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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Muhammad's concubine or twelfth wife (d. 631)}} | ||
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | {{use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | ||
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}} | |||
{{infobox person | {{infobox person | ||
| | | honorific_prefix = | ||
| | | name = Rayhana bint Zayd | ||
| native_name = {{lang|ar|ريحانة بنت زيد}} | | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|ريحانة بنت زيد}}|rtl=yes}}}} | ||
| native_name_lang = ar | |||
| birth_date = Unknown | | birth_date = Unknown | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = | ||
| death_date = | | death_date = {{circa|631 CE}} (9 [[Hijri year|AH]]) | ||
| death_place = [[Medina]], | | death_place = [[Medina]], Arabia | ||
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina | | resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina | ||
| spouse = [[Muhammad]] ( | | known_for = Being widowed and taken captive during the [[Siege of Banu Qurayza]] in 627 | ||
| family = [[Banu Nadir]] (by birth) | | spouse = Al-Hakim (died 627)<br>[[Muhammad]] (627–631) | ||
| partner = | |||
| family = [[Banu Nadir]] (by birth)<br />[[Banu Qurayza]] (by marriage)<br />[[Ahl al-Bayt]] (marriage) | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Rayhana bint Zayd''' ({{langx|ar|ريحانة بنت زيد|translit=Rayḥāna bint Zayd}}; died {{Circa|631 CE}}) was a [[List of converts to Islam from Judaism|Jewish convert to Islam]] from the [[Banu Nadir]]. Through marriage, she was also a part of the [[Banu Qurayza]], another local [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribe]].<ref>Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, S. (2005). The Sealed Nectar. Darussalam: Darussalam Editing, p. 201.</ref><ref>Abdul-Rahman, M. S. (2009). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’ 21 (Part 21): Al-Ankabut 46 To Al-Azhab 30. Londra: MSA Publication Limited, p. 213.</ref> During the [[siege of Banu Qurayza]] in 627, she was widowed and taken captive by the [[early Muslims]] and subsequently became a [[concubine]]<ref>Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90</ref> and according to some also a [[Wives of Muhammad|wife]] of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{citation |last=Tabari |first=Al |title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn) |date=25 September 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA119 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780887066917}}</ref><ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation |last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur |title=The Sealed Nectar |page=189 |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA189 |publisher=Darussalam Publications |isbn=9798694145923 }} ([http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623154138/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s8.html |date=23 June 2011 }}).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC&pg=PA221 |title=Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam |date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05917-7 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> Their relationship produced no children and in 631 she died while in her home city of [[Medina]]. | |||
== Biography == | |||
The 9th century Arab historian [[Ibn Sa'd]] wrote that Rayhana went on to be manumitted and subsequently married to [[Muhammad]] upon her conversion to [[Islam]] from [[Judaism]].<ref>[[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume, Alfred]]. ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah'', p. 466. Oxford University Press, 1955. {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Ibn Sa'd| title = Tabaqat | pages= vol VIII, pg. 92–3| no-pp = true}}</ref> | |||
It has been a subject of much speculation and controversy if Muhammed married Rayhana,<ref>Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116</ref> and her status as a wife have been contested.<ref>Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the Veil, Revised Edition: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. Storbritannien: Indiana University Press.p.55</ref> | |||
Rayhana | Rayhana has been referred to as one of the concubines of Muhammad,<ref>The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History. (2013). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.216</ref> as well as a wife, and may have been a wife or a concubine.<ref>Stowasser, B. F. (1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p.87</ref> Different sides have put forward different arguments. | ||
The 11th-century Persian religious scholar [[Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi]] agreed that she became one of [[Wives of Muhammad|Muhammad's wives]] and cited evidence that he had paid ''[[mahr]]'' for her. The 15th-century Egyptian religious scholar [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] makes reference to Muhammad giving Rayhanah a home upon their marriage.<ref>Ibn Hajar. ''Isabaha''. Vol. IV, pg. 309.</ref> [[Antonie Wessels]] of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] suggested that Muhammad married Rayhana for political reasons, particularly in light of her direct affiliation with two of the region's [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]]—the [[Banu Nadir]] and the [[Banu Qurayza]]—while British-American author [[Lesley Hazleton]] felt it was evidence of Muhammad creating alliances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ostle|first=R. C.|date=1974|title=Antonie Wessels: A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥhammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Hayāt MuḤammad. xii, 272 pp. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972. Guilders 50.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00127673|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=689–690|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00127673|s2cid=161497336 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|title=The first Muslim : the story of Muhammad|date=2013|isbn=978-1-101-60200-3|location=New York|oclc=858946813}}</ref> Conversely, Indian religious scholar [[Barakat Ahmad]] felt such rationale to support the notion of Rayhana and Muhammad's marriage was "meaningless" after both Jewish tribes were wiped out, in accordance with [[Talmudic law]], following their betrayal of the [[early Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Barakat|title=Muhammad and the Jews : a re-examination|date=1979|publisher=Vikas|others=Indian Institute of Islamic Studies|isbn=0-7069-0804-X|location=New Delhi|oclc=6330142}}</ref> | |||
