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{{Merge to|Dasam Granth|discuss=Talk:Dasam Granth#Constitutents|date=February 2022 }}
{{Short description|Sikh composition from the Dasam Granth}}
{{Dasam Granth Sidebar}}
{{Not to be confused with|Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|Chandi Charitar 2}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Sikhism]]|image=Chandi Di Vaar – Concluding Ang (page), Stanza 54-55 in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.webp|caption=Concluding page of Chandi Di Var, Stanza 54-55, in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh|name=Chandi Di Var<br>{{small|ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ}}|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]]|chapters=|verses=55<ref>{{cite book |last1='Makin' |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=8176471798 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>|language=[[Punjabi language]]|title_orig=Var Durga Ki|previous=Chandi Charitar II|next=Gian Prabodh|subheader=[[Dasam Granth]]|nextlink=Dasam Granth#Contents}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Chandi Di Var''''' (lit. "Chandi's deeds") is a composition written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], included in the 5th chapter of ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name=pashaura139>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=139–140}}, Quote: "Var Durga ki (aka Chandi di Var) (Chandi's deeds/The Ballad of Durga)</ref> It is based on an episode from the [[Sanskrit]] work ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'',<ref>{{cite book| title = The Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society | author = Gurbachan Singh Talib| publisher = Guru Gobind Singh Foundation| page = 59}}</ref> and describes the conflict between the Gods and the Demons. In the ballad, the supreme goddess (see [[Chandi]]) is transformed into a liberating divine power in the form of sword, that crushes perpetuators of falsehood.<ref>{{cite book | title =Literature and Folklore After Poststructuralism | author = Gurbhagat Singh | page = 89}}</ref>


The first part of the text, ''Chandi Charitra Ukti Bilas'', states it is retelling the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' story, where [[Durga]] fights a shape shifting buffalo demon [[Mahishasura]] and slays the evil demon and his companions.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241"/> The second part repeats the same story, while part three of the text is a retelling of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Durga Saptasati]]''. The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being a part of "frequently recited ''[[ardas]]'' prayer or petition".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT242|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=241–243}}</ref>
'''''Chandi Di Vār''''' ({{Langx|pa|ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ|lit=Ballad of Chandi' or 'Chandi's Deeds|translit=Caṇḍī Dī Vār|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}) also known as ''Vaar Durga Ki'' is a composition written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], included in the 5th chapter of ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name=pashaura139>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=139–140}}, Quote: "Var Durga ki (aka Chandi di Var) (Chandi's deeds/The Ballad of Durga)</ref>
 
== Synopsis ==
It is based on an episode from the [[Sanskrit]] work ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'',<ref>{{cite book| title = The Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society | author = Gurbachan Singh Talib| publisher = Guru Gobind Singh Foundation| page = 59}}</ref> and describes the [[Hindu mythological wars|conflict between the Gods and the Demons]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=43}}</ref>
[[File:Scriptural painting of Chandi slaying Indic demons from a folio from the Chandi Di Vār section of a Dasam Granth manuscript, ca.1850–60.jpg|thumb|Scriptural painting of Chandi slaying Indic demons from a folio from the ''Chandi Di Vār'' section of a Dasam Granth manuscript, ca.1850–60]]
 
The total work is 55 cantos<ref name=":0" /> and is a retelling of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Durga Saptasati]],'' much like its previous compositions. Before the ''Vaar'', the [[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|''Chandi Charitra Ukti Bilas'']] states it is retelling the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' story through internal chapter references such as,<blockquote>ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਨੇ ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਉਕਤਿ ਬਿਲਾਸ ਮਧਕੈਟਭ ਬਧਹਿ ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਧਿਆਇ ॥੧॥
 
eit sree maaraka(n)dde puraane cha(n)ddee charitr ukat bilaas madhakaiTabh badheh pratham dhiaai ||1||
 
End of the First Chapter of ‘The Killing of Madhu and Kaitabh’ as described in Chandi Charitra Ukati of the Markandeya Purana.1.</blockquote>The second part, known simply as ''[[Chandi Charitar II]],'' repeats the same story in a smaller format, while part three of the text, the ''Chandi Di Vaar'' is the shortest retelling of the story.  
 
