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{{short description|American historian}}
{{Short description|American historian (born 1948)}}
 
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'''Peter Heehs''' is an American historian living in [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]], India who writes on modern Indian history, spirituality and religion. Much of his work focuses on the Indian freedom fighter and spiritual leader [[Sri Aurobindo]]. His publications include twelve books and more than sixty articles in journals and magazines.
'''Peter Heehs''' (born 1948) is an [[United States|American]] historian living in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[India]], who writes on modern Indian history, spirituality and religion. Much of his work focuses on the Indian freedom fighter and spiritual leader [[Sri Aurobindo]]. His publications include twelve books and more than sixty articles in journals and magazines.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Peter Heehs was born and educated in the United States but has lived in India since 1971. He has worked in the team as a researcher<ref>{{Cite web | title = Aurobindo's Biographer Speaks Out | url = http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-articles/new-age/aurobindos-biographer-speaks-out | date = April 21, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2012|title=East meets West, again!|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html>|access-date=May 11, 2012|publisher=Asia Times}} [https://archive.today/20120724043151/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html Archived link, 14 March 2021]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> at the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] Archives since its founding, and has contributed to the re-editing of the ''[[Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library]]'' and ''The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo''.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Biography - Sri Aurobindo Association of America | url = http://aum.collaboration.org/aum/98/heehs.html |date= August 28, 1998 | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Peter Heehs - Biography & Resources | url = http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | publisher = EnlightenNext.org | access-date = February 22, 2010 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120729071142/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | archive-date = 29 July 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Peter Heehs was born and educated in the [[United States]] but has lived in [[India]] since 1971. He has worked in the team as a researcher<ref>{{Cite web | title = Aurobindo's Biographer Speaks Out | url = http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-articles/new-age/aurobindos-biographer-speaks-out | date = April 21, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2012|title=East meets West, again!|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html>|access-date=May 11, 2012|publisher=Asia Times}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [https://archive.today/20120724043151/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html Archived link, 14 March 2021]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> at the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] Archives since its founding, and has contributed to the re-editing of the ''[[Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library]]'' and ''The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo''.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Biography - Sri Aurobindo Association of America | url = http://aum.collaboration.org/aum/98/heehs.html |date= August 28, 1998 | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Peter Heehs - Biography & Resources | url = http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | publisher = EnlightenNext.org | access-date = February 22, 2010 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120729071142/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | archive-date = 29 July 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


As a historian, Heehs has written on the [[Swadeshi movement|swadeshi period]] of the [[Indian independence movement]] and on the early phase of the [[Indian revolutionary movement]]. His 1992 study ''The Bomb in Bengal'' highlighted the importance of the [[Anushilan Samiti|Maniktala secret society]], which was a predecessor of the [[Jugantar group|Jugantar Group]]. In this book and other publications, Heehs made it clear that the Indian freedom struggle had a violent as well as a [[Non-violence|non-violent]] side, and that the violent revolutionaries helped prepare the country psychologically for the later mass movements led by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]. In the second edition of ''The Bomb in Bengal'' (2004), Heehs distinguished the aims and methods of early Indian revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Heehs |first=Peter | title= The Bomb in Bengal |edition= Second |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=ix–xxvii}}</ref>
As a historian, Heehs has written on the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi period]] of the [[Indian independence movement]] and on the early phase of the [[Indian revolutionary movement]]. His 1992 study ''The Bomb in Bengal'' highlighted the importance of the [[Anushilan Samiti|Maniktala secret society]], which was a predecessor of the [[Jugantar]] Group. In that book and other publications, Heehs made it clear that the Indian freedom struggle had both violent and [[non-violence|non-violent]] sides and that the violent revolutionaries helped prepare the country psychologically for the later mass movements led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In the second edition of ''The Bomb in Bengal'' (2004), Heehs distinguished the aims and methods of early Indian revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Heehs |first=Peter | title= The Bomb in Bengal |edition= Second |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=ix–xxvii}}</ref>


