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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
{{Infobox person
| name       = Indra Bahadur Rai
| name               = Indra Bahadur Rai
| image       = Indra BahadurRai.jpg
| image             = Indra BahadurRai.jpg
| imagesize  =
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| caption    =
| birth_place       = [[Balasun Tea Estate]], [[Darjeeling District]], India
| pseudonym  =
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2018|3|6|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]
| birth_place = [[Balasun Tea Estate]], [[Darjeeling District]], India
| movement          = [[Tesro Aayam]]<br>Lila Lekhan
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|3|6|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| spouse             = {{Marriage|Mayadevi Rai||27 August 2017|end=her death}}
| death_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]
| children           = 3 (1 son and 2 daughters)
| spouse     = Mayadevi Rai (m.? ; death 27 August 2017)
| occupation         = [[Novelist]], Short Story Writer, [[Essayist]], [[Literary Critic]]
| children   = three children (a son and two daughters)
| notable_works      = ''Aaja Ramita Chha''<br> ''Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo''
| language    = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[English language|English]]
| awards             = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]],<br> [[Jagadamba Shree Puraskar]], <br>Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar
| occupation = [[Novelist]], Short Story Writer, [[Essayist]], [[Literary Critic]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]],<br> Jagadambashri Puraskar, <br>Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar
| nationality = [[India]]n
}}
}}


'''Indra Bahadur Rai''' (3 February 1927 – 6 March 2018) was an [[India]]n [[Nepali language]] writer and literary critic from [[Darjeeling]], India.
'''Indra Bahadur Rai''' (3 February 1927 – 6 March 2018) was an Indian [[Nepali language]] writer and literary critic from [[Darjeeling]], India. He wrote multiple essays, short stories, novels and criticism in his lifetime. ''Kheer'' and ''Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo'' are some of his most popular stories. He started a literary movement in [[Nepali literature]] known as [[Tesro Aayam]] with [[Ishwar Ballav]] and [[Bairagi Kainla]]. In 1977, he won the first ever [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Indra Bahadur Rai, the Writer Who Defined the Indian-Nepali Identity |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/remembering-indra-bahadur-rai-the-writer-who-defined-the-indian-nepali-identity |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Line 26: Line 23:


==Literature==
==Literature==
[[File:Tesro Aayam Team.jpg|alt=Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.|thumb|245x245px|Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.]]
I.B. Rai entered the field of [[Nepali literature]] around 1950 when he started publishing literary criticisms in different journals such as ''Aadhar'', ''Bharati'', ''Diyo'', ''Diyalo'', and ''Roop Rekha''. His first novel ''Aaja Ramita Cha'' was published in 1964. After that, he entered the field of short stories. His first story was published in 1959. His first book ''Vipana Katipaya'', a collection of thirty short stories published in 1960, had a great influence on Nepali literature, especially on the genre of short stories. From 1963 onwards, he was a prominent figure in the ''dimensional literature'' movement, which is known as ''Aayameli Andolan'' in the history of Nepali literature. He, along with [[Ishwor Ballav]] and [[Bairagi Kainla]], searched the unexplored realms of Nepali literature. They successfully added a third dimension – ''[[Tesro Aayam]]'' – to Nepali literature.
I.B. Rai entered the field of [[Nepali literature]] around 1950 when he started publishing literary criticisms in different journals such as ''Aadhar'', ''Bharati'', ''Diyo'', ''Diyalo'', and ''Roop Rekha''. His first novel ''Aaja Ramita Cha'' was published in 1964. After that, he entered the field of short stories. His first story was published in 1959. His first book ''Vipana Katipaya'', a collection of thirty short stories published in 1960, had a great influence on Nepali literature, especially on the genre of short stories. From 1963 onwards, he was a prominent figure in the ''dimensional literature'' movement, which is known as ''Aayameli Andolan'' in the history of Nepali literature. He, along with [[Ishwor Ballav]] and [[Bairagi Kainla]], searched the unexplored realms of Nepali literature. They successfully added a third dimension – ''[[Tesro Aayam]]'' – to Nepali literature.


