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{{Short description|British | {{Short description|British general and naturalist}} | ||
{{Other people|Thomas Hardwick}} | {{Other people|Thomas Hardwick}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | ||
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| name = | | name = | ||
| honorific_suffix = FRS | | honorific_suffix = FRS | ||
| image = | | image = Thomas_Hardwicke.jpg | ||
| birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | | birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | ||
| birth_date = 1756 | | birth_date = 1756 | ||
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==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
Hardwicke joined the [[British East India Company]] army with the Bengal Artillery as a Lieutenant Fireworker on 3 November 1778. He was posted in southern India from 1781 to 1785 serving under Colonel Pearce and Sir [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]. He was in the field during the campaign against Tipu Sultan in 1790–1792. He saw action in the Relief of Vellore (10 January 1782), the Siege of Cuddalore (June 1783) and in the Rohilla Campaign (26 October 1794). He was wounded at Satyamangalam on 13 September 1790 and was posted as a Company Orderly at Bangalore before moving to Bengal in 1793 to become Adjutant and Quartermaster of Artillery. Hardwicke rose to become [[Major-General]] in 1819. He resigned from the command of the Bengal Artillery in 1823 to return to England and died at The Lodge, Lambeth, on 3 March 1835.<ref name=dawson /><ref name=kinnear>{{Cite journal|title=The Dates of Publication of the Plates of the Birds in Gray and Hardwicke's 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology' with a short Account of General Hardwicke|author=Kinnear | Hardwicke joined the [[British East India Company]] army with the Bengal Artillery as a Lieutenant Fireworker on 3 November 1778. He was posted in southern India from 1781 to 1785 serving under Colonel Pearce and Sir [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]. He was in the field during the campaign against Tipu Sultan in 1790–1792. He saw action in the Relief of Vellore (10 January 1782), the Siege of Cuddalore (June 1783) and in the Rohilla Campaign (26 October 1794). He was wounded at Satyamangalam on 13 September 1790 and was posted as a Company Orderly at Bangalore before moving to Bengal in 1793 to become Adjutant and Quartermaster of Artillery. Hardwicke rose to become [[Major-General]] in 1819. He resigned from the command of the Bengal Artillery in 1823 to return to England and died at The Lodge, Lambeth, on 3 March 1835.<ref name=dawson /><ref name=kinnear>{{Cite journal|title=The Dates of Publication of the Plates of the Birds in Gray and Hardwicke's 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology' with a short Account of General Hardwicke|author=Kinnear, N. B.|author-link=Norman Boyd Kinnear|year=1925|journal=Ibis|volume=67|issue=2|pages=484–489|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1925.tb02936.x}}</ref><ref name=milhist>{{cite journal|journal=The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine|author=Anonymous|year=1835|volume=1835|issue=1|pages=529–530|url=https://archive.org/stream/unitedservicema05barngoog#page/n540/mode/1up|title=Memoirs of General and Flag Officers Recently Deceased: The Late Major-General Thomas Hardwicke, H.E.I.C. Service}}</ref> | ||
During his military career in India, Hardwicke travelled extensively over the subcontinent. He started collecting zoological specimens in these travels and amassed a large collection of paintings of animals which he got local artists to make. Most paintings were made from dead specimens, but many were also drawn from life. When he left India, he had the largest collection of drawings of Indian animals ever formed by an individual. Some drawings were also made by his daughter Elizabeth (between 1811 and 1815 – it was her poor health that led Hardwicke to leave India).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=I. M.|date=2015|title=Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835): botanical drawings and manuscripts from the Hardwicke Bequest in the British Library|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=236–244|doi=10.3366/anh.2015.0308|issn=0260-9541}}</ref> | During his military career in India, Hardwicke travelled extensively over the subcontinent. He started collecting zoological specimens in these travels and amassed a large collection of paintings of animals which he got local artists to make. Most paintings were made from dead specimens, but many were also drawn from life. When he left India, he had the largest collection of drawings of Indian animals ever formed by an individual. Some drawings were also made by his daughter Elizabeth (between 1811 and 1815 – it was her poor health that led Hardwicke to leave India).