Heehs has also written on problems of Indian [[historiography]] in ''History and Theory'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Myth, History, and Theory | journal = History and Theory | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | date = February 1994 | url = http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | access-date = February 22, 2010 | doi = 10.2307/2505649 | jstor = 2505649 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106013304/http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | archive-date = 6 January 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ''Postcolonial Studies'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = The uses of Sri Aurobindo | journal = Postcolonial Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 2 2006 | pages = 151–164 | issn = 1466-1888 | doi=10.1080/13688790600657827| s2cid = 144965032 }}</ref> and other journals. He has also contributed to popular magazines such as ''History Today''.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | publisher=History Today.com| title = Articles from the History Today Archive  | url=http://www.historytoday.com/search/apachesolr_search/heehs | access-date = December 1, 2010}}</ref>
Heehs has also written on problems of Indian [[historiography]] in ''History and Theory'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Myth, History, and Theory | journal = History and Theory | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | date = February 1994 | url = http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | access-date = February 22, 2010 | doi = 10.2307/2505649 | jstor = 2505649 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106013304/http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | archive-date = 6 January 2011 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref> ''Postcolonial Studies'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = The uses of Sri Aurobindo | journal = Postcolonial Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 2 2006 | pages = 151–164 | issn = 1466-1888 | doi=10.1080/13688790600657827| s2cid = 144965032 }}</ref> and other journals. He has also contributed to popular magazines such as ''History Today''.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | publisher=History Today.com| title = Articles from the History Today Archive  | url=http://www.historytoday.com/search/apachesolr_search/heehs | access-date = December 1, 2010}}</ref>


As a scholar of religion, Heehs has edited the textbook ''Indian Religions''<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience | url=http://www.nyupress.org/books/Indian_Religions-products_id-3004.html | publisher= New York University Press | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref> and has contributed to journals and edited volumes dealing with [[new religious movements]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Error of all 'Churches': Religion and Spirituality in Communities Founded or 'Inspired' by Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Gurus and their Followers: New Religious Reform Movements in Colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |pages=209–224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Centre of the Religious Life of the World: Spiritual Universalism and Cultural Nationalism in the Work of Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Hinduism, Public and Private: Reform, Hindutva, Gender, Sampraday |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=66–83}}</ref> He has also discussed the problems of Indian [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].
As a scholar of religion, Heehs has edited the textbook ''Indian Religions''<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience | url=http://www.nyupress.org/books/Indian_Religions-products_id-3004.html | publisher= New York University Press | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref> and has contributed to journals and edited volumes dealing with [[new religious movements]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Error of all 'Churches': Religion and Spirituality in Communities Founded or 'Inspired' by Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Gurus and their Followers: New Religious Reform Movements in Colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |pages=209–224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Centre of the Religious Life of the World: Spiritual Universalism and Cultural Nationalism in the Work of Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Hinduism, Public and Private: Reform, Hindutva, Gender, Sampraday |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=66–83}}</ref> He has also discussed the problems of Indian [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].


