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| conflict = Siege of Multan (1818) | | conflict = Siege of Multan (1818) | ||
| partof = the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]] | | partof = the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]] | ||
| image = | | image = <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Battle of Multan - Devender Singh.jpg|300px]] --> | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| date = March 1818 – 2 June 1818 | | date = March 1818 – 2 June 1818 | ||
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| map_caption = Location of Multan within present-day [[Pakistan]] | | map_caption = Location of Multan within present-day [[Pakistan]] | ||
| map_label = Multan | | map_label = Multan | ||
| territory = Sikhs capture Multan from the Afghans | | territory = Sikhs capture Multan from the Afghans<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranjit Singh Sikh maharaja|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> | ||
| result = Sikh victory | | result = Sikh victory<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of India, Volume III|publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer|author=Marshman, John Clark|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro05marsgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro05marsgoog/page/n359 33]|year=1867}}</ref> | ||
| combatant1 = | | combatant1 = [[Sikh Empire]] | ||
| combatant2 = | | combatant2 = [[Durrani Empire]] | ||
| commander1 = '''[[Misr Diwan Chand]]''' | | commander1 = '''[[Misr Diwan Chand]]'''<br/>[[Kharak Singh]]{{#tag:ref|Kharak Singh was the nominal leader of the expedition as several officers refused to serve under Misr Diwan Chand.<ref name=Chopra17>{{harvnb|Chopra|1928|p=17}}</ref>|group=nb}}<br/>[[Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br>[[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]]<br/>[[Khushal Singh Jamadar]]<br>Dhanna Singh Malwai<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala]]<br>[[Akali Phoola Singh]] | ||
| commander2 = '''[[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]{{KIA}}''' | | commander2 = '''[[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]{{KIA}}'''<ref name=Chopra23>{{harvnb|Chopra|1928|p=23}}</ref> | ||
| notes = | | notes = | ||
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}} | | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 25: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}} | {{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}} | ||
The '''siege of Multan''' began in March 1818 and lasted until 2 June 1818 as part of the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]],{{sfn|Jaques|2006|p=696}} and saw the [[Sikh Empire]] capture | The '''siege of Multan''' began in March 1818 and lasted until 2 June 1818 as part of the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]],{{sfn|Jaques|2006|p=696}} and saw the [[Sikh Empire]] capture Multan (in modern-day [[Pakistan]]) from the [[Durrani Empire]]. | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
[[File:Map of Multan - Report for the year 1872-73 - Sir Alexander Cunningham pgXXXVI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|This map of Multan from 1873 shows the prominence of the [[Multan Fort]]]] | [[File:Map of Multan - Report for the year 1872-73 - Sir Alexander Cunningham pgXXXVI.jpg|200px|thumb|left|This map of Multan from 1873 shows the prominence of the [[Multan Fort]]]] | ||
[[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] had previously invaded [[Multan]] seven times successfully. | [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] had previously invaded [[Multan]] seven times successfully.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the Sikhs Volume 5|last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |year=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505154|pages=106}}</ref> He first led the invasion in 1802 which ended with [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]] offering his submission, some presents and a promise to pay tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=106}} Ranjit Singh led the second invasion in 1805 which resulted in Nawab Muzaffar Khan again offering him rich presents and a tribute of 70,000 rupees.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=107}} The third invasion in 1807 happened when Ahmad Khan Sial, who had fled to [[Jhang]] during Ranjit Singh's invasion of Multan in 1805, persuaded Nawab Muzaffar to organise a tough resistance against Ranjit Singh, noting that Ranjit Singh was busy with Holkar-Lake incident.