Sarala Devi Chaudhurani

Not to be confused with Sarala Devi.

Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
Born	Sarala Ghosal (1872-09-09)9 September 1872 Kolkata, Bengal, British India
Died	18 August 1945(1945-08-18) (aged 72) Kolkata, British India
Occupation	Educationist, political activist
Spouse(s)	Rambhuj Dutt Chaudhuri ​ ( m. 1905; his death 1923)
Children	Dipak (son)
Relatives	Swarnakumari Devi (mother)<br/>Janakinath Ghosal (father)<br/>Debendranath Tagore (maternal grandfather)<br/>Rabindranath Tagore (maternal uncle)<br/>Indira Devi Chaudhurani (maternal cousin)<br/>Surendranath Tagore (maternal cousin)

Sarala Devi Chaudhurani (born Sarala Ghosal;<ref name="Ray2012">Ray, Bharati (13 September 2012). "Sarala and Rokeya: Brief Biographical Sketches". Early Feminists of Colonial India: Sarala Devi Chaudhurani and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-808381-8 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.(subscription required)</ref> 9 September 1872 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian educationist and political activist, who founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Allahabad in 1910. This was the first national-level women's organization in India.<ref>Mohapatra, Padmalaya (2002). Elite Women of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-339-1.</ref> One of the primary goals of the organization was to promote female education. The organization opened several offices in Lahore (then part of unpartitioned India), Allahabad, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Bankura, Hazaribagh, Midnapur, and Kolkata to improve the situation of women all over India.

Biography

Early life

Sarala was born in Jorasanko, Kolkata on 9 September 1872 to a well known Bengali intellectual family. Her father Janakinath Ghosal was one of the first secretaries of the Bengal Congress. Her mother Swarnakumari Devi, a noted author, was the daughter of Debendranath Tagore, an eminent Brahmo leader and sister of poet Rabindranath Tagore. Her older sister, Hironmoyee, was an author and founder of a widow's home. Sarla Devi's family was a follower of Brahmoism, a religion founded by Ram Mohan Roy and later developed by Sarala's grandfather Debendranath Tagore.<ref name="ODNB">Ray, Bharati. "Chaudhurani, Sarala Devi". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94958. Template:ODNBsub</ref>

Sarala and her sister Hironmoyee

In 1890, she earned her BA in English literature from Bethune College. She was awarded the college's first Padmavati Gold Medal<ref>"Bethune College - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 13 October 2020.</ref> for being the top female candidate in her BA examinations.<ref name="ODNB"/> She was one of the few women of her time to participate in the Indian independence movement. During anti partition agitation she spread the gospel of nationalism in Punjab and maintained secret revolutionary society.

Career

Upon completing her education, Sarala went to Mysore State and joined the Maharani Girls' School as a school teacher. A year later, she returned home and started writing for Bharati, a Bengali journal, while also beginning her political activities.<ref name="Ghosh2019">Ghosh, Sutanuka (2010). "Expressing the Self in Bengali Women's Autobiographies in the Twentieth Century". South Asia Research. 30 (2): 105–23. doi:10.1177/026272801003000201. PMID 20684082. S2CID 19756923.(subscription required)</ref>

From 1895 to 1899, she edited Bharati jointly with her mother and sister,<ref name="Neogi1985">Neogi, Goutam (1985). "Bengali Women in Politics : The Early Phase (1857-1905)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 46. Indian History Congress: 487. JSTOR 44141393.</ref> and then on her own from 1899 to 1907, with the goal of propagating patriotism and to raise up the literary standard of the journal. In 1904, she started the Lakshmi Bhandar (women's store) in Kolkata to popularize native handicrafts produced by women. In 1910, she founded the Bharat Stree Mahamandal (All India Women's Organization),<ref name="ODNB"/> which is regarded by many historians as the first All-Indian organization for women.<ref>Majumdar, Rochona (2002). ""Self-Sacrifice" versus "Self-Interest": A Non-Historicist Reading of the History of Women's Rights in India". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 22 (1–2). Duke University Press: 24. doi:10.1215/1089201X-22-1-2-20. S2CID 144911919 – via Project MUSE.(subscription required)</ref> With several branches around the country, it promoted education and vocational training for women without consideration of class, caste and religion.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Personal life