Heehs's ninth book, ''The Lives of Sri Aurobindo'' (Columbia University Press, 2008) was intended for scholarly readers.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Letter to the Managing Trustee, from Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/letters/51-letter-to-the-managing-trustee-from-peter-heehs | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> It received positive reviews in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Academic reviews of The Lives of Sri Aurobindo by Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/academic-reviews | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> but was objected to by a large number of devotees of [[Sri Aurobindo]],<ref>{{Cite web | title = An Outbreak of Fundamentalism? | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/fundamentalism/30-an-outbreak-of-fundamentalism | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> who have delayed the publication of the book in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Court Cases | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/court-cases | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> Heehs's tenth book, ''Writing the Self'', was published by Bloomsbury in February 2013. It has been named an Outstanding Academic Title for 2013 by [[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = On Modern Poetry and Writing the Self named Choice Outstanding Academic Titles 2013 | url=http://bloomsburyliterarystudies.typepad.com/continuum-literary-studie/2014/01/on-modern-poetry-and-writing-the-self-are-choice-outstanding-academic-titles.html | publisher=Bloomsbury Literary Studies | access-date = February 1, 2014}}</ref> His eleventh book, ''Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader'', a collection of essays by various scholars on [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s writings, with an introduction, was published by Oxford University Press in October 2013. His twelfth book, ''Spirituality without God'', was published by Bloomsbury in November 2018.
Heehs's ninth book, ''The Lives of Sri Aurobindo'' (Columbia University Press, 2008), was intended for scholarly readers.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Letter to the Managing Trustee, from Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/letters/51-letter-to-the-managing-trustee-from-peter-heehs | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> It received positive reviews in the United States<ref>{{Cite web | title = Academic reviews of The Lives of Sri Aurobindo by Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/academic-reviews | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> but was objected to by a large number of devotees of [[Sri Aurobindo]],<ref>{{Cite web | title = An Outbreak of Fundamentalism? | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/fundamentalism/30-an-outbreak-of-fundamentalism | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> who have delayed the publication of the book in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Court Cases | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/court-cases | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> Heehs's tenth book, ''Writing the Self'', was published by Bloomsbury in February 2013. It has been named an Outstanding Academic Title for 2013 by [[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = On Modern Poetry and Writing the Self named Choice Outstanding Academic Titles 2013 | url=http://bloomsburyliterarystudies.typepad.com/continuum-literary-studie/2014/01/on-modern-poetry-and-writing-the-self-are-choice-outstanding-academic-titles.html | publisher=Bloomsbury Literary Studies | access-date = February 1, 2014}}</ref> His eleventh book, ''Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader'', a collection of essays by various scholars on Sri Aurobindo's writings with an introduction, was published by Oxford University Press in October 2013. His twelfth book, ''Spirituality without God'', was published by Bloomsbury in November 2018.
 
Heehs was briefly in the news in April 2012 after the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]] declined to entertain an application for an extension of his resident visa after April 15.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Don't expel US historian, govt told | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331174747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 March 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> Learning of the affair on March 31, Union Home Minister [[P Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] said that he would review Heehs’s case.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Chidambaram to decide on Heehs' visa tomorrow | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chidambaram-to-decide-on-Heehs-visa-tomorrow/articleshow/12487881.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517221938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/chennai/31269636_1_peter-heehs-visa-historians | url-status=live | archive-date=May 17, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | date=April 2012 | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> A number of prominent scholars, as well as Union Minister for Rural Development [[Jairam Ramesh]], wrote in support of Heehs to Chidambaram and to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Let Heehs stay, scholars urge PM | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819134933/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 19, 2014 | publisher=IBNLive | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref>
 
Leading public intellectuals such as [[Ramachandra Guha]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ramachandra Guha: Ban the Ban – The republic of India bans books with a depressing frequency | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/opinion/story_14295812.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111012122946/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/opinion/story_14295812.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 October 2011 | publisher = The Telegraph | date = | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Pratap Bhanu Mehta: Book clubbed | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-clubbed/935545/1 | publisher = The Indian Express | date = April 12, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> wrote about the issue in their newspaper columns. On April 13, the Home Ministry announced that it had approved a one-year extension of Heehs’s visa.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Chidambaram intervenes, US historian gets 1-yr visa extension | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413221455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times| access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref>