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=I. M.|author-link=species:Ian Mark Turner|date=2015|title=Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835): botanical drawings and manuscripts from the Hardwicke Bequest in the British Library|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=236–244|doi=10.3366/anh.2015.0308|issn=0260-9541}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Thomas Hardwicke03.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Carassius auratus]]'']] | [[File:Thomas Hardwicke03.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Carassius auratus]]'']] | ||
The Indian artists employed by Hardwicke are unknown, except for one Goordial, but they were trained and their style was adapted to the demands of technical illustration using watercolours. The collection was bequeathed to the British Museum in 1835 which was later partly moved to the Natural History Museum. The collection consists of 4500 illustrations.<ref name=dawson>{{Cite journal|author=Dawson | The Indian artists employed by Hardwicke are unknown, except for one Goordial, but they were trained and their style was adapted to the demands of technical illustration using watercolours. The collection was bequeathed to the British Museum in 1835 which was later partly moved to the Natural History Museum. The collection consists of 4500 illustrations.<ref name=dawson>{{Cite journal|author=Dawson, Warren R.|year=1946|title=On the History of Gray and Hardwicke's Illustrations of Indian Zoology, and Some Biographical Notes on General Hardwicke|journal=[[Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History]]|volume=2|issue=3|pages=55–69|doi=10.3366/jsbnh.1946.2.3.55}}</ref> | ||
Hardwicke's enthusiasm for the natural history of India was matched by the leading naturalists in England, with whom he corresponded. He was in contact with Sir [[Joseph Banks]], President of the [[Royal Society]], and Hardwicke himself became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. His collections of illustrations were used by zoologists like J. E. Gray. The two volume ''Illustrations of Indian Zoology'' was published with Hardwicke's financing, containing 202 large hand-coloured plates, but he died before the textual part was produced. Gray described and named many of the species in the work except for some of the testudines which were named on the basis of the manuscripts of [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Alwyne|date=1998|title=Dates of publication of J.E. Gray's Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835)|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=345–354|doi=10.3366/anh.1998.25.3.345|issn=0260-9541}}</ref> Some drawings of shells and plants which were part of the collections he bequeathed were probably made by his sister.<ref name=dawson /> Hardwicke also collected botanical drawings and 16 volumes of illustrations of ''Plants of India'' and about 136 drawings of fungi are in the British Library in London.<ref name=":0" /> | Hardwicke's enthusiasm for the natural history of India was matched by the leading naturalists in England, with whom he corresponded. He was in contact with Sir [[Joseph Banks]], President of the [[Royal Society]], and Hardwicke himself became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. His collections of illustrations were used by zoologists like J. E. Gray. The two volume ''Illustrations of Indian Zoology'' was published with Hardwicke's financing, containing 202 large hand-coloured plates, but he died before the textual part was produced. Gray described and named many of the species in the work except for some of the testudines which were named on the basis of the manuscripts of [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Alwyne|author-link=species:Alwyne Cooper Wheeler|date=1998|title=Dates of publication of J.E. Gray's Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835)|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=345–354|doi=10.3366/anh.1998.25.3.345|issn=0260-9541}}</ref> Some drawings of shells and plants which were part of the collections he bequeathed were probably made by his sister.<ref name=dawson /> Hardwicke also collected botanical drawings and 16 volumes of illustrations of ''Plants of India'' and about 136 drawings of fungi are in the British Library in London.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
[[File:Thomas Hardwicke02.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Felis silvestris ornata]]''}}]] | [[File:Thomas Hardwicke02.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Felis silvestris ornata]]''}}]] | ||