[[ | Similar to the status of the Egyptian woman [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]—who, along with her sister [[Sirin bint Shamun]], was gifted to Muhammad by the Egyptian governor [[Al-Muqawqis]] in 628—there is no universal consensus among Muslim scholars as to whether Rayhanah was one of Muhammad's wives.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Clinton|title=In Search of Muhammad|date=1998|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780304704019|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251 251]|edition=reprint|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fred James Hill|author2=Nicholas Awde|title=A History of the Islamic World|date=2003|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=9780781810159|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24 24]|edition=illustrated|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jerome A. Winer|editor1-last=Winer|editor1-first=Jerome A.|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=James W.|title=The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134911820|page=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=David S. Powers|title=Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet|date=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812205572|page=8}}</ref> | ||
It was said that she did not convert, and hence Muhammed did not marry her but kept her as a concubine.<ref>Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116</ref> She is mentioned alongside Maria al-Qibtiyya as a slave-concubine.<ref>Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90</ref> | |||
[[Hafiz ibn Minda]]{{Who|date=March 2024}} and Indian religious scholar [[Shibli Nomani]], for example, believed that she returned to the Banu Nadir upon her manumission.<ref name="Nomani">Nomani, Shibli (1979). ''The Life of the Prophet''. Vol. II, pg. 125–6</ref> | |||
[[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah|Abu ‘Ubaydah]] said about Muhammed: | |||
{{Blockquote|text=He had four [concubines]: [[Maria al-Qibtiyya|Mariyah]], who was the mother of his son [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibraaheem]]; Rayhaanah; another beautiful slave woman whom he acquired as a prisoner of war; and a slave woman who was given to him by [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]]."<ref>Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/114</ref> }} | |||
Rayhanah died in [[Medina]] in 631, eleven days after ''[[hajj]]'' and one year before Muhammad's death. She was buried in the city's [[al-Baqi Cemetery]], like other members of Muhammad's family, known as ''[[Ahl al-Bayt]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أَهْل البَيْت, <small>[[Literal translation|lit.]] </small>'people of the house or household')''.<ref>{{cite book| last = al-Halabi| first = Nur al-Din| title = Sirat-i-Halbiyyah | publisher = Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband | pages= vol 2, part 12, pg. 90 |location = Uttar Pradesh| no-pp = true}} Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 49: | ||
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]] | [[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]] | ||
[[Category:Jewish Saudi Arabian history]] | [[Category:Jewish Saudi Arabian history]] | ||
[[Category:Muslim female saints]] | [[Category:Muslim female saints]] | ||
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]] | [[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]] | ||
[[Category:7th-century Arab slaves]] | |||
[[Category:Slave concubines]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:09, 29 December 2025
Rayhana bint Zayd | |
|---|---|
{{safesubst:ifsubst|1=|2= Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.}ريحانة بنت زيد</
span> | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | c. 631 CE (9 AH) Medina, Arabia |
| Resting place | Al-Baqi Cemetery, Medina |
| Known for | Being widowed and taken captive during the Siege of Banu Qurayza in 627 |
| Spouse(s) | Al-Hakim (died 627) Muhammad (627–631) |
| Family | Banu Nadir (by birth) Banu Qurayza (by marriage) Ahl al-Bayt (marriage) |
Rayhana bint Zayd (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; died c. 631 CE) was a Jewish convert to Islam from the Banu Nadir. Through marriage, she was also a part of the Banu Qurayza, another local Jewish tribe.[1][2] During the siege of Banu Qurayza in 627, she was widowed and taken captive by the early Muslims and subsequently became a concubine[3] and according to some also a wife of Muhammad.[4][5][6][7] Their relationship produced no children and in 631 she died while in her home city of Medina.
Biography[edit | edit source]
The 9th century Arab historian Ibn Sa'd wrote that Rayhana went on to be manumitted and subsequently married to Muhammad upon her conversion to Islam from Judaism.[8][9]
It has been a subject of much speculation and controversy if Muhammed married Rayhana,[10] and her status as a wife have been contested.[11] Rayhana has been referred to as one of the concubines of Muhammad,[12] as well as a wife, and may have been a wife or a concubine.[13] Different sides have put forward different arguments.