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=107}} Ranjit Singh advanced and besieged Multan but the siege was raised after the Nawab yielded, paying some tribute and gifting 5 horses.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=107}} Fourth invasion in 1810 led due to Muzaffar Khan's refusal to pay tribute where Ranjit Singh captured the city and laid siege of the fort.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=107}} After a hard-fought battle over 2 months, Muzaffar Khan was defeated and submitted to paying tribute of 180,000 rupees along with 20 horses and a promise to pay annual tribute to Ranjit Singh. Fifth invasion occurred in 1812 but ended peacefully with successful negotiation of tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=108}} The sixth invasion in 1815 led resulted from the annual tribute from Multan falling past due, resulting in a siege where the Sikhs scaled the walls of the fort, leading to Muzaffar Khan's submission and paying 200,000 rupees.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=108}} In 1816, Nawab realized tribute after brief resistance and continued to realize tribute the following year, but in August 1817, news of Nawab extorting money from the people of Multan resulting in their hardship, reached Lahore.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=108}} Tired of demands of tributes, Nawab Muzaffar Khan decided to militarily resist by putting the fort in a state of defence after repairing the fort and mounting guns and gathering resources, and this led to Ranjit Singh's final conquest of Multan in 1818, resulting in the capture and fall of the city, bringing the territory under the complete domain of Sikh Empire with the appointment of Sukh Dayal Khatri as the governor of Multan followed by Sham Singh Peshauriya.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=112}} | ||
== Battle == | == Battle == | ||
In early 1818, [[Ranjit Singh]] ordered [[Misr Diwan Chand]] to [[wikt:rendezvous|rendezvous]] on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan. By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensive [[supply chain]] from the capital, [[Lahore]], to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across the [[Jhelum]], [[Chenab]], and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers.{{sfn|Chopra|1928|p=17}} [[Datar Kaur| | In early 1818, [[Ranjit Singh]] ordered [[Misr Diwan Chand]] to [[wikt:rendezvous|rendezvous]] on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan. By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensive [[supply chain]] from the capital, [[Lahore]], to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across the [[Jhelum]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]], and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers.{{sfn|Chopra|1928|p=17}} [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]] (Mai Nakkain) was given the command <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2FRAAAAYAAJ&q=datar+kaur|title=Journal of Sikh Studies|date=2001|publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University.|language=en}}</ref> of the food and ammunition supply additionally she, herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to the at [[Kot Kamalia]], a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.{{sfn|Chopra|1928|p=17}} | ||
In early January Misr Diwan Chand began their campaign with the capture of [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]'s forts at [[Muzaffargarh]] and [[Khangarh, Punjab|Khangarh]]. | In early January, Misr Diwan Chand began their campaign with the capture of [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]]'s forts at [[Muzaffargarh]] and [[Khangarh, Punjab|Khangarh]].<ref>=Gazetteer of the Multan District |Tile= | ||
Ranjit Singh and His Generals | Ranjit Singh and His Generals</ref> In February, the Sikh force under actual command of [[Misr Diwan Chand]] and nominally under [[Kharak Singh]]<ref>= |Book Title=The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 14 - Page 195 | Book Title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India</ref> reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large [[tribute]] he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces under [[Misr Diwan Chand]] won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the [[Zamzama]] and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a [[sortie]] to defend the fort but were killed in the battle. The siege of Multan ended significant [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] influence in the [[Peshawar]] region and led to the capture of [[Peshawar]] by the [[Sikhs]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Autar Singh|title=General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791-1837|year=1935|pages=10}}</ref> | ||