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*''[[Solegnathus hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's pipefish, pallid seahorse | *''[[Solegnathus hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's pipefish, pallid seahorse | ||
*''[[Thalassoma hardwicke]]'' – sixbar wrasse, six-banded wrasse | *''[[Thalassoma hardwicke]]'' – sixbar wrasse, six-banded wrasse | ||
*''[[Eublepharis hardwickii]]'' – East Indian leopard gecko, Hardwicke's gecko<ref name=EDR>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Hardwicke", p. 116).</ref> | *''[[Eublepharis hardwickii]]'' – East Indian leopard gecko, Hardwicke's gecko<ref name=EDR>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Hardwicke", p. 116).</ref> | ||
*''[[Saara hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's spiny-tailed lizard,<ref name=EDR/> Indian spiny-tailed lizard | *''[[Saara hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's spiny-tailed lizard,<ref name=EDR/> Indian spiny-tailed lizard | ||
*''[[Spine-bellied sea snake|Hydrophis hardwickii]]'' – spine-bellied sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake<ref name=EDR/> | *''[[Spine-bellied sea snake|Hydrophis hardwickii]]'' – spine-bellied sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake<ref name=EDR/> | ||
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*''[[Rhinopoma hardwickii]]'' – lesser mouse-tailed bat, Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat, long-tailed bat | *''[[Rhinopoma hardwickii]]'' – lesser mouse-tailed bat, Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat, long-tailed bat | ||
The [[genus]] of a tree known for its hard wood, ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'', was named after him by [[William Roxburgh]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Whitney, William Dwight|title=The Century Dictionary of the English Language. Part X|location=New York|publisher=The Century Co.|page=2719|url=https://archive.org/stream/centurydictiopt100whituoft#page/2718/mode/1up|year=1895}}</ref> | The [[genus]] of a tree known for its hard wood, ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'', was named after him by [[William Roxburgh]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Whitney, William Dwight|editor-link=William Dwight Whitney|title=The Century Dictionary of the English Language. Part X|location=New York|publisher=The Century Co.|page=2719|url=https://archive.org/stream/centurydictiopt100whituoft#page/2718/mode/1up|year=1895}}</ref> | ||
{{botanist|Hardw.|Hardwicke, Thomas}} | {{botanist|Hardw.|Hardwicke, Thomas}} | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardwicke, Thomas}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Hardwicke, Thomas}} | ||
[[Category:English naturalists]] | [[Category:18th-century English naturalists]] | ||
[[Category:English taxonomists]] | [[Category:English taxonomists]] | ||
[[Category:1756 births]] | [[Category:1756 births]] | ||
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[[Category:English zoologists]] | [[Category:English zoologists]] | ||
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]] | [[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]] | ||
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]] | [[Category:British East India Company Army generals]] | ||
[[Category:18th-century | [[Category:18th-century English scientists]] | ||
[[Category:18th-century British zoologists]] | [[Category:18th-century British zoologists]] | ||
[[Category:19th-century British zoologists]] | [[Category:19th-century British zoologists]] | ||
[[Category:British people in | [[Category:British people in British India]] | ||
[[Category:19th-century English naturalists]] | |||
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:40, 30 January 2026
Thomas Hardwicke FRS | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1756 |
| Died | 3 March 1835 (aged about 78) Lambeth, London |
| Known for | Collection of drawings of Indian animals |
| Awards | Fellow of the Linnean Society |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Soldier, zoologist |
| Institutions | British East India Company army |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | Hardw. |
| Author abbrev. (zoology) | Hardwicke |
Major-General Thomas Hardwicke (1756[1] – 3 March 1835[2][3]) was an English soldier and naturalist who was in India from 1777 to 1823. He collected numerous specimens of natural history and had them painted by Indian artists. From these paintings many new species were described. Several of these species are named after him. On returning to England he collaborated with the zoologist John Edward Gray to publish Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835).