The 11th-century Persian religious scholar Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi agreed that she became one of Muhammad's wives and cited evidence that he had paid mahr for her. The 15th-century Egyptian religious scholar Ibn Hajar makes reference to Muhammad giving Rayhanah a home upon their marriage.[14] Antonie Wessels of Cambridge University suggested that Muhammad married Rayhana for political reasons, particularly in light of her direct affiliation with two of the region's Jewish tribes—the Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza—while British-American author Lesley Hazleton felt it was evidence of Muhammad creating alliances.[15][16] Conversely, Indian religious scholar Barakat Ahmad felt such rationale to support the notion of Rayhana and Muhammad's marriage was "meaningless" after both Jewish tribes were wiped out, in accordance with Talmudic law, following their betrayal of the early Muslims.[17]
Similar to the status of the Egyptian woman Maria al-Qibtiyya—who, along with her sister Sirin bint Shamun, was gifted to Muhammad by the Egyptian governor Al-Muqawqis in 628—there is no universal consensus among Muslim scholars as to whether Rayhanah was one of Muhammad's wives.[18][19][20][21] It was said that she did not convert, and hence Muhammed did not marry her but kept her as a concubine.[22] She is mentioned alongside Maria al-Qibtiyya as a slave-concubine.[23] Hafiz ibn Minda[who?] and Indian religious scholar Shibli Nomani, for example, believed that she returned to the Banu Nadir upon her manumission.[24]
Abu ‘Ubaydah said about Muhammed:
He had four [concubines]: Mariyah, who was the mother of his son Ibraaheem; Rayhaanah; another beautiful slave woman whom he acquired as a prisoner of war; and a slave woman who was given to him by Zaynab bint Jahsh."[25]
Rayhanah died in Medina in 631, eleven days after hajj and one year before Muhammad's death. She was buried in the city's al-Baqi Cemetery, like other members of Muhammad's family, known as Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: أَهْل البَيْت, lit. 'people of the house or household').[26]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, S. (2005). The Sealed Nectar. Darussalam: Darussalam Editing, p. 201.
- ↑ Abdul-Rahman, M. S. (2009). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’ 21 (Part 21): Al-Ankabut 46 To Al-Azhab 30. Londra: MSA Publication Limited, p. 213.
- ↑ Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90
- ↑ Tabari, Al (25 September 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780887066917
- ↑ Rodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.
- ↑ Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Safiur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 189, ISBN 9798694145923 (online Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine).
- ↑ Ali, Kecia (15 October 2010). Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-674-05917-7.
- ↑ Guillaume, Alfred. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 466. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0-19-636033-1
- ↑ Ibn Sa'd. Tabaqat. vol VIII, pg. 92–3.
- ↑ Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116
- ↑ Mernissi, F. (1987). Beyond the Veil, Revised Edition: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. Storbritannien: Indiana University Press.p.55
- ↑ The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History. (2013). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.216
- ↑ Stowasser, B. F. (1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Storbritannien: Oxford University Press. p.87
- ↑ Ibn Hajar. Isabaha. Vol. IV, pg. 309.
- ↑ Ostle, R. C. (1974). "Antonie Wessels: A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥhammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Hayāt MuḤammad. xii, 272 pp. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972. Guilders 50". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (3): 689–690. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00127673. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 161497336.
- ↑ Hazleton, Lesley (2013). The first Muslim : the story of Muhammad. New York. ISBN 978-1-101-60200-3. OCLC 858946813.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ahmad, Barakat (1979). Muhammad and the Jews : a re-examination. Indian Institute of Islamic Studies. New Delhi: Vikas. ISBN 0-7069-0804-X. OCLC 6330142.
- ↑ Bennett, Clinton, ed. (1998). In Search of Muhammad (reprint ed.). A&C Black. p. 251. ISBN 9780304704019.
- ↑ Fred James Hill; Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World (illustrated ed.). Hippocrene Books. p. 24. ISBN 9780781810159.
- ↑ Jerome A. Winer (2013). Winer, Jerome A.; Anderson, James W. (eds.). The Annual of Psychoanalysis, V. 31: Psychoanalysis and History. Routledge. p. 216. ISBN 9781134911820.
- ↑ David S. Powers (2011). Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780812205572.
- ↑ Piven, J. S. (2003). Eroticisms: Love, Sex, and Perversion. USA: iUniverse. p.116
- ↑ Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions. (2018). Tyskland: Brill. p.90
- ↑ Nomani, Shibli (1979). The Life of the Prophet. Vol. II, pg. 125–6
- ↑ Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/114
- ↑ al-Halabi, Nur al-Din. Sirat-i-Halbiyyah. Uttar Pradesh: Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband. vol 2, part 12, pg. 90. Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.