasi Publications. ISBN 969-851016-8.
  13. ↑ "Mallicks of Bihar". Retrieved 5 September 2025.
  14. ↑ Yadav, Ashok; Ansari, Khalid Anis. "The curious case of the inclusion of Mallicks in Bihar Backward Classes list". Retrieved 5 September 2025.
  15. ↑ Hanif, N. (2000). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia. Sarup & Sons. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-7625-087-0.
  16. ↑ "HISTORY - Syed Mallicks".
  17. ↑ Askari, Syed Hasan (1984). Aspects of the Cultural History of Medieval Bihar. Kashi Prasad Jayswal Research Institute. p. 7.
  18. ↑ Hifz-ur-Rahman, Muhammad (2021). Tazkira-e-Sufiya-e-Bihar (in اردو). Delhi: Educational Publishing House.

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