The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being part of the "frequently recited ''[[ardas]]'' prayer or petition".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT242|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=241–243}}</ref>
 
In sequence, the text follows the [[Chandi Charitar II]] and is itself followed by the Gian Prabodh.<ref name=":1" />
 
=== Language ===
The work was composed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=":0" /> It is the only oeuvre contained within the Dasam Granth composed and written in pure Punjabi, aside from the sixth hymn of [[Shabad Hazare|Shabad Hazare P. 10]] (also composed in Punjabi).<ref name=":1" />


==Nomenclature==
==Nomenclature==
The text has historically been referred to by several names. These include:<ref name=pashaura139/><ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=27–28}}</ref>
The text has historically been referred to by several names. These include:<ref name=pashaura139/><ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=27–28}}</ref>
*''Var Durga ki'' ([[IAST]]: Vāra Durgā Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Durga"
*''Var Durga Ki'' ([[IAST]]: Vāra Durgā Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Durga"
*''Var Sri Bhagauti Ji ki'' (Vāra Srī Bhagautī Jī Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Revered Bhagauti"
*''Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki'' (Vāra Srī Bhagautī Jī Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Revered Bhagauti"
*''Chandi di Var'' (Chandī Dī Vāra), meaning the "Ballad of Chandi"
*''Chandi Di Var'' (Chandī Dī Vāra), meaning the "Ballad of Chandi"
Var Durga Ki is the title of the work in the oldest extant manuscripts of the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":1" />


==Authorship==
==Authorship==
''Chandi di Var'' was written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at Paonta sahib. According to early Sikh historians such as Bhai Koer Singh Kalal, as mentioned in Gurbilas Patshahi 10 (1751), Chandi di Vaar was written by Guru Gobind Singh at Anandpur Sahib.<ref>ਪੰਨਾ 156, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Koer Singh Kalal</ref> Various other Sikh historians and scholars like [[Giani Ditt Singh]], [[Sahib Singh|Professor Sahib Singh]], [[Giani Gian Singh Nihang|Giani Gian Singh]], [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]], Kavi Santokh Singh also supported this fact.<ref name="McLeod2005">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA44|access-date=2 June 2010|date=2005-07-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=44–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 | editor = Amaresh Datta | publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]| year = 2006| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1 | page = 888}}</ref>
According to early Sikh historians such as [[Koer Singh Kalal|Bhai Koer Singh Kalal]], as mentioned in Gurbilas Patshahi 10 (1751), Chandi Di Var was written by Guru Gobind Singh at [[Anandpur Sahib]].<ref>ਪੰਨਾ 156, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Koer Singh Kalal</ref> Various other Sikh historians and scholars like [[Giani Ditt Singh]], [[Sahib Singh|Professor Sahib Singh]], [[Giani Gian Singh]], [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]], [[Kavi Santokh Singh]] also support this.<ref name="McLeod2005">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA44|access-date=2 June 2010|date=2005-07-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=44–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 | editor = Amaresh Datta | publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]| year = 2006| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1 | page = 888}}</ref>


==Role in Sikh Liturgy==
== Legacy ==
{{Quote box
{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
| quote = <poem>
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''Prathami bhagautī simar kai Gurū Nānakalaī dhiāi''.
''Prathami bhagautī simar kai Gurū Nānakalaī dhiāi''.


First I remember ''bhagauti'' (''Wahguru in a feminine form'), then I remember Guru Nanak.
First I remember ''bhagauti'' (lit. sword, other name of goddess [[Durga]], Durga in form of a sword), then I remember Guru Nanak.
</poem>
</poem>
| source = — First line of the ''Chandi di Var'', Guru Gobind Singh<ref name=pashaura139/><ref name="Rinehart2011p106">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=106–107}}</ref>
| source = — First line of the ''Chandi di Var'', Guru Gobind Singh<ref name=pashaura139/><ref name="Rinehart2011p106">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=106–107}}</ref>
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}}
* The first stanza of the Sikh [[ardās]], an invocation to God and the nine Gurus preceding Gobind Singh, is from Chandi di Var.<ref>''(This is a model of the Ardas. It may be adapted to different occasions and for different purposes. However, the initial composition with "Pritham Bhagauti......" and the concluding phrases commencing "Nanak Nam" must not be altered.'': Article IV, Chapter 3A, Sikh Rehat Maryada</ref> The "Bhagauti"-related sections from Chandi di Var is a mandatory part of an ardas that is a part of worship service in a [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple), daily rituals such as the opening the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' for ''prakash'' (morning light) or closing it for ''sukhasan'' (night bedroom) in larger Gurdwaras, closing of congregational worship in smaller Gurdwaras, rites-of-passages such as with the naming of child or wedding or the cremation of a Sikh, daily prayer by devout Sikhs and any significant Sikh ceremonies.<ref name="Cole2004p8">{{cite book|author=W. Owen Cole|title=Understanding Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYwDwAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Dunedin Academic Press|isbn=978-1-906716-91-2|pages=8, 18, 104, 111–124, 166–175}}</ref><ref name=britgurudwara>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara Gurdwara], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p237">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtrWKPWBEXEC&pg=PA237|year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3|pages=237–238}}</ref> The invocation includes the word ''bhagauti'', which has been variously interpreted by scholars to mean "sword".<ref name="Rinehart2011p106"/><ref name=var>{{cite journal  | last = Banerjee  | first = Dr. Anil Chander  | title = Guru Gobind Singh and Shakhtieult  | journal = The Sikh Review  | volume = No. 378  | pages = 32  | date = April 1981 }}</ref>
[[File:'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Durga in-battle against the Asuras.jpg|thumb|'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Chandi in-battle against the Asuras]]
* [[Nihang]] and Namdhari Singhs recite Chandi di Var as part of their daily Nitnem.
The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being a part of the "frequently recited ''[[ardas]]'' prayer or petition".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241" />
 