The siege of Multan ended significant [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] influence in the [[Peshawar]] region and led to the capture of [[Peshawar]] by the [[Sikhs]]. | |||
==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
The people who lived in Multan suffered greatly as a result of the sack. Numerous people experienced severe hardships, such as losing their belongings and, in worst situations, their lives. Under danger of shame, several women reportedly resorted to drastic methods, such as drowning themselves in wells or taking their own lives.{{sfn|Husain|2018|p=18}} The onslaught claimed the lives of hundreds of inhabitants, and only a small percentage of them survived without suffering harm or loss.{{sfn|Husain|2018|p=18}} | |||
The Sikh military leaders who had participated in this campaign were given inams and jagirs. ' Misr Diwan Chand, the main conqueror of Multan, was awarded the title of Zafar-Jang-Bahadur (the victorious in battle), and was also given a jagir worth 25,000 rupees and a khillat of the value of one lakh rupees.<ref>The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 19</ref> | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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*{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London, New york |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.164105 }} | *{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London, New york |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.164105 }} | ||
*{{cite book |title= Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |last= Jaques |first= Tony |year=2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]] |isbn= 978-0-313-33537-2 |url= http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2015-06-26 }} | *{{cite book |title= Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |last= Jaques |first= Tony |year=2006 |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]] |isbn= 978-0-313-33537-2 |url= http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2015-06-26 }} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Prakash|first=Om|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biAogtjmemYC&pg=PA268|access-date=31 May 2010|date=2002-09-01|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=978-81-261-0938-8}} | *{{cite book|last=Prakash|first=Om|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biAogtjmemYC&pg=PA268|access-date=31 May 2010|date=2002-09-01|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=978-81-261-0938-8}} | ||
*{{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban |last=Tanner |first=Stephen |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81826-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanmilit00tann|url-access=registration }} | *{{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban |last=Tanner |first=Stephen |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81826-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanmilit00tann|url-access=registration }} | ||
* {{cite book |title=Afghanistan in the Age of Empires: The Great Game for South and Central Asia |last=Husain |first=Farrukh |year=2018 |publisher=Silk Road Books |edition=illustrated |isbn=9781527216334 }} | |||
{{Sikh Empire}} | {{Sikh Empire}} | ||
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[[Category:1818 in India]] | [[Category:1818 in India]] | ||
[[Category:History of Multan]] | [[Category:History of Multan]] | ||
[[Category:Battles involving the | [[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Empire]] | ||
[[Category:March 1818 | [[Category:March 1818]] | ||
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]] | |||
Revision as of 23:41, 28 February 2026
| Siege of Multan (1818) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Afghan–Sikh Wars | |||||||||
| [[File:<!-- Deleted image removed: File:Battle of Multan - Devender Singh.jpg -->|frameless|upright=1]] | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Sikh Empire | Durrani Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Misr Diwan Chand<br/>Kharak Singh[nb 1]<br/>Hari Singh Nalwa<br>Fateh Singh Ahluwalia<br/>Khushal Singh Jamadar<br>Dhanna Singh Malwai<br>Sham Singh Attariwala<br>Akali Phoola Singh | Nawab Muzaffar Khan †<ref name=Chopra23>Chopra 1928, p. 23</ref> | ||||||||
  Multan Location of Multan within present-day Pakistan | |||||||||
Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950) The siege of Multan began in March 1818 and lasted until 2 June 1818 as part of the Afghan–Sikh Wars,[1] and saw the Sikh Empire capture Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) from the Durrani Empire.
Background
Maharaja Ranjit Singh had previously invaded Multan seven times successfully.<ref>Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). The History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 106. ISBN 9788121505154.</ref> He first led the invasion in 1802 which ended with Nawab Muzaffar Khan offering his submission, some presents and a promise to pay tribute.[2] Ranjit Singh led the second invasion in 1805 which resulted in Nawab Muzaffar Khan again offering him rich presents and a tribute of 70,000 rupees.[3] The third invasion in 1807 happened when Ahmad Khan Sial, who had fled to Jhang during Ranjit Singh's invasion of Multan in 1805, persuaded Nawab Muzaffar to organise a tough resistance against Ranjit Singh, noting that Ranjit Singh was busy with Holkar-Lake incident.[3] Ranjit Singh advanced and besieged Multan but the siege was raised after the Nawab yielded, paying some tribute and gifting 5 horses.[3] Fourth invasion in 1810 led due to Muzaffar Khan's refusal to pay tribute where Ranjit Singh captured the city and laid siege of the fort.[3] After a hard-fought battle over 2 months, Muzaffar Khan was defeated and submitted to paying tribute of 180,000 rupees along with 20 horses and a promise to pay annual tribute to Ranjit Singh. Fifth invasion occurred in 1812 but ended peacefully with successful negotiation of tribute.[4] The sixth invasion in 1815 led resulted from the annual tribute from Multan falling past due, resulting in a siege where the Sikhs scaled the walls of the fort, leading to Muzaffar Khan's submission and paying 200,000 rupees.[4] In 1816, Nawab realized tribute after brief resistance and continued to realize tribute the following year, but in August 1817, news of Nawab extorting money from the people of Multan resulting in their hardship, reached Lahore.[4] Tired of demands of tributes, Nawab Muzaffar Khan decided to militarily resist by putting the fort in a state of defence after repairing the fort and mounting guns and gathering resources, and this led to Ranjit Singh's final conquest of Multan in 1818, resulting in the capture and fall of the city, bringing the territory under the complete domain of Sikh Empire with the appointment of Sukh Dayal Khatri as the governor of Multan followed by Sham Singh Peshauriya.[5]
Battle
In early 1818, Ranjit Singh ordered Misr Diwan Chand to rendezvous on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan. By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensive supply chain from the capital, Lahore, to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers.[6] Maharani Datar Kaur (Mai Nakkain) was given the command <ref>Journal of Sikh Studies. Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University. 2001.</ref> of the food and ammunition supply additionally she, herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to the at Kot Kamalia, a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.[6]
In early January, Misr Diwan Chand began their campaign with the capture of Nawab Muzaffar Khan's forts at Muzaffargarh and Khangarh.<ref>=Gazetteer of the Multan District |Tile= Ranjit Singh and His Generals</ref> In February, the Sikh force under actual command of Misr Diwan Chand and nominally under Kharak Singh<ref>= |Book Title=The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 14 - Page 195 | Book Title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India</ref> reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large tribute he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces under Misr Diwan Chand won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the Zamzama and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a sortie to defend the fort but were killed in the battle. The siege of Multan ended significant Afghan influence in the Peshawar region and led to the capture of Peshawar by the Sikhs.<ref>Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935). General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791-1837. p. 10.</ref>
Aftermath
The people who lived in Multan suffered greatly as a result of the sack. Numerous people experienced severe hardships, such as losing their belongings and, in worst situations, their lives. Under danger of shame, several women reportedly resorted to drastic methods, such as drowning themselves in wells or taking their own lives.[7] The onslaught claimed the lives of hundreds of inhabitants, and only a small percentage of them survived without suffering harm or loss.[7]
The Sikh military leaders who had participated in this campaign were given inams and jagirs. ' Misr Diwan Chand, the main conqueror of Multan, was awarded the title of Zafar-Jang-Bahadur (the victorious in battle), and was also given a jagir worth 25,000 rupees and a khillat of the value of one lakh rupees.<ref>The Panjab Past and Present - Volume 19</ref>
Notes
- ↑ Kharak Singh was the nominal leader of the expedition as several officers refused to serve under Misr Diwan Chand.<ref name=Chopra17>Chopra 1928, p. 17</ref>
See also
References
- ↑ Jaques 2006, p. 696.
- ↑ Gupta 1991, p. 106.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gupta 1991, p. 107.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gupta 1991, p. 108.
- ↑ Gupta 1991, p. 112.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chopra 1928, p. 17.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Husain 2018, p. 18.
Bibliography
- Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928). The Panjab as a Sovereign State. Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons.
- Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1918). A history of the Sikhs. London, New york: Oxford University Press.
- Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26.
- Prakash, Om (2002-09-01). Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-261-0938-8. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- Tanner, Stephen (2009). Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81826-4.
- Husain, Farrukh (2018). Afghanistan in the Age of Empires: The Great Game for South and Central Asia (illustrated ed.). Silk Road Books. ISBN 9781527216334.