Heehs was briefly in the news in April 2012 after the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian home ministry]] declined to entertain an application for extension of his resident visa after April 15.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Don't expel US historian, govt told | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331174747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 March 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> Learning of the affair on March 31, Union Home Minister [[P Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] said he would review Heehs’s case.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Chidambaram to decide on Heehs' visa tomorrow | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/chennai/31269636_1_peter-heehs-visa-historians | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517221938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/chennai/31269636_1_peter-heehs-visa-historians | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> A number of prominent scholars, as well as union minister for Rural Development [[Jairam Ramesh]], wrote in support of Heehs to the home minister and to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Let Heehs stay, scholars urge PM | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819134933/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 19, 2014 | publisher=IBNLive | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> Leading public intellectuals [[Ramachandra Guha]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ramachandra Guha: Ban the Ban – The republic of India bans books with a depressing frequency | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/opinion/story_14295812.jsp | publisher = The Telegraph | date = | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Pratap Bhanu Mehta: Book clubbed | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-clubbed/935545/1 | publisher = The Indian Express | date = April 12, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> wrote about the issue in their newspaper columns. On April 13, the home ministry announced that it had approved a one-year extension of Heehs’s visa.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Chidambaram intervenes, US historian gets 1-yr visa extension | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413221455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times| access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> The affair became a point of reference in discussions in the Indian and international press of freedom of expression,<ref>{{Cite web | title = The intolerant Indian? | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/edit-page/31313634_1_court-cases-intolerance-indian-visa | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707095701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/edit-page/31313634_1_court-cases-intolerance-indian-visa | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 7, 2012 | date = Apr 10, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Nilanjana S Roy: Behind the portrait | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-roy-behindportrait/472347/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = April 24, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Mark Tully: Hay Festival 2012: Freedom of Speech | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/9312060/Hay-Festival-2012-Freedom-of-Speech-Mark-Tully.html | publisher = The Telegraph (London) | date = June 8, 2012 | access-date = June 18, 2012}}</ref> book banning,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Gautam Chikermane: Sri Aurobindo, Heehs and the fragility of faith | url = http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120823203056/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 August 2012 | publisher = Hindustan Times | date = February 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = A little reason would help | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=183772 | publisher = India Today | date = April 10, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian Academics Object to Treatment of American Historian | url = http://chronicle.com/blogs/global/indian-academics-object-to-treatment-of-american-historian/32734 | publisher = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = April 3, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Identify politics behind demand for banning a book, says Romila Thapar | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3381463.ece | work = The Hindu| date = May 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> censorship,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian intellectuals report an increase in censorship | url = http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15890941,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-all-1573-rdf | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = April 18, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Palash Krishna Mehrotra: Climate of touchiness augurs ill for India | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/climate-of-touchiness-or-new-hypersensitivity-in-india/1/185534.html | publisher = India Today | date = April 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> xenophobia,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mihir S. Sharma: Xenophobindia | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mihir-s-sharma-xenophobindia/472807/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = Apr 28, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and visa policy.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rupa Subramanya: Should India Relax its Visa Rules? | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/04/04/economics-journal-should-india-relax-its-visa-rules/ | publisher = The Wall Street Journal | date = April 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref>
The affair became a point of reference in discussions in the Indian and international press of freedom of expression,<ref>{{Cite web | title = The intolerant Indian? | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-intolerant-Indian/articleshow/12598780.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707095701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/edit-page/31313634_1_court-cases-intolerance-indian-visa | url-status = live | archive-date = July 7, 2012 | date = Apr 10, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Nilanjana S Roy: Behind the portrait | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-roy-behindportrait/472347/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = April 24, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Mark Tully: Hay Festival 2012: Freedom of Speech | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/9312060/Hay-Festival-2012-Freedom-of-Speech-Mark-Tully.html | publisher = The Telegraph (London) | date = June 8, 2012 | access-date = June 18, 2012}}</ref> book banning,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Gautam Chikermane: Sri Aurobindo, Heehs and the fragility of faith | url = http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120823203056/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 August 2012 | publisher = Hindustan Times | date = February 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = A little reason would help | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=183772 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120410214255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=183772 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 April 2012 | publisher = India Today | date = April 10, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian Academics Object to Treatment of American Historian | url = http://chronicle.com/blogs/global/indian-academics-object-to-treatment-of-american-historian/32734 | publisher = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = April 3, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Identify politics behind demand for banning a book, says Romila Thapar | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3381463.ece | work = The Hindu| date = May 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> censorship,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian intellectuals report an increase in censorship | url = http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15890941,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-all-1573-rdf | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = April 18, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Palash Krishna Mehrotra: Climate of touchiness augurs ill for India | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/palash-krishna-mehrotra/story/climate-of-touchiness-or-new-hypersensitivity-in-india-99872-2012-04-21 | publisher = India Today | date = April 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> xenophobia,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mihir S. Sharma: Xenophobindia | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mihir-s-sharma-xenophobindia/472807/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = Apr 28, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and visa policy.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rupa Subramanya: Should India Relax its Visa Rules? | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/04/04/economics-journal-should-india-relax-its-visa-rules/ | publisher = The Wall Street Journal | date = April 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