One of the most well-known modern authors of [[Nepali literature]], Indra Bahadur Rai's major works are included in the syllabus of many universities for those studying Nepali in India. He has been an active writer for over 60 years and has received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (for his work ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu''), Jagadambashri Puraskar and Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indra Bahadur Rai|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-index.php?page=Indra+Bahadur+Rai|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rai|first=Indra Bahadur|title=Nepali Literary Criticism in Sikkim|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> Rai is a very diverse writer and uses a wide range of literary styles that incorporate both traditional as well as modern techniques in his works. The texts he has written deal with a range of topics, from small private whimsies to key historical events,
One of the most well-known modern authors of [[Nepali literature]], Indra Bahadur Rai's major works are included in the syllabus of many universities for those studying Nepali in India. He had been an active writer for over 60 years and has received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (for his work ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu''), Jagadambashri Puraskar and Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indra Bahadur Rai|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-index.php?page=Indra+Bahadur+Rai|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rai|first=Indra Bahadur|title=Nepali Literary Criticism in Sikkim|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> Rai was a very diverse writer and uses a wide range of literary styles that incorporate both traditional as well as modern techniques in his works. The texts he had written dealt with a range of topics, from small private whimsies to key historical events, making each document a unique forceful piece of literature. According to Prem Poddar, the writings of I.B. Rai, which reflect the heritage of the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]]/Nepali nation and national identity, can be interpreted in two different ways:
making each document a unique forceful piece of literature. According to Prem Poddar, the writings of I.B. Rai, which reflect the heritage of the [[Gorkha]]/Nepali nation and national identity, can be interpreted in two different ways:


''"As I see it, Rai’s reflections on the Nepali language, the Gorkha/Nepali community, and his own writing practice can be read in two ways. The first is in terms of telos: that writing will strengthen the nation or ethnie. The other way is the more troubled interrogative reading that raises the same questions of cultural identity, through textual elisions and ambivalences inter alia, about writing and the Gorkha/Nepali community. I raise the possibility, and vacillate between, both kinds of reading in this introductory essay, but the very act of vacillating veers me towards the latter."''<ref>{{cite book|title=Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation|year=2009|publisher=Mukti Prakashan|location=Darjeeling, India|isbn=978-81-909354-0-1|url=http://beacononline.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/books-gorkhas-imagined-indra-bahadur-rai-in-translation/|editor=Poddar, Prem |editor2=Prasad, Anmole}}</ref>
''"As I see it, Rai’s reflections on the Nepali language, the Gorkha/Nepali community, and his own writing practice can be read in two ways. The first is in terms of telos: that writing will strengthen the nation or ethnie. The other way is the more troubled interrogative reading that raises the same questions of cultural identity, through textual elisions and ambivalences inter alia, about writing and the Gorkha/Nepali community. I raise the possibility, and vacillate between, both kinds of reading in this introductory essay, but the very act of vacillating veers me towards the latter."''<ref>{{cite book|title=Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation|year=2009|publisher=Mukti Prakashan|location=Darjeeling, India|isbn=978-81-909354-0-1|url=http://beacononline.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/books-gorkhas-imagined-indra-bahadur-rai-in-translation/|editor=Poddar, Prem |editor2=Prasad, Anmole}}</ref>
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==Works==
==Works==
I.B. Rai has edited many books and literary periodicals. His most important works are as follows:
I.B. Rai has edited many books and literary periodicals. His most important works are as follows:
*  ''Vipana Katipaya - विपना कतिपय'' (1960)
*  ''Vipana Katipaya'' (1961)
*  ''Aaja Ramita Chha - आज रमिता छ'' (1964)
*  ''Aaja Ramita Chha'' (1964)
*  ''Tipeka Tippaniharu - टिपेका टिप्पणीहरू'' (1966)
*  ''Tipeka Tippaniharu'' (1966)
*  ''Bhanubhaktaka Kriti: Adhyayanharu - भानुभक्तका कृतिः अध्ययनहरू'' (1971)
*  ''Bhanubhaktaka Kriti: Adhyayanharu'' (1971)
*  ''Kathastha - कथास्था'' (1974)
*  ''Kathastha'' (1974)
*  ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu - नेपाली उपन्यासका आधारहरू'' (1974)
*  ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu'' (1974)
*  ''Sandharbhama Ishwarballabhka Kavita - सन्दर्भमा ईश्वरबल्लभका कविता'' (1976)
*  ''Sandharbhama Ishwarballabhka Kavita'' (1976)
*  ''Darjeelingma Nepali Natakko Ardhashatabdi - दार्जीलिङमा नेपाली नाटकको अर्धशताब्दी'' (1989)
*  ''Darjeelingma Nepali Natakko Ardhashatabdi'' (1989)
*  ''Kathaputaliko Man - कठपुतलीको मन'' (1992 )
*  ''Kathaputaliko Man'' (1992 )
*  ''Pahad Ra Kholaharoo - पहाड र खोलाहरू'' (1992 )
*  ''Pahad Ra Kholaharoo'' (1992 )
*  ''Arthaharuko Pachhiltira - अर्थहरुको पछिल्तिर'' (1994)
*  ''Arthaharuko Pachhiltira'' (1994)
*  ''Prishta-Prishtha - पृष्ठ पृष्ट'' (1995)
*  ''Prishta-Prishtha'' (1995)
*  ''Samayankan Dainikiya - समयाङ्कन दैनिकीय'' (1997)
*  ''Samayankan Dainikiya'' (1997)
*  ''Lekhharu Ra Jhyal - लेखहरू र झ्याल'' (2000)
*  ''Lekhharu Ra Jhyal'' (2000)
*  ''Pahenlo Din - पहेँलो दिन''
*  ''Pahenlo Din''  
*  ''Sahityako Apaharan: Markwadik Pratibadhdata - साहित्यको अपहरणः मार्क्सवादिक प्रतिबद्धता''
*  ''Sahityako Apaharan: Markwadik Pratibadhdata''  
*  ''Sampurak - सम्पूरक'' (2014)
*  ''Sampurak'' (2014)
*  ''Indrayan - इन्द्रायण (वार्ता सङ्कलन)
*  ''Indrayan''
*  ''Long Night of Storm - short stories translated into English by Prawin Adhikari''
*  ''Long Night of Storm - short stories translated into English by Prawin Adhikari''
*  ''There's A Carnival Today - novel translated into English by Manjushree Thapa''
*  ''There's A Carnival Today - novel translated into English by Manjushree Thapa''
== Personal life and death ==
He was married to Maya Devi Rai till her death on 27 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Indra Bahadur Rai no more |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/03/06/author-indra-bahadur-rai-no-more |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> They had 3 children- a son and two daughters. He died on 6 March 2018 in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Bahadur Rai: The lone mountain towering over Nepali literature |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/03/08/indra-bahadur-rai-the-lone-mountain-towering-over-nepali-literature |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 68: Line 68:
* {{cite web|title=Video - Indra Bahadur Rai's Speech|url=http://www.kalimpong.info/2009/12/17/indra-bahadur-rai-speech-video/|publisher=Kalimpong.info|accessdate=4 April 2011}}
* {{cite web|title=Video - Indra Bahadur Rai's Speech|url=http://www.kalimpong.info/2009/12/17/indra-bahadur-rai-speech-video/|publisher=Kalimpong.info|accessdate=4 April 2011}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}{{Nepali literature|state=collapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Indra Bahadur}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Indra Bahadur}}
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[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Jagadamba Shree Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Nepali language movement activists]]

