|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Short description|Ethno-religious Indian Christian community who are members of the Catholic Church}}
| | #REDIRECT [[East India (disambiguation)]] |
| {{For|the term used for residents of the United States, Canada and Caribbean countries with roots in the Indian subcontinent|Indian Americans|Indo-Canadians|Indo-Caribbean}}
| |
| {{Other uses|East India (disambiguation)}}
| |
| {{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
| |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
| |
| {{Infobox ethnic group
| |
| |name= East Indians or East Indian Catholics
| |
| |image= East-Indians(Mumbai).jpg
| |
| |image_caption= East Indian women in traditional dress
| |
| |langs= [[East Indian language|East Indian Marathi]]<ref>{{Citation
| |
| | last = James
| |
| | first = V.
| |
| | institution = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]], [[Nanzan University]]
| |
| | location = [[Nanzan]], Japan
| |
| |url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| |
| | title = Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis
| |
| | journal = Asian Ethnology
| |
| | year = 1965
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | pages = 131–148
| |
| | volume = 24
| |
| | access-date = 15 April 2017
| |
| | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| |
| | archive-date = 2 December 2013
| |
| | url-status = live
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| |rels= [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]])
| |
| |region1= [[India]]
| |
| |region2= [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Bombay]] (1960s)
| |
| |pop2= About 92,000<ref name="bapp" />
| |
| |region3= →[[Maharashtra]]
| |
| |region4= [[File:Persian Gulf Arab States english.PNG|25px]] [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| |
| |region5= [[File:Anglospeak(800px)Countries.png|25px]] [[Anglosphere]]
| |
| |related= [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Goans]], [[Mangalorean Catholic]]s, [[Kupari]]s, [[Koli Christians]], [[Marathi Christians]]
| |
| }}
| |
| '''East Indians''', or '''East Indian Catholics''', are an ethno-religious [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] community who trace their beginnings to the ancient [[Indo-Parthian Church]]'s presence,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/sociological-study-of-the-east-indian-community-of-mumbai|title = A Sociological Study of the East Indian Community of Mumbai}}</ref> and also to the modern-era converts in the 16th century colonial possession of [[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]].<ref name="EI" /> They are native to the [[Greater Bombay Metropolitan Area]] and live primarily in the city of [[Mumbai]] ([[Bombay]]), with smaller populations in portions of [[Raigad district|Raigad]] ([[Colaba District]]), [[Palghar district|Palghar]] ([[Vasai|Bassein]])& [[Thane district|Thane]] ([[Thana]]) districts of [[Konkan]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="EI">{{Citation
| |
| | last = Kumar
| |
| | first = Raksha
| |
| | date = 2016-06-04
| |
| | title = The original East Indians
| |
| | work = [[The Hindu]]
| |
| | publication-date = 2013-08-02
| |
| | location = Mumbai
| |
| | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| |
| | access-date = 2017-08-19
| |
| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413093645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| |
| | archive-date = 13 April 2018
| |
| | url-status = live
| |
| }}</ref><ref name="history">{{Citation
| |
| |url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| |
| | title = East Indians: History
| |
| | website = East-Indians.com
| |
| | postscript = (Article based on {{harvnb|Baptista|1967|}})
| |
| | access-date = 2017-08-19
| |
| | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031207/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| |
| | archive-date = 15 May 2013
| |
| | url-status = live
| |
| }}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}}
| |
| | |
| == History ==
| |
| | |
| === Pre-Portuguese era ===
| |
| The [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Jordanus]] Catalani, who was [[Catalonia|Catalan]] or [[Occitania|Occitan]] (southern French), began evangelizing in [[Nala Sopara|Sopara]], [[Thane|Thana]] and north [[Konkan]] in 1323. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Most Indian church history was lost between the ninth and fourteenth centuries as Persia converted to [[Nestorianism]] in 800 AD. Since church offices and public worship was dependent on a foreign source, when the foreign aid was withdrawn Indians became [[nominal Christian]]s.<ref name="history" />{{Third-party inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}}
| |
| | |
| === Portuguese era ===
| |
| {{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
| |
| The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] came to India in 1498, and their policy was to convert the Indian Christians to Roman Catholicism.<ref name="bapp" /> Although Brahmins and other high-status Hindus who were ceremoniously converted by the Portuguese were treated with honor and distinction,<ref name="bapp" /> groups engaged in agriculture, fishing and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors received neither secular nor religious education.<ref name="bapp" /> Among the Portuguese converts were a number of descendants of the Christian community reportedly founded by [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Apostle St. Bartholomew]],<ref name="bapp" /> whom the Portuguese molded into a community<ref name="bapp" /> sometimes known as "Portuguese Christians".<ref name="bapp" />
| |
| | |
| The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the evangelization of the "Province of the North" (Província do Norte).<ref name="Machado1" /> From 1534 to 1552 a priest, António do Porto, converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches and founded a number of orphanages and monasteries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]] who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<ref name="Machado1" /> Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi;s conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.<ref name="Machado1" /> In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.<ref name="Machado1" />
| |
| | |
| In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] in Bassein (Baçaim) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; [[Vasai|Bassein]] Cathedral recorded 9,400 [[baptism]]s in 1588.<ref name="Machado1" /> The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptized between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Tana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.<ref name="Machado1">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=104}}</ref> In 1634, Bassein had 63 friars, 30 Franciscans, 15 Jesuits, 10 Dominicans, and 8 Augustines.<ref name="Machado1" /> By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.<ref name="Machado">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=108}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| After the Province of the North came under Maratha occupation in 1739 and Catholicism was under severe threat from the Brahmin Peshwas, the native East Indian clergy under an East Indian Vicar General at Kurla managed and nursed the Catholic establishment back to a flourishing population.<ref name="Machado" />
| |
| | |
| === {{anchor|British and modern era}}British and modern eras ===
| |
| {{Main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
| |