Latest revision as of 11:01, 10 March 2026


Peter Heehs
Born1948 (age 77–78)
OccupationHistorian

Peter Heehs (born 1948) is an American historian living in Puducherry, India, who writes on modern Indian history, spirituality and religion. Much of his work focuses on the Indian freedom fighter and spiritual leader Sri Aurobindo. His publications include twelve books and more than sixty articles in journals and magazines.

Biography[edit | edit source]

Peter Heehs was born and educated in the United States but has lived in India since 1971. He has worked in the team as a researcher[1][2] at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Archives since its founding, and has contributed to the re-editing of the Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library and The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo.[3][4]

As a historian, Heehs has written on the Swadeshi period of the Indian independence movement and on the early phase of the Indian revolutionary movement. His 1992 study The Bomb in Bengal highlighted the importance of the Maniktala secret society, which was a predecessor of the Jugantar Group. In that book and other publications, Heehs made it clear that the Indian freedom struggle had both violent and non-violent sides and that the violent revolutionaries helped prepare the country psychologically for the later mass movements led by Mahatma Gandhi. In the second edition of The Bomb in Bengal (2004), Heehs distinguished the aims and methods of early Indian revolutionaries.[5]

Heehs has also written on problems of Indian historiography in History and Theory,[6] Postcolonial Studies,[7] and other journals. He has also contributed to popular magazines such as History Today.[8]

As a scholar of religion, Heehs has edited the textbook Indian Religions[9] and has contributed to journals and edited volumes dealing with new religious movements in India.[10][11] He has also discussed the problems of Indian communalism.

Heehs's ninth book, The Lives of Sri Aurobindo (Columbia University Press, 2008), was intended for scholarly readers.[12] It received positive reviews in the United States[13] but was objected to by a large number of devotees of Sri Aurobindo,[14] who have delayed the publication of the book in India.[15] Heehs's tenth book, Writing the Self, was published by Bloomsbury in February 2013. It has been named an Outstanding Academic Title for 2013 by Choice.[16] His eleventh book, Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader, a collection of essays by various scholars on Sri Aurobindo's writings with an introduction, was published by Oxford University Press in October 2013. His twelfth book, Spirituality without God, was published by Bloomsbury in November 2018.

Heehs was briefly in the news in April 2012 after the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs declined to entertain an application for an extension of his resident visa after April 15.[17] Learning of the affair on March 31, Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram said that he would review Heehs’s case.[18] A number of prominent scholars, as well as Union Minister for Rural Development Jairam Ramesh, wrote in support of Heehs to Chidambaram and to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[19]

Leading public intellectuals such as Ramachandra Guha[20] and Pratap Bhanu Mehta[21] wrote about the issue in their newspaper columns. On April 13, the Home Ministry announced that it had approved a one-year extension of Heehs’s visa.[22]

The affair became a point of reference in discussions in the Indian and international press of freedom of expression,[23][24][25] book banning,[26][27][28][29] censorship,[30][31] xenophobia,[32] and visa policy.[33]