Latest revision as of 03:35, 1 March 2026


Indra Bahadur Rai
Born(1927-02-03)3 February 1927
Balasun Tea Estate, Darjeeling District, India
Died6 March 2018(2018-03-06) (aged 91)
Darjeeling, India
OccupationNovelist, Short Story Writer, Essayist, Literary Critic
Notable work
Aaja Ramita Chha
Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo
MovementTesro Aayam
Lila Lekhan
Spouse(s)
Mayadevi Rai
(
her death 2017)
Children3 (1 son and 2 daughters)
AwardsSahitya Akademi Award,
Jagadamba Shree Puraskar,
Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar

Indra Bahadur Rai (3 February 1927 – 6 March 2018) was an Indian Nepali language writer and literary critic from Darjeeling, India. He wrote multiple essays, short stories, novels and criticism in his lifetime. Kheer and Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo are some of his most popular stories. He started a literary movement in Nepali literature known as Tesro Aayam with Ishwar Ballav and Bairagi Kainla. In 1977, he won the first ever Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language.[1]

Biography[edit | edit source]

Indra Bahadur Rai did his schooling in Kurseong and Darjeeling. He completed his graduation from Calcutta University and his post-graduation in English from North Bengal University. He taught at Turnbull High School in Darjeeling for several years. He also worked as a professor of English at St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling. He was also the Vice Chairman of Darjeeling Municipality.

Literature[edit | edit source]

Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.
Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.

