Sentinelese language

Sentinelese
(unattested)
Native to	India
Region	North Sentinel Island, southwest of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Ethnicity	Sentinelese
Native speakers	~39–400 (2018)e25
Language family	unclassified (Ongan?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	std
Glottolog	sent1241
North Sentinel Island, the small grey island to the southwest, shown in the context of the other Andamanese languages
Sentinelese Location in the Bay of Bengal
Coordinates: 11.55°N 92.25°E / 11.55; 92.25

Sentinelese is the undescribed language of the Sentinelese people of North Sentinel Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language.<ref>Van Driem, G. (2007). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". Handbook of Endangered Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 303–341.</ref>

Classification

It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the Andamanese language families.<ref name="survival">"The most isolated tribe in the world?". Survival International. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-07.</ref> Based on what little is known about similarities in culture and technology and their geographical proximity, it is supposed that their language is related to the Ongan languages, such as Jarawa, rather than to Great Andamanese.<ref name=e25/> On the documented occasions when Onge-speaking individuals were taken to North Sentinel Island to attempt communication, they were unable to recognise any of the language spoken by the inhabitants.<ref>Pandya, Vishvajit (2008). In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006). University Press of America. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-7618-4153-1.</ref> It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.<ref name="enumeration2">Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2014. The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese, consisting of male and female adults, children, and infants. During both the contacts, the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.</ref>

Status

Sentinelese is classified as an endangered language due to a highly likely small number of speakers, matching the unknown population of the island, which has been estimated at anywhere from 100 to 250; an estimate by the Indian government is 100.<ref name="Moseley">Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. pp. 289, 342. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.</ref><ref name=abbi>Abbi, Anvita (2006). "Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands". LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics. 64. München: Lincom.</ref><ref name="Brenzinger">Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language diversity endangered. Walter de Gruyter. p. 40. doi:10.1515/9783110197129. ISBN 978-3-11-017049-8.</ref>

Lexicon

No words of the Sentinelese language are known with certainty. However, one personal name is tentatively attested: Dāūwacho-chégálé-bāī, recorded by Maurice Portman as belonging to a Sentinelese man who "had, some years before, left the North Sentinel in a canoe and come across, via Rutland Island, to the Cinque Islands and the Little Andaman."<ref>Portman, M. V. (1899). A History Of Our Relations With The Andamanese Vol.2. pp. 758, 764.</ref> If the man was indeed from the island, and the attestation reflects his original Sentinelese name, it may represent an attestation of Sentinelese.

Further possible lexical information was provided in 2020 by Indian anthropologist Dr. M. Sreenathan, a member of the party who made brief contact on the island in the 1990s. He describes the Sentinelese shouting liya and luwa while gathering coconuts from the contact party, which he postulates means 'near' and 'far' respectively, on the basis of comparable words in Jarawa. Other words transcribed by Sreenathan include məəŋə məəŋɖa, əc ale, ʈ/ɖaŋ, ɖaik, kayə, tu aɖe, pila and iŋ.'<ref>Sreenathan, M; Devy, G N (2020). The Languages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-9390122301.</ref>

References

<!-- ==Further reading== Abbi, A. (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study. Brill.<br> Annamalai, E., & Gnanasundaram, V. (2001). Andamanese: biological challenge for language reversal. MULTILINGUAL MATTERS, 309–322.<br> Asher, R. E. (2008). 1 Language in historical context. Language in South Asia, 31.<br> Endicott, P., Gilbert, M. T. P., Stringer, C., Lalueza-Fox, C., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A. J., & Cooper, A. (2003). The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(1), 178–184.<br> Lawson, A. (2010). Last speaker of ancient language of Bo dies in India. BBC News, 4.<br> Logan, W. S. (2007). Closing Pandora's box: human rights conundrums in cultural heritage protection (pp. 33–52). Springer New York.<br> Mahapatra, B. P. (1989). The problems in learning minority languages with special reference to tribal languages.<br> Manoharan, S. (1997). Pronominal prefixes and formative affixes in Andamanese language. Languages of tribal and indigenous peoples of India: The ethnic space, 457-73.<br> Ravi Velloor, I. C. (2005, January 7). Fears for survival of age-old Andaman tribes; Six groups, especially the Sentinelese, are threatened as they lack technology to adapt. Straits Times, The (Singapore)<br> Sarkar, J. K. (1989). Breakthrough in Sentinelese contact: some emerging issues. Journal Of The Indian Anthropological Society, 24(3), 294–296.<br> Through Lens and Text: Constructions of a 'Stone Age' Tribe in the Andaman Islands. (2009). History Workshop Journal, (67), 173.<br> van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303–341.<br> (2005, January 6). Indian Express:; Govt will not ‘get to know' Sentinelese. Indian Express (India).<br> -->