Biography[edit | edit source]
Hardwicke joined the British East India Company army with the Bengal Artillery as a Lieutenant Fireworker on 3 November 1778. He was posted in southern India from 1781 to 1785 serving under Colonel Pearce and Sir Eyre Coote. He was in the field during the campaign against Tipu Sultan in 1790–1792. He saw action in the Relief of Vellore (10 January 1782), the Siege of Cuddalore (June 1783) and in the Rohilla Campaign (26 October 1794). He was wounded at Satyamangalam on 13 September 1790 and was posted as a Company Orderly at Bangalore before moving to Bengal in 1793 to become Adjutant and Quartermaster of Artillery. Hardwicke rose to become Major-General in 1819. He resigned from the command of the Bengal Artillery in 1823 to return to England and died at The Lodge, Lambeth, on 3 March 1835.[1][2][3]
During his military career in India, Hardwicke travelled extensively over the subcontinent. He started collecting zoological specimens in these travels and amassed a large collection of paintings of animals which he got local artists to make. Most paintings were made from dead specimens, but many were also drawn from life. When he left India, he had the largest collection of drawings of Indian animals ever formed by an individual. Some drawings were also made by his daughter Elizabeth (between 1811 and 1815 – it was her poor health that led Hardwicke to leave India).[4]
The Indian artists employed by Hardwicke are unknown, except for one Goordial, but they were trained and their style was adapted to the demands of technical illustration using watercolours. The collection was bequeathed to the British Museum in 1835 which was later partly moved to the Natural History Museum. The collection consists of 4500 illustrations.[1]
Hardwicke's enthusiasm for the natural history of India was matched by the leading naturalists in England, with whom he corresponded. He was in contact with Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, and Hardwicke himself became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. His collections of illustrations were used by zoologists like J. E. Gray. The two volume Illustrations of Indian Zoology was published with Hardwicke's financing, containing 202 large hand-coloured plates, but he died before the textual part was produced. Gray described and named many of the species in the work except for some of the testudines which were named on the basis of the manuscripts of Thomas Bell.[5] Some drawings of shells and plants which were part of the collections he bequeathed were probably made by his sister.[1] Hardwicke also collected botanical drawings and 16 volumes of illustrations of Plants of India and about 136 drawings of fungi are in the British Library in London.[4]
Hardwicke was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 April 1813 and Fellow of the Linnean Society on 20 March 1804. He also held positions of vice-president to the Asiatic Society of Bengal and was an honorary member of the Royal Dublin Society. Hardwicke was not married but had three illegitimate daughters and two sons apart from two daughters born to an Indian mistress (named as Fyzbuhsh in his Will).[1]
Several species named to commemorate his work as ornithologist, naturalist and zoologist:
- Parnassius hardwickii – common blue Apollo
- Temera hardwickii – finless sleeper ray
- Solegnathus hardwickii – Hardwicke's pipefish, pallid seahorse
- Thalassoma hardwicke – sixbar wrasse, six-banded wrasse
- Eublepharis hardwickii – East Indian leopard gecko, Hardwicke's gecko[6]
- Saara hardwickii – Hardwicke's spiny-tailed lizard,[6] Indian spiny-tailed lizard
- Hydrophis hardwickii – spine-bellied sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake[6]
- Chloropsis hardwickii – orange-bellied leafbird
- Gallinago hardwickii – Latham's snipe, Japanese snipe
- Kerivoula hardwickii – Hardwicke's woolly bat
- Rhinopoma hardwickii – lesser mouse-tailed bat, Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat, long-tailed bat
The genus of a tree known for its hard wood, Hardwickia binata, was named after him by William Roxburgh.[7]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Dawson, Warren R. (1946). "On the History of Gray and Hardwicke's Illustrations of Indian Zoology, and Some Biographical Notes on General Hardwicke". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 2 (3): 55–69. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1946.2.3.55.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kinnear, N. B. (1925). "The Dates of Publication of the Plates of the Birds in Gray and Hardwicke's 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology' with a short Account of General Hardwicke". Ibis. 67 (2): 484–489. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1925.tb02936.x.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Anonymous (1835). "Memoirs of General and Flag Officers Recently Deceased: The Late Major-General Thomas Hardwicke, H.E.I.C. Service". The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine. 1835 (1): 529–530.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Turner, I. M. (2015). "Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835): botanical drawings and manuscripts from the Hardwicke Bequest in the British Library". Archives of Natural History. 42 (2): 236–244. doi:10.3366/anh.2015.0308. ISSN 0260-9541.
- ↑ Wheeler, Alwyne (1998). "Dates of publication of J.E. Gray's Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835)". Archives of Natural History. 25 (3): 345–354. doi:10.3366/anh.1998.25.3.345. ISSN 0260-9541.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Hardwicke", p. 116).
- ↑ Whitney, William Dwight, ed. (1895). The Century Dictionary of the English Language. Part X. New York: The Century Co. p. 2719.
- ↑ IPNI. Hardw.