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{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}{{Infobox military conflict | {{short description|1739 Afsharid conquest in India}} | ||
| conflict = Nader's Sindh | {{More citations needed|date=August 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox military conflict | |||
| conflict = Nader Shah's Sindh expedition | |||
| partof = [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] & [[Nader's Campaigns]] | | partof = [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] & [[Nader's Campaigns]] | ||
| image = Rani Kot48a.jpg | | image = Rani Kot48a.jpg | ||
| Line 8: | Line 10: | ||
| date = Early July 1739 – Late February 1740 | | date = Early July 1739 – Late February 1740 | ||
| place = [[Hindu Kush]] & [[Sindh]] | | place = [[Hindu Kush]] & [[Sindh]] | ||
| result = | | result = Afsharid victory | ||
| territory = The Persian Empire subjugates Sindh and solidifies its hold on the rest of the newly annexed lands from the Mughal Empire.<ref>Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant,p. 278. I. B. Tauris</ref> | | territory = The Persian Empire subjugates [[Sindh]] and solidifies its hold on the rest of the newly annexed lands from the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Axworthy 2009 p278">Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, p. 278. I. B. Tauris</ref> | ||
| combatant1 = [[File:Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|36px]] [[Afsharid Iran|Persian Empire]] | | combatant1 = [[File:Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|36px]] [[Afsharid Iran|Persian Empire]] | ||
| combatant2 = [[Kalhora | | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Kalhora dynasty]] | ||
| commander1 = [[Nader Shah]] | | commander1 = [[Nader Shah]] | ||
| commander2 = [[ | | commander2 = [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro]]{{POW}}<ref>Mirza, kalich beg(1902). The history of Sindh Mirza kalich beg part two, p. 148.</ref> | ||
| strength1 = Unknown | | strength1 = Unknown | ||
| strength2 = Unknown | | strength2 = Unknown | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''Sindh | The '''Sindh expedition''' was one of [[Nader Shah]]'s last campaigns during [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|his war in northern India]]. After his victory over [[Muhammad Shah]], the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], Nader had compelled him to cede all the lands to the west of the [[Indus River]]. His return to this region from [[Delhi]] was honoured by all the governors of the newly annexed territories save for [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro|Khudayar Khan]],{{efn|''Khudayar Khan'' was a title given to [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro]], the amir of Sind by [[Muhammad Shah]].}} ruler of [[Sindh]], who was conspicuously absent despite being given a summons like the rest of the governors. | ||
==Nader's descent onto Sindh== | ==Nader's descent onto Sindh== | ||
Nader set out across the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains on a 1,700 kilometre journey which came to a close within 2 months.<ref | Nader set out across the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains on a 1,700 kilometre journey which came to a close within 2 months.<ref name="Axworthy 2009 p278"/> The astonished Khodayar Khan was caught completely off balance and could not gather forces to resist, given the unexpected emergence of the Imperial army as well as the rapidity of its advance into his lands. Completely dismayed and demoralised he surrendered himself to Nader, whence he was chained and all his personal wealth including his treasury confiscated. After the intercedence of a sympathetic governor, Nader reinstated Khodayar Khan as the ruler of Sindh. He left a few [[Afsharid Dynasty|Afsharid]] [[Qizilbash]] cavalrymen and trusted functionaries in different areas of the territory to maintain his rule and crush any further subversion. The descendants of these officials have fully assimilated into the Sindhi culture as of now and the ones that were particularly installed in [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] assimilated into the surrounding majority resident [[Pashtun]] population. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] | * [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]] | ||
* [[Battle of Khyber | * [[Battle of Khyber Pass]] | ||
* [[Battle of Karnal]] | * [[Battle of Karnal]] | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
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* Lockhart, Laurence, Nadir Shah; A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, Luzac & Co 1938 | * Lockhart, Laurence, Nadir Shah; A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, Luzac & Co 1938 | ||
[[Category:Military history of Sindh]] | |||
[[Category:1739 in India]] | |||
[[Category:1740 in India]] | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Battles involving Afsharid Iran]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Sind State]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:34, 18 March 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2021) |
| Nader Shah's Sindh expedition | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire & Nader's Campaigns | |||||||||
 Nader's expedition took him from the freezing heights of the Hindu Kush to the scorching heat of the Sindh valley over some of the most rugged terrain in Asia which was also host to a myriad of fortresses & strongholds. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Persian Empire |
 Kalhora dynasty | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Nader Shah | Noor Mohammad KalhoroTemplate:POW[2] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
The Sindh expedition was one of Nader Shah's last campaigns during his war in northern India. After his victory over Muhammad Shah, the Mughal Emperor, Nader had compelled him to cede all the lands to the west of the Indus River. His return to this region from Delhi was honoured by all the governors of the newly annexed territories save for Khudayar Khan,[lower-alpha 1] ruler of Sindh, who was conspicuously absent despite being given a summons like the rest of the governors.
Nader's descent onto Sindh[edit | edit source]
Nader set out across the Hindu Kush mountains on a 1,700 kilometre journey which came to a close within 2 months.[1] The astonished Khodayar Khan was caught completely off balance and could not gather forces to resist, given the unexpected emergence of the Imperial army as well as the rapidity of its advance into his lands. Completely dismayed and demoralised he surrendered himself to Nader, whence he was chained and all his personal wealth including his treasury confiscated. After the intercedence of a sympathetic governor, Nader reinstated Khodayar Khan as the ruler of Sindh. He left a few Afsharid Qizilbash cavalrymen and trusted functionaries in different areas of the territory to maintain his rule and crush any further subversion. The descendants of these officials have fully assimilated into the Sindhi culture as of now and the ones that were particularly installed in Shikarpur assimilated into the surrounding majority resident Pashtun population.
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Khudayar Khan was a title given to Noor Mohammad Kalhoro, the amir of Sind by Muhammad Shah.
References[edit | edit source]
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Axworthy, Michael, Nader Shah: The Sword of Persia, From Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant, I.B. Tauris, 2009
- Lockhart, Laurence, Nadir Shah; A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, Luzac & Co 1938