| Changes occurred under British rule.<ref name="bapp" /> On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]]—Catarina de Bragança, daughter of King [[John IV of Portugal|João IV of Portugal]]—made Bombay part of the British Empire as intended since the British takeover of [[Surat Agency|Surat]] (allegedly as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Mumbai (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
| |
| |title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
| |
| |publisher=[[BBC]]
| |
| |access-date=2009-06-03
| |
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804220811/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
| |
| |archive-date=4 August 2011
| |
| |url-status=live
| |
| }}</ref> Since the early days of the East India Company, there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolized by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also known as Portuguese Christians. The British adopted a designation which would distinguish
| |
| the Christians of North Konkan (who were British subjects) from the [[Goan Catholics]], who were Portuguese subjects (the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] were no longer Portuguese subjects). For Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indian" to impress on the British government of Bombay that they were the earliest Roman Catholic subjects of the British Crown in that part of India and were entitled to certain natural rights and privileges compared with the immigrants.<ref name="history" />{{Third-party inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}}
| |
| | |
| The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P. F. Gomes, who was knighted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888, was its first president and J. L. Britto its first secretary. D. G. Almeida donated {{INR|100,000|link=yes}} to establish an education fund.
| |
| | |
| During the 1960s, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]] estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in [[Mumbai Suburban district|suburban Bombay]] and 16,000 in [[Mumbai City district|the city]].<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=27}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| In September 2014, local [[non-governmental organization]]s such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the Bombay East India Association, Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum and the Kolovery Welfare Association formed the [[Maharashtra Swaraj Party]] (MSP).<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
| |
| |title=MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections
| |
| |publisher=[[I am in DNA of India]]
| |
| |date=23 September 2014
| |
| |access-date=26 September 2014
| |
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927165854/http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
| |
| |archive-date=27 September 2014
| |
| |url-status=unfit
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections.<ref>{{Citation
| |
| |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| |
| | title = East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs
| |
| | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| |
| | date = 2014-09-18
| |
| | access-date = 2017-08-19
| |
| | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109043329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| |
| | archive-date = 9 January 2017
| |
| | url-status = live
| |
| }}</ref><ref name="EI" />
| |
| | |
| == {{anchor|Architecture and Cuisine}}Architecture ==
| |
| A typical Koli house consists of a [[veranda]] (''oli''), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room (''angan''), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room (''devaghar'') and a detached bathroom.<ref name="koli" />
| |
| | |
| == Language and literature ==
| |
| East Indian Catholics speak a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]], which they retained despite Portuguese influence. The Marathi language is central to the community's identity. The author of ''Trans. Bomb. Geog. Soc., 1836–38, Vol. I.'' mentions the dialect of Marathi spoken by the East Indians of [[Salsette]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]] and [[Mazagon]], similar to the language spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, [[Pathare Prabhus]], [[Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]s ([[Panchkalshi]]s), Kuparis and Vadvals; this may have been [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/Languages.html Chapter III : Population : Languages]|Ref=gz}}</ref> Some East Indian upper-class families in the Khatri ward of [[Thane]] speak Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |title=Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Marathi.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Neelam | last1 = Grover | first2 = Anath Bandhu | last2 = Mukerji | first3 = Kashi N. | last3 = Singh | editor1-first = Neelam | editor1-last = Grover | editor2-first = Kashi N. | editor2-last = Singh | title = Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof. A.B. Mukerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PP1 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PR25&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q=&f=false 275] | isbn = 978-81-8069-074-7 | access-date = 29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622001241/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | archive-date = 22 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Traditions and festivals ==
| |
| {{Main|Agera (festival)}}
| |
| Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
| |
| |title=The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana
| |
| |access-date=15 March 2007
| |
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311154943/http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
| |
| |archive-date=11 March 2007
| |
| |url-status=live
| |
| }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}
| |
| | |
| == {{anchor|Costumes and ornaments}}Dress ==
| |
| [[File:East Indian ladies of Chimbai performing at Bandra Gymkhana.jpg|thumb|East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana]]
| |
| Traditional dress for women is the ''[[Kasta sari|lugra]]''. For men, traditional wear consists of [[khaki]] shorts and a white ''[[Vest|banian]]''. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.<ref name="koli">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/The%20Kolis.html Chapter III : Population : The Kolis]|Ref=gz}}</ref>
| |
| East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the ''[[sari]]'' (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as ''sakacch nesane''. ''Gol nesane'', a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.<ref name="sari">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/people.html#17 Chp. People: Dress]|Ref=gz2}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == {{anchor|Historical society}}Cultural groups ==
| |
| [[File:Meet the East Indians of Mumbai.webm|thumb|Meet the East Indians of Mumbai]]
| |
| There are five East Indian cultural groups: Kulbis, Samavedi Christians (commonly called [[Kupari]]s), [[Koli Christians]], Wadvals and Salsette Christians.<ref name="history" />{{Third-party inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}} as the east Indian working employe were in small numbers they joined all those above to distinguish themselves from, Mangaloreans, and goans, all converted to Roman Catholic in Bombay were called East Indians till today as five East Indian cultural groups: Kulbis, Samavedi Christians (commonly called [[Kupari]]s), [[Koli Christians]], Wadvals and Salsette Christians.