I.B. Rai entered the field of Nepali literature around 1950 when he started publishing literary criticisms in different journals such as Aadhar, Bharati, Diyo, Diyalo, and Roop Rekha. His first novel Aaja Ramita Cha was published in 1964. After that, he entered the field of short stories. His first story was published in 1959. His first book Vipana Katipaya, a collection of thirty short stories published in 1960, had a great influence on Nepali literature, especially on the genre of short stories. From 1963 onwards, he was a prominent figure in the dimensional literature movement, which is known as Aayameli Andolan in the history of Nepali literature. He, along with Ishwor Ballav and Bairagi Kainla, searched the unexplored realms of Nepali literature. They successfully added a third dimension – Tesro Aayam – to Nepali literature.

One of the most well-known modern authors of Nepali literature, Indra Bahadur Rai's major works are included in the syllabus of many universities for those studying Nepali in India. He had been an active writer for over 60 years and has received the Sahitya Akademi Award (for his work Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu), Jagadambashri Puraskar and Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar.[2][3] Rai was a very diverse writer and uses a wide range of literary styles that incorporate both traditional as well as modern techniques in his works. The texts he had written dealt with a range of topics, from small private whimsies to key historical events, making each document a unique forceful piece of literature. According to Prem Poddar, the writings of I.B. Rai, which reflect the heritage of the Gorkha/Nepali nation and national identity, can be interpreted in two different ways:

"As I see it, Rai’s reflections on the Nepali language, the Gorkha/Nepali community, and his own writing practice can be read in two ways. The first is in terms of telos: that writing will strengthen the nation or ethnie. The other way is the more troubled interrogative reading that raises the same questions of cultural identity, through textual elisions and ambivalences inter alia, about writing and the Gorkha/Nepali community. I raise the possibility, and vacillate between, both kinds of reading in this introductory essay, but the very act of vacillating veers me towards the latter."[4]

A selection of his short stories were translated into English in 2009 as Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation.[5][6][7][8]

Works[edit | edit source]

I.B. Rai has edited many books and literary periodicals. His most important works are as follows:

  • Vipana Katipaya (1961)
  • Aaja Ramita Chha (1964)
  • Tipeka Tippaniharu (1966)
  • Bhanubhaktaka Kriti: Adhyayanharu (1971)
  • Kathastha (1974)
  • Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu (1974)
  • Sandharbhama Ishwarballabhka Kavita (1976)
  • Darjeelingma Nepali Natakko Ardhashatabdi (1989)
  • Kathaputaliko Man (1992 )
  • Pahad Ra Kholaharoo (1992 )
  • Arthaharuko Pachhiltira (1994)
  • Prishta-Prishtha (1995)
  • Samayankan Dainikiya (1997)
  • Lekhharu Ra Jhyal (2000)
  • Pahenlo Din
  • Sahityako Apaharan: Markwadik Pratibadhdata
  • Sampurak (2014)
  • Indrayan
  • Long Night of Storm - short stories translated into English by Prawin Adhikari
  • There's A Carnival Today - novel translated into English by Manjushree Thapa

Personal life and death[edit | edit source]

He was married to Maya Devi Rai till her death on 27 August 2017.[9] They had 3 children- a son and two daughters. He died on 6 March 2018 in Darjeeling.[10]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Remembering Indra Bahadur Rai, the Writer Who Defined the Indian-Nepali Identity". The Wire. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  2. ↑ "Indra Bahadur Rai". Gorkhapedia. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Rai, Indra Bahadur. "Nepali Literary Criticism in Sikkim". Gorkhapedia. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  4. ↑ Poddar, Prem; Prasad, Anmole, eds. (2009). Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation. Darjeeling, India: Mukti Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-909354-0-1.
  5. ↑ Radcliffe, Joanna; Gurung, Tek. "Gorkhas Imagined: Darjeeling and the Issue of Gorkhaland". Darjeeling Times. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  6. ↑ Gurung, Chandra Sing. "Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation - Book Review" (PDF). Explusultra - The Postgraduate Ejournal of the Wun International Network in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies. Retrieved 7 April 2011.[permanent dead link]
  7. ↑ Singh, Pranab Man. "Nepali dimension". Himal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  8. ↑ Bhattarai, Richa. "Translated in full glory". Républica. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  9. ↑ "Author Indra Bahadur Rai no more". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  10. ↑ "Indra Bahadur Rai: The lone mountain towering over Nepali literature". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Nepali literature

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