=== Role in Sikh liturgy ===
The first stanza of the Sikh [[ardās]], an invocation to God and the nine Gurus preceding Gobind Singh, is from Chandi Di Var.<ref>''(This is a model of the Ardas. It may be adapted to different occasions and for different purposes. However, the initial composition with "Pritham Bhagauti......" and the concluding phrases commencing "Nanak Nam" must not be altered.'': Article IV, Chapter 3A, Sikh Rehat Maryada</ref><ref name=":0" /> The first canto from Chandi Di Var is a mandatory part of an [[Ardās|ardas]] that is a part of worship service in a [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple), daily rituals such as the opening the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' for ''prakash'' (morning light) or closing it for ''sukhasan'' (night bedroom) in larger Gurdwaras, closing of congregational worship in smaller Gurdwaras, rites-of-passages such as with the naming of child or wedding or the cremation of a Sikh, as well as daily prayer by devout Sikhs and any significant Sikh ceremonies.<ref name="Cole2004p8">{{cite book |author=W. Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYwDwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-906716-91-2 |pages=8, 18, 104, 111–124, 166–175 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="britgurudwara">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara Gurdwara], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p237">{{cite book |author1=Knut A. Jacobsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtrWKPWBEXEC&pg=PA237 |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |author2=Kristina Myrvold |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3 |pages=237–238}}</ref> It remains part of the daily Nitnem of the [[Nihang]] sikhs.<ref name=":0" />
 
== Translation ==
An English translation of the ballad, alongside an accompanying commentary and glossary, authored by [[Jvala Singh]], is due to be fully published by Vaisakhi of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=The Ballad of Chandi: Poems of resistance and Victory |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/the-ballad-of-chandi |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 39: Line 63:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}opi
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
 
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=The Ballad of Chandi: Guru Gobind Singh's Poems of Resistance and Victory |last2=Singh |first2=Itvinder |date=December 2025}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 20:20, 27 January 2026


Not to be confused with Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas or Chandi Charitar 2.
Chandi Di Var
ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ
Dasam Granth
Concluding page of Chandi Di Var, Stanza 54-55, in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh
Information
ReligionSikhism
AuthorGuru Gobind Singh
LanguagePunjabi language
Verses55[1][2]


Chandi Di Vār (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) also known as Vaar Durga Ki is a composition written by Guru Gobind Singh, included in the 5th chapter of Dasam Granth.[3]

Synopsis[edit | edit source]

It is based on an episode from the Sanskrit work Markandeya Purana,[4] and describes the conflict between the Gods and the Demons.[5]

Scriptural painting of Chandi slaying Indic demons from a folio from the Chandi Di Vār section of a Dasam Granth manuscript, ca.1850–60

The total work is 55 cantos[5] and is a retelling of the Durga Saptasati, much like its previous compositions. Before the Vaar, the Chandi Charitra Ukti Bilas states it is retelling the Markandeya Purana story through internal chapter references such as,

ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਨੇ ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਉਕਤਿ ਬਿਲਾਸ ਮਧਕੈਟਭ ਬਧਹਿ ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਧਿਆਇ ॥੧॥

eit sree maaraka(n)dde puraane cha(n)ddee charitr ukat bilaas madhakaiTabh badheh pratham dhiaai ||1||

End of the First Chapter of ‘The Killing of Madhu and Kaitabh’ as described in Chandi Charitra Ukati of the Markandeya Purana.1.

The second part, known simply as Chandi Charitar II, repeats the same story in a smaller format, while part three of the text, the Chandi Di Vaar is the shortest retelling of the story.

The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being part of the "frequently recited ardas prayer or petition".[6]

In sequence, the text follows the Chandi Charitar II and is itself followed by the Gian Prabodh.[7]

Language[edit | edit source]

The work was composed in Punjabi.[5] It is the only oeuvre contained within the Dasam Granth composed and written in pure Punjabi, aside from the sixth hymn of Shabad Hazare P. 10 (also composed in Punjabi).[7]

Nomenclature[edit | edit source]

The text has historically been referred to by several names. These include:[3][7]

  • Var Durga Ki (IAST: Vāra Durgā Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Durga"
  • Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki (Vāra Srī Bhagautī Jī Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Revered Bhagauti"
  • Chandi Di Var (Chandī Dī Vāra), meaning the "Ballad of Chandi"

Var Durga Ki is the title of the work in the oldest extant manuscripts of the Dasam Granth.[7]

Authorship[edit | edit source]

According to early Sikh historians such as Bhai Koer Singh Kalal, as mentioned in Gurbilas Patshahi 10 (1751), Chandi Di Var was written by Guru Gobind Singh at Anandpur Sahib.[8] Various other Sikh historians and scholars like Giani Ditt Singh, Professor Sahib Singh, Giani Gian Singh, Ratan Singh Bhangu, Kavi Santokh Singh also support this.[9][10]

Legacy[edit | edit source]

ਪ੍ਰਿਥਮ ਭਗੌਤੀ ਸਿਮਰਿ ਕੈ ਗੁਰੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਲਈਂ ਧਿਆਇ

Prathami bhagautī simar kai Gurū Nānakalaī dhiāi.

First I remember bhagauti (lit. sword, other name of goddess Durga, Durga in form of a sword), then I remember Guru Nanak.

— First line of the Chandi di Var, Guru Gobind Singh[3][11]

'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Chandi in-battle against the Asuras

The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being a part of the "frequently recited ardas prayer or petition".[6]

Role in Sikh liturgy[edit | edit source]

The first stanza of the Sikh ardās, an invocation to God and the nine Gurus preceding Gobind Singh, is from Chandi Di Var.[12][5] The first canto from Chandi Di Var is a mandatory part of an ardas that is a part of worship service in a Gurdwara (Sikh temple), daily rituals such as the opening the Guru Granth Sahib for prakash (morning light) or closing it for sukhasan (night bedroom) in larger Gurdwaras, closing of congregational worship in smaller Gurdwaras, rites-of-passages such as with the naming of child or wedding or the cremation of a Sikh, as well as daily prayer by devout Sikhs and any significant Sikh ceremonies.[13][14][15] It remains part of the daily Nitnem of the Nihang sikhs.[5]

Translation[edit | edit source]

An English translation of the ballad, alongside an accompanying commentary and glossary, authored by Jvala Singh, is due to be fully published by Vaisakhi of 2026.[16]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 'Makin', Gursharan Singh. Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory (1st ed.). Lahore Book Shop. p. 13. ISBN 8176471798.
  2. ↑ Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 54. ISBN 9788170103011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8., Quote: "Var Durga ki (aka Chandi di Var) (Chandi's deeds/The Ballad of Durga)
  4. ↑ Gurbachan Singh Talib. The Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society. Guru Gobind Singh Foundation. p. 59.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Singha, H.S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 43. ISBN 9788170103011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-19-100412-4.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Robin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6.
  8. ↑ ਪੰਨਾ 156, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Koer Singh Kalal
  9. ↑ McLeod, W. H. (2005-07-28). Historical dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  10. ↑ Amaresh Datta, ed. (2006). The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 888. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
  11. ↑ Robin Rinehart (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-19-984247-6.
  12. ↑ (This is a model of the Ardas. It may be adapted to different occasions and for different purposes. However, the initial composition with "Pritham Bhagauti......" and the concluding phrases commencing "Nanak Nam" must not be altered.: Article IV, Chapter 3A, Sikh Rehat Maryada
  13. ↑ W. Owen Cole (2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic Press. pp. 8, 18, 104, 111–124, 166–175. ISBN 978-1-906716-91-2.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ Gurdwara, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  15. ↑ Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold (2012). Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-1-4411-7087-3.
  16. ↑ "The Ballad of Chandi: Poems of resistance and Victory". Study Sikhi. 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Singh, Jvala; Singh, Itvinder (December 2025). The Ballad of Chandi: Guru Gobind Singh's Poems of Resistance and Victory.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Dasven Padshah Da Granth

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