In 1905, Sarala Devi married Rambhuj Dutt Chaudhary (1866–1923), a lawyer, journalist, nationalist leader and follower of Arya Samaj, the Hindu reform movement founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati.<ref name="Neogi1985"/><ref name="ODNB"/>

After her marriage, she moved to Punjab. There, she helped her husband edit the nationalist Urdu weekly Hindusthan, which was later converted into an English periodical. When her husband was arrested for his involvement in Non-cooperation movement, Mahatma Gandhi visited her home in Lahore as a guest. Gandhi quoted her poems and writings in his speeches, and in Young India and other journals. In February 1920, Young India published several letters concerned with her membership of Lahore Purdah Club. After Sarala's husband was arrested for his part in Rowlatt satyagraha, Una O'Dwyer (wife of Michael O'Dwyer) wanted her to resign her membership.<ref>Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 110. ISBN 978-0670083886.</ref>

She travelled with Gandhi all over India. When apart, they frequently exchanged letters,<ref>Kapoor, Pramod (13 October 2014). "When Gandhi Nearly Slipped". Outlook India.</ref> and mutually admired each other.<ref>"Sarala Devi: From Tagore's family, a leading light of the swadeshi movement". The Indian Express. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> In one of the letter to Sarala, Gandhi wrote :

You still continue to haunt me even in my sleep. No wonder Panditji calls you the greatest shakti of India. You may have cast that spell over him. You are performing the trick over me now.<ref>Guha, Ramchandra (2018). Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. Penguin Allen Lane. p. 117. ISBN 978-0670083886.</ref>

Her only son, Dipak, married Gandhi's cousin Maganlal Gandhi's daughter Radha.<ref name="ODNB" />

Later life

After her husband's death in 1923, Sarala Devi returned to Kolkata, and resumed editing responsibilities for Bharati from 1924 to 1926. She established a girls' school, Siksha Sadan in Kolkata in 1930. She retired from public life in 1935 and indulged in religion, accepting Bijoy Krishna Chattopadhyaya(1875-1945), of Howrah, also known as Howrah's Thakur (God of Howrah)as her spiritual teacher. She recorded the sermons of her Guru (spiritual teacher) by writing the same when they were orally delivered and such sermons were published in several volumes with the title 'Veda Vani' (Voice of the Vedas). In her autobiography titled 'Jeevaner Jhara Pata', at the end, there is a mention of the name of her spiritual teacher by her as well as by the publisher. <Jibaner Jhara Pata---Autobiography of Sarala Devi Chaudhurani>Also Veda Vani has been mentioned. The name of the spiritual leader mentioned there is Bijoy Krishna Deva Sharma instead of Bijoy Krishna Chattopadhyaya, as 'Deva Sharma' is a common title of the Brahmins. She died on 18 August 1945 in Kolkata.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Her autobiography Jivaner Jhara Pata was serialized in Desh, a Bengali literary magazine, during the later period of her life, in 1942–1943. It was later translated into English by Sikata Banerjee as The Scattered Leaves of My Life (2011).<ref name="Mookerjea-Leonard2017">Mookerjea-Leonard, Debali (2017). Literature, Gender, and the Trauma of Partition: The Paradox of Independence. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-317-29389-7.</ref><ref name="McDermott2014">McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard; Embree, Ainslie; Pritchett, Frances; Dalton, Dennis, eds. (2014). "Radical Politics and Cultural Criticism, 1880–1914: The Extremists". Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Columbia University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-231-13830-7 – via De Gruyter.(subscription required)</ref>

Family tree

Main article: Tagore_family § Family_tree

Further reading

• Chaudhurani, Sarala Devi (2010). The Many Worlds of Sarala Devi: A Diary : Translated from the Bengali Jeevaner Jharapata. Translated by Ray, Sukhendu. New Delhi: Social Science Press. ISBN 978-81-87358-31-2.

External links

• Works by Sarala Devi Chaudhurani at Google Books