See also[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

  • India's Freedom Struggle (1988)
  • Sri Aurobindo: A Brief Biography (1989)
  • Modern India and World History (textbook, 1991)
  • The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India (1993)
  • Essential Writings of Sri Aurobindo (1998)
  • Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian History (1998)
  • Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience (2002)
  • Nationalism, Religion and Beyond: Writings on Politics, Society and Culture (2005)
  • The Lives of Sri Aurobindo (2008)
  • Writing the Self: Diaries, Memoirs, and the History of the Self (2013)
  • Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader (2013)
  • Spirituality without God (2018)

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Aurobindo's Biographer Speaks Out". 21 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  2. ↑ > "East meets West, again!". Asia Times. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.[dead link] Archived link, 14 March 2021
  3. ↑ "Biography - Sri Aurobindo Association of America". 28 August 1998. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  4. ↑ "Peter Heehs - Biography & Resources". EnlightenNext.org. Retrieved 22 February 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  5. ↑ Heehs, Peter (2004). The Bomb in Bengal (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ix–xxvii.
  6. ↑ Heehs, Peter (February 1994). "Myth, History, and Theory". History and Theory. 33 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/2505649. JSTOR 2505649. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  7. ↑ Heehs, Peter. "The uses of Sri Aurobindo". Postcolonial Studies. 9 (2 2006): 151–164. doi:10.1080/13688790600657827. ISSN 1466-1888. S2CID 144965032.
  8. ↑ Heehs, Peter. "Articles from the History Today Archive". History Today.com. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  9. ↑ Heehs, Peter. "Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience". New York University Press. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  10. ↑ Heehs, Peter (2000). "The Error of all 'Churches': Religion and Spirituality in Communities Founded or 'Inspired' by Sri Aurobindo". In Copley, Antony (ed.). Gurus and their Followers: New Religious Reform Movements in Colonial India. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–224.
  11. ↑ Heehs, Peter (2003). "The Centre of the Religious Life of the World: Spiritual Universalism and Cultural Nationalism in the Work of Sri Aurobindo". In Copley, Antony (ed.). Hinduism, Public and Private: Reform, Hindutva, Gender, Sampraday. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–83.
  12. ↑ "Letter to the Managing Trustee, from Peter Heehs". Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  13. ↑ "Academic reviews of The Lives of Sri Aurobindo by Peter Heehs". Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  14. ↑ "An Outbreak of Fundamentalism?". Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  15. ↑ "Court Cases". Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  16. ↑ "On Modern Poetry and Writing the Self named Choice Outstanding Academic Titles 2013". Bloomsbury Literary Studies. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  17. ↑ "Don't expel US historian, govt told". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  18. ↑ "Chidambaram to decide on Heehs' visa tomorrow". The Times of India. April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  19. ↑ "Let Heehs stay, scholars urge PM". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  20. ↑ "Ramachandra Guha: Ban the Ban – The republic of India bans books with a depressing frequency". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "Pratap Bhanu Mehta: Book clubbed". The Indian Express. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  22. ↑ "Chidambaram intervenes, US historian gets 1-yr visa extension". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  23. ↑ "The intolerant Indian?". The Times of India. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  24. ↑ "Nilanjana S Roy: Behind the portrait". Business Standard. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  25. ↑ "Mark Tully: Hay Festival 2012: Freedom of Speech". The Telegraph (London). 8 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  26. ↑ "Gautam Chikermane: Sri Aurobindo, Heehs and the fragility of faith". Hindustan Times. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  27. ↑ "A little reason would help". India Today. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  28. ↑ "Indian Academics Object to Treatment of American Historian". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  29. ↑ "Identify politics behind demand for banning a book, says Romila Thapar". The Hindu. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  30. ↑ "Indian intellectuals report an increase in censorship". Deutsche Welle. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  31. ↑ "Palash Krishna Mehrotra: Climate of touchiness augurs ill for India". India Today. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  32. ↑ "Mihir S. Sharma: Xenophobindia". Business Standard. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  33. ↑ "Rupa Subramanya: Should India Relax its Visa Rules?". The Wall Street Journal. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.

External links[edit | edit source]

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