| |
| | |
| == {{anchor|Films}}Film industry ==
| |
| The film ''[[Tu Maza Jeev]]'', in the [[East Indian language]], was released on [[Maharashtra Day]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 4 May 2009 |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date= 1 March 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Singing competition ==
| |
| [[File:Proud to be East Indian.webm|thumb|Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai]]
| |
| | |
| East Indians organise singing competitions<ref>{{cite news|title=WN – east Indian singing competition uttan pali|url=https://wn.com/mobile/east_indian_singing_competition_uttan_pali|access-date=15 February 2017|work=wn.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216042904/https://wn.com/mobile/east_indian_singing_competition_uttan_pali|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in their own [[East Indian language|language]]. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;<ref>{{cite web|title=The East Indians of Kurla|url=http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|website=geracao.in|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210628/http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> for example, [[Kurla]] has an annual competition on the eve of the ''phool dongri'' feast in May at [[Holy Cross Church, Kurla|Holy Cross Church]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church|url=http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|website=holycrosschurch.co.in|access-date=15 February 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216043032/http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Reservation ==
| |
| The East Indians were awarded the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय) |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Notable East Indians ==
| |
| *[[Gavin Ferreira]]: Olympic hockey player
| |
| *[[Loy Mendonsa]]: Musician, part of the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio
| |
| *[[Gonsalo Garcia]]: Roman Catholic saint from India
| |
| *[[James Ferreira]]: Indian fashion designer and son of hockey Olympian Owen Ferreira<ref>{{cite web|last=Target Goa|title=Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism|url=http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|publisher=targetgoa.com|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922140839/http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Joseph Baptista]]: Indian freedom fighter
| |
| *[[Luke Mendes]]: Filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |title=Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007 |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001223719/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mumbai-boy-heads-to-cannes_1096824 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Michael Ferreira]]: Amateur [[English billiards]] player
| |
| *[[Owen Ferreira]]: Indian hockey Olympian<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhyan|first=Chand|title=GOAL|year=1952|publisher=Sports & Pastime|location=Chennai, India|page=10|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922090311/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Joseph D'souza]]: First East Indian gazetted officer
| |
| *[[Simon Pimenta]]: Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|title=Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| |
| *Mark Joseph Dharmai: Para-athlete (Bronze Medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para-Badminton World Championships).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |title=Our Programmes |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418072906/https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| |
| * Joseph D'Abreo: Hockey player
| |
| *[[Anand Menezes]]: Olympian Sydney 2000
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| | |
| * [[Norteiro people]]
| |
| * [[Kupari]]
| |
| *[[Portuguese Bombay and Bassein]]
| |
| *[[Saibini]]
| |
| | |
| == Citations ==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{Wiktionary|East Indian Catholic}}
| |
| {{Refbegin}}
| |
| *{{Citation
| |
| | last = Baptista
| |
| | first = Elsie Wilhelmina
| |
| | title = The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein
| |
| | year = 1967
| |
| | publisher = Bombay East Indian Association
| |
| }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
| |
| |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
| |
| |publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
| |
| |volume=I, I & III
| |
| |orig-year=1909
| |
| |year=1997
| |
| |access-date=2009-01-15
| |
| |ref=gz}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
| |
| |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
| |
| |publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
| |
| |volume=I
| |
| |year=1986
| |
| |access-date=2009-01-15
| |
| |ref=gz2}}
| |
| *{{Citation
| |
| | title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
| |
| | author-mask = Alan Machado (Prabhu)
| |
| | last = Machado
| |
| | first = Alan
| |
| | publisher = I.J.A. Publications
| |
| | location = Bangalore
| |
| | year = 1999
| |
| | edition = First
| |
| }}
| |
| {{Refend}}
| |
| | |
| {{Marathi language topics}}
| |
| {{Authority control}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Christian communities of India]]
| |
| [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
| |
| [[Category:Ethnic groups in Mumbai]]
| |
| [[Category:Indian Roman Catholics| ]]
| |
| [[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
| |